Umthetho Ukwakheka njalo we ketshezi. imithetho Conservation kwamakhemikhali

Chemistry kungokwalabo esigabeni wesayensi ngqo, futhi ngaphezu mathematics ne-physics ubeka imithetho khona kanye nokuthuthukiswa ndaba ehlanganisa ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane. Zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo, futhi phakathi kwezinto bemvelo ezingaphili, kusekelwe lo mkhuba ukuguquka mass namandla. Umthetho Ukwakheka njalo kwendaba, lapho uzobe anikelwe ekutadisheni lesi sihloko, kusenhliziyweni ka izinqubo emhlabeni wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic.

imfundiso Atomic-yamangqamuzana

Ukuze uqonde imithetho elawula ngokoqobo impahla, kuzomele ube umbono walokho-ke kwenziwa. Ngokusho usosayensi omkhulu Russian M. V Lomonosova "ebumnyameni kumele ihambisane physics futhi, ngokukhethekile, osokhemisi, zingayazi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izinhlayiya." Nguye e 1741, ekuqaleni kwakuthiwa futhi kamuva kuqinisekiswa isipiliyoni, wathola imithetho yamakhemikhali, kukhona isisekelo ekutadisheni abaphilayo ndaba nezingaphili, okuyilezi: Zonke izinto zenziwe ngama-athomu, amangqamuzana omoya uyakwazi ukwakha. Zonke lezi izinhlayiya ziyahamba njalo.

Ukuvula kanye iphutha J.. Dalton

Eminyakeni engu-50 kamuva Lomonosov basungula umqondo wezwe elingaphansi usosayensi oyiNgisi John. Dalton. Ososayensi siyofeza izibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukunquma ezinesisindo sama-athomu samakhemikhali. Lokhu kwaba ubufakazi main yalezi ezizathwini: isisindo engqamuzaneni kanye ketshezi ingabalwa kusukela atomic weight izinhlayiya e ngezithako zawo. Njengoba Lomonosov futhi Dalton babekholelwa ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela ukulungiselela, zezakhi engqamuzaneni Kuyohlale umi Ukwakheka qualitative ambalwa. Ekuqaleni, 'Lowo ungumthetho ukuqinisela ka yokwakheka daba washayelwa ngendlela. Kwemukela ligalelo omkhulu isayensi Dalton, akakwazi ngempela ukufihlela iphutha ecasulayo: bephika ukwakheka kwama-molecule izinto ezilula njengomoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, hydrogen. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-molecule ye has kuyinkimbinkimbi kuphela amakhemikhali. Banikezwe udumo omkhulu emphakathini yesayensi Dalton, okuyize wakhe omubi ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Njengoba ama-athomu esingamakhilogremu kanye nama-molecule

Ukutholakala enjalo postulate zamakhemikhali, njengoba umthetho ukuqinisela ukwakheka kwendaba, lwenziwe Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba nomqondo ukongiwa mass izinto, unreacted futhi kwakhiwa kwalokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho Dalton mass-athomu nesilinganiso olwenziwa I. Berzelius Ukunemba ezinesisindo sama-athomu ithebula izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye sipho isihambile ukuqokwa kwabo njengoba izincwadi Latin. Okwamanje isisindo zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane kunqunywa usebenzisa i nanotube carbon. Imiphumela etholwe kulezi izifundo uqinisekise imithetho ekhona yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphambili abacwaningi baye basebenzisa i-instrument ezifana mass spectrometer, kodwa inqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi kuhlaziywe ibe sina ethile spectrometry.

Kungani kubaluleke kangaka 'Lowo ungumthetho ukongiwa mass lomcebo

Washayelwa M. V Lomonosovym ngenhla okuthiwa postulate chemical kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi yokusabela ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ayingxenye reactants kanye nemikhiqizo musa zinyamalale futhi avele aphume lutho. Isibalo sawo lilondolozwe ngaphandle ushintsho ngaphambi nangemva inqubo yamakhemikhali. I njalo kusukela mass ukuzulazula kwama-athomu, leli qiniso ngokunengqondo kuholela umthetho ukulondolozwa mass namandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi wamemezela lo mthetho, njengoba isimiso esejwayelekile nemvelo, eqinisekisa interconversion amandla futhi ukuqinisela ukwakheka kwendaba.

Imibono J. Proust njengendlela yokuqinisekisa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela-athomu-yamangqamuzana

Ebhekisela kuvulwa postulate ezinjalo, njengoba umthetho Ukwakheka njalo. Chemistry kwekhulu le-18 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 - isayensi lapho ososayensi babe izingxabano phakathi ososayensi ababili isiFulentshi, J. Proust futhi K. Berthollet. Umsuka umangalele ukuthi ukwakheka izinto ezakhiwe ukusabela zamakhemikhali, luncike ubunjalo reagents. Berthollet wayekholelwa ukuthi compounds ukubunjwa - imikhiqizo ukuphendula nalo ehlaselwe lemali eyisihlobo uxhumana izinto. bamakhemikhali Abanengi izifundo okuqala babesekela umbono wokuba Proust, ngubani washayelwa kubo kanje: ukubunjwa enkompolo eziyinkimbinkimbi uhlale njalo futhi akusho incike ezibekiweko ngendlela okuphethwe ngayo eyamukelwe ngayo. Nokho, uphenyo izixazululo liquid okuqinile (Alloys) waqinisekisa wacabanga K. Berthollet. Lezi izinto umthetho Ukwakheka njalo kwaba engasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it akusebenzi compounds nge ngamahele ionic. Ukwakheka lezi izinto incike izindlela ezingamalungu misela.

Ngamunye ikhemikhali, kungakhathaliseki indlela yayo sokulungiselela, unomphela Ukwakheka qualitative ambalwa. Lokhu ekwakhiweni ephawula umthetho ukuqinisela ukwakheka efana ezihlongozwayo kaJ Proust e 1808. Njengoba ubufakazi Ucaphuna umbiko ezimise izibonelo ezilandelayo: Malachite baseSiberia has ukwakheka efanayo njengoba amaminerali limbiwa Spain; emhlabeni kukhona cinnabar eyodwa kuphela, futhi ayinalo inani impahla idiphozi sitholwa. Ngakho Proust kugcizelelwe ukuqinisela ukwakheka kwendaba, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ndawo futhi iyiphi indlela ukukhiqizwa yayo.

Azikho imithetho ngaphandle okuhlukile

Kusukela umthetho enkulu ocacile, kusobala ukuthi lapho kumiswa kwakwakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi samakhemikhali axhunyiwe nomunye ezithile okungu isisindo. Ngokushesha isayensi yamakhemikhali ebonakala nokwaziswa mayelana nokuba khona izidakamizwa ngezithako variable, okuyinto sincike indlela sokulungiselela. usosayensi Russian M. Kurnakov ezihlongozwayo ayetha lezi zakhi berthollides ezifana titanium oxide, amanzi esindayo, zirconium nitride.

Lezi izinto ngayinye 1 okuyingxenye ngesisindo sezinti ngesinye sezinqumo has amanani ahlukene nezinye izakhi. Ngakho, ngo-enkompolo kanambambili of bismuth ne gallium kwenye ingxenye ngesisindo sezinti gallium liphuma izingxenye 1.24 ukuze 1,82 of bismuth. Kamuva bamakhemikhali yathola ukuthi, ngaphandle compounds metal komunye nomunye izinto ukuba bangawulaleli umthetho enkulu ocacile, kungalesi sikhathi lapho ikilasi compounds wezinto njengoba oxides. Berthollides Kuphinde sici sulfides, carbides, nitrides, futhi hydrides.

Indima isotopes

Njengoba sengineminyaka ifa umthetho ukuqinisela kwendaba, i-chemistry njengenhlangano isayensi ngqo ukwaze ukuxhumanisa izici isisindo kwakwakhe nge okuqukethwe isotopic izici ukwakha kuwo. Khumbula ukuthi isotopes kubhekwe athomu isici ikhemikhali i-proton ezifanayo kodwa izinombolo ezahlukene nucleon. Sikhishwe ebukhoneni isotopes, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ukwakheka ngesisindo sezinti kwakwakhe kungenzeka variable ngaphansi isimo izakhi njalo kufakwe ketshezi. Uma isici kwandisa okuqukethwe kwanoma iliphi IKhompyuthaYami isisindo ketshezi Kushintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi avamile sicuketse 11% e-hydrogen, futhi elisindayo ezakhiwe IKhompyuthaYami yayo (deuterium) - 20%.

izici berthollides

Njengoba siye wachaza kakade, imithetho nokongiwa kwamakhemikhali uqinisekise amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela-athomu-ezinto baqiniseka yangempela Ingqikithi Ukwakheka njalo - daltonides. A berthollides imingcele ezingashintsha isisindo izingxenye izakhi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-nitrous ka tetravalent titanium ngamunye isisindo ingxenye metal liphuma izingxenye 0.65 ukuze 0.67 oxygen. Izinto Ukwakheka angesiwo agcwele akusho abe ukwakheka kwama-molecule, crystal zabo ngamahele yakhiwa ngama-athomu. Ngakho-ke, i-chemical compounds ifomula acabange imingcele Ukwakheka kwabo. Ahlukile izinto ezahlukene. Amazinga kungathikameza amabanga yokwakheka izakhi isisindo. Uma izakhi ezimbili chemical yakha phakathi kwabo izinto ezimbalwa - berthollides ke nabo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa futhi umthetho enkulu amaningi.

Kuzo zonke izibonelo ezingenhla ukuphetha ngokuthi i-chemistry theory amaqembu amabili izinto abakhona: laqanjwa njalo noma zamatshe. Ukuba nesimo salezi compounds kuyinto isiqinisekiso esihle izimfundiso yamangqamuzana athomu. Futhi lapha umthetho Ukwakheka njalo ayisekho evelele sciences zamakhemikhali. Kodwa ibonisa umlando ngendlela.