Lokho ngukuthi: ezinyakazayo ezishisayo? Yini imiqondo ehlobene naso?

Izenzakalo zezwe ngokomzimba awunakuhlukaniswa nge kushintsha izinga lokushisa. Ngalo, wonke umuntu ihlangana ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni, lapho ibona ukuthi abandayo ice namanzi abilayo ukusha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufika ukuqonda ukuthi izinqubo lokushisa ushintsho akwenzeki ngokuphazima kweso. Kamuva esikoleni, abafundi bafunde ukuthi ehlangene ezinyakazayo ezishisayo. Futhi izinqubo ezihlobene izinga lokushisa akhethiwe igatsha physics.

Uyini lokushisa?

Lo mqondo yesayensi wethulwa esikhundleni imigomo ezivamile. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, njalo kokuvela amazwi ezifana ashisayo nabandayo noma efudumele. Wonke ayakhuluma mayelana nezinga lokushisa komzimba up. Lokho kanjani kuchazwe kwi-physics, ne ukwengeza ukuthi ubuningi scalar. Ngemva lokushisa ayinakho isiqondiso, kodwa eziningi kuphela.

Esikhathini kohlelo lamazwe omhlaba amayunithi (SI), izinga lokushisa kukalwa ngama-degree Celsius (° C). Kodwa ngo-amafomula eziningi echaza izenzakalo ezishisayo, kudingeka ukuhumusha e Kelvin (K). Ngenxa yale njongo kukhona ifomula elula: T = t + 273. It T - izinga lokushisa UKelvin, futhi t - e-Celsius. Nge Kelvin isikali ezihlobene umqondo weguncu ngokuphelele.

Kukhona izikali eziningana lokushisa. Ngo aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, isibonelo, ngokuhamba Fahrenheit (F). Ngakho-ke, kufanele bakwazi ukuba alobe Celsius. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusukela ubufakazi F uncika ukhupha 32, bese ehlukana nge 1.8.

Ikhaya experiment

Ngo echaza isidingo sokwazi izinto ezifana lokushisa, ezinyakazayo ezishisayo. Yebo, futhi sifeze isipiliyoni lula.

Ngoba kufanele athathe amathangi ezintathu. Kufanele ibe nkulu ngokwanele ukuthi babengakwazi ukuyisekela kalula ukulingana izandla. Sigcwale amanzi ngaphansi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okushisa. Ekuqaleni kumele kube kubanda kakhulu. In the yesibili - sekuqala ukufudumala. Ngekhulu lesithathu uthele amanzi ashisayo, lapho sizokwazi ukugcina ingalo.

Manje, nakho uqobo. Lower sobunxele esitsheni amanzi abandayo, ilungelo - ne ezishisayo. Linda amaminithi ambalwa. Ubasuse futhi ngokushesha ngibhapathiza esitsheni yamanzi afudumele.

Umphumela walokhu uyoba ezingalindelekile. isandla Kwesokunxele bekuyobonakala sengathi amanzi afudumele, khona lapho umuzwa ngamanzi abandayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isethi yakhoibrium lokuqala ezishisayo kanye uketshezi lapho okuhlala khona izingalo ezithunyelwa ekuqaleni. Futhi ke lokhu kulinganisela kuyaphazamiseka kakhulu.

Izinhlinzeko main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yamangqamuzana-kinetic

Lichaza zonke izenzakalo ezishisayo. Kodwa lezi ukugomela walokhu ulula. Ngakho-ke, sikhuluma ezinyakazayo ezishisayo la malungiselelo odinga ukukwazi.

Okokuqala, into ezakhiwe izinhlayiya ngomzuzu, elise ukuqhela nomunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlayiya kungenzeka njengoba molecule ama-athomu. Futhi ibanga elibahlukanisile kaningi emikhulu kuyizinhlayiyana osayizi.

Okwesibili, kuzo zonke izinto kukhona ezinyakazayo ezishisayo yezinhlayiya, okuyinto Akupheli. Ngakho-ke, izinhlayiya ukuhambisa ngezikhathi (kunezinxushunxushu).

Okwesithathu, izinhlayiya basebenzisane. Lo mphumela kungenxa amabutho Ukuheha umuzwa wokwenyanya. usayizi kangakanani kuncike ekutheni ibanga phakathi izinhlayiya.

Ukuqinisekiswa endaweni yokuqala kwi-ILC

Ubufakazi bokuthi umzimba kwakhiwa izinhlayiya, phakathi lapho zikhona izikhala, kuyinto yabo ukunwetshwa ezishisayo. Ngakho, lapho umzimba ukufuthelana, usayizi waso iyakhula. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa ukususwa izinhlayiya ezivela nomunye.

Enye isiqinisekiso obekushiwo kuyinto okusheshayo. Okungukuthi, Ukungena yezinhlayiya efana phakathi izinhlayiya lokho okushiwo omunye. Futhi lokhu ukunyakaza mutual. Diffusion isifika usheshise, le eminye ngaphandle amangqamuzana ahlelwe. Ngakho-ke, Ukungena mutual igesi kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinye izinto eziwuketshezi. Futhi ukudla okuqinile onyakeni okusheshayo edingekayo.

Phela, lo yokugcina uchaza inqubo kanye ezinyakazayo ezishisayo. Phela, Ukungena mutual izinto zibe nomunye kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthikanyezwa ngaphandle. Kodwa kungenziwa yashesha by ukushisa komzimba.

Qinisekisa yesibili isikhundla Mkt

Sula ubufakazi bokuthi kukhona ukunyakaza ezishisayo - iyona ezinyakazayo Brownian izinhlayiya. Kuthathwa ngoba izinhlayiya imisiwe, okungukuthi labo okuyinto makhulu molecule emikhulu into. Lezi zinhlayiya kungenzeka uthuli noma okusanhlamvu. Indawo kubo uncika amanzi noma igesi.

Isizathu sokuba ukunyakaza okungahleliwe izinhlayiya imiswe yokuthi nxazonke ke isinyathelo-molecule. umphumela yabo ngezikhathi. Ubukhulu kwemithelela ngesikhathi ngasinye sihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ibutho okuholela iqondiswa kwelinye direction bese kwenye indawo.

Uma sikhuluma Isivinini motion ezishisayo yezinhlayiya, ukuthi yigama esikhethekile ke - impande kusho isikwele. Singasho libalwe ifomula:

v = √ [(3kT) / m _0].

It T - izinga lokushisa UKelvin, m ₀ - mass molecule elilodwa, k - Boltzmann njalo (k = 1,38 * 10 ^-23 J / K).

Ukuqinisekiswa isikhundla wesithathu ILC

I izinhlayiya bakhangwa futhi wacasulwa. Esikhathini incazelo izinqubo eziningi ezihlobene ezinyakazayo ezishisayo, lolu lwazi kubalulekile.

Phela, amabutho ukuxhumana kuncike isimo ngokomzimba kwendaba. Ngakho, kukhona nhlobo igesi, ngoba izinhlayiya ziyasuswa kangangokuba isinyathelo sabo ayenzeki. I iziphuzo kanye ukudla okuqinile kukhona obonakalayo futhi ahlinzeke isitoreji umthamo komsebenzi. Esikhathini esidlule, they nzonzobala ahlinzeke futhi ulondoloze isimo.

Ubufakazi bokuba khona amabutho Ukuheha umuzwa wokwenyanya amabutho Akukhona ukubukeka kuyaqina ezindikimbeni ukusonteka. Ngakho, ukudlulisa sithuthukiswe amabutho ezikhangayo phakathi molecule e kokucindezelwa - umuzwa wokwenyanya. Kodwa ezimweni zombili bebuyela umzimba ezakheke yasekuqaleni.

Amandla isilinganiso ezinyakazayo ezishisayo

It kungenziwa ebhaliwe evela eziyisisekelo equation Mkt :

(PV) / N = (2E) / 3.

Kulesi ifomula, p - ingcindezi, V - ivolumu, N - inombolo zishintshe, E - isilinganiso energy kinetic.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le kwesibalo singatlolwa bunjesi:

(PV) / N = KT.

Uma sihlanganise kubo, uthola kwesibalo ezilandelayo:

(2E) / 3 = KT.

Ngakho kusukela ifomula enjalo ngoba amandla kusho kinetic yezinhlayiya:

E = (3kT) / 2.

Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amandla wakhona lokushisa we ketshezi. Okungukuthi, begodu kukhula izinhlayiya zokugcina ngokurhabako. Lona umnyombo motion ezishisayo, ongagcini nje kukhona eminye kunoziro ngokuphelele lokushisa.