Ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nokwakheka athomu: izici izici of ifomula

Atom - iyona kuyizinhlayiyana ezincane kunazo zonke i-ikhemikhali, elikwaziyo silondoloze impahla yayo. Igama elithi "athomu" lisuselwa esiGrekini «atomos», okusho "okuphelele". . Kuye ngokuthi ingakanani nokuthi uluhlobo luni izinhlayiya kuyinto nakuyi-athomu, singakwazi ukuthola element kwamakhemikhali.

Kafushane mayelana nokwakheka athomu

Ungakwenza kanjani uhlu kafushane ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nokwakheka athomu? I-athomu kuyinto kuyizinhlayiyana ne-nucleus kuthiwa kahle icala. Ngakule core athambekele omubi icala ifu electron. Ngamunye athomu esimweni salo esivamile abathathi hlangothi. Usayizi izinhlayiya kungaba ngokuphelele izonqunywa usayizi efwini electron ozungezayo ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

Ikhenela ngokwayo, esikhundleni salokho, futhi kwakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane - proton kanye neutrons. Proton kuthiwa kahle icala. Neutrons ningathwali noma ngabe iliphi icala. Nokho, ama-proton kanye neutrons ndawonye ehlangana ku isigaba esisodwa futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi nucleons. . Uma udinga ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo sama-athomu angu kafushane, lolu lwazi zinganqunyelwa kudatha efakwe ohlwini.

Ulwazi lokuqala cishe athomu

Mayelana efanayo, ukuthi ndaba kungenziwa sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane, esolwa amaGreki asendulo. Babekholelwa ukuthi konke okukhona yakhiwa ngama-athomu. Nokho, umbono onjalo kwakuyiNkosi luyingxenye zefilosofi ngokwemvelo futhi ayikwazi ngokuhunyushwa ngokwesayensi.

Ulwazi lokuqala oluyisisekelo mayelana isakhiwo athomu khona usosayensi oyiNgisi Dzhon Dalton. Banakekela umcwaningi ukuthola ukuthi izakhi ezimbili chemical liyakwazi okungu ezahlukene, futhi lapho inhlanganisela ngamunye okunjalo kuyoba kwenziwe into entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, eziyisishiyagalombili izakhi izingxenye-mpilo ukhiqize carbonic acid igesi. Izingxenye ezine - mpilo-carbon monoxide.

Ngo 1803, Dalton bathola umthetho okuthiwa enkulu amaningi kwamakhemikhali. . Esebenzisa izilinganiso engaqondile (ngoba akekho athomu ke ayikwazanga ukubukwa ngaphansi ke nangezibonakhulu) Daltons baphetha ngokuthi isisindo isihlobo zama-athomu.

ucwaningo uRutherford

cishe ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu, ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo sama-athomu kubo kwaqinisekiswa ngomunye wemithi English - Ernest 'uRutherford. Usosayensi okuhlongozwayo imodeli igobolondo electron we izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, 'uRutherford wathi "imodeli kwamaplanethi we-athomu" kwaba esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kumele ente kwamakhemikhali. ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo sama-athomu angu wabonisa ukuthi kufana yesimiso sonozungezilanga: emhlabeni nucleus omise kahle ichazwe ilingise ama-electron izinhlayiya, njengoba nje benze amaplanethi.

Electronic ama-athomu nobukhulu bezinhlamvu futhi zama-athomu ezakhi amakhemikhali ifomula

Electron igobolondo athomu ngalinye iqukethe ncamashi electron amaningi njengoba kukhona proton e-nucleus yayo. Ngakho-athomu hlangothi. Ngo-1913, omunye usosayensi wathola ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo ye-athomu. ifomula Niels Bohr sika wayefana okwakuvame uRutherford. Ngokwe umqondo, njengoba ama-electron ezungeza i-nucleus, esemgwaqweni maphakathi. Bohr Ushintshe theory Rutherford, wenza ngokuvumelana e amaqiniso alo.

Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, formula ezinye chemical zenziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo kwendikimba ye-athomu nitrogen luchazwa ngokuthi 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2P ^3, isakhiwo esashiwo ifomula ye-athomu sodium ² 2s 1s ² 2P ⁶ bo-3 ^1. Ngalezi amafomula kungabonwa, nenani electron ezihambelayo orbitals ngamunye lwekhemikhali ethile.

Schrödinger imodeli

Kodwa-ke, le model-athomu iphelelwe isikhathi. ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo ye-athomu, aziwa isayensi namuhla, ngezindlela eziningi ziye zaba sibonga litholakale zocwaningo physics Austrian Schroedinger.

Wasikisela model entsha yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu - wave. Ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi electron sinikezwe hhayi kuphela ubunjalo kuyizinhlayiyana, kodwa unawo lawo izakhiwo amagagasi.

Kodwa-ke, imodeli Schrödinger futhi uRutherford kukhona imithetho jikelele. Bafana ngemcondvo ukuthi electron khona emazingeni athile.

amazinga anjalo babizwa nangokuthi izingqimba electronic. Ngosizo inombolo ezingeni kungenziwa libhekene amandla electron. Ayanda ungqimba, amandla ngaphezulu ke anazo. Wonke amazinga abhekwa kusukela phansi kuze, ngakho inani ezingeni oluhambisana bamandla alo. Ngamunye izingqimba igobolondo electron kuyi-athomu ye has sub-amazinga ayo. Ngakho ezingeni lokuqala babe munye sublayer, kwesibili - amabili, eyesithathu - (., Bheka ngenhla ifomula nitrogen ngogesi kanye sodium) ezintathu nokunye.

Ngisho izinhlayiya mncane

Kuleli qophelo, yebo, izinhlayiya ngisho ezincane kuno-electron, i-proton ne-neutron ebonakalayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-proton yakhiwa quark. Kukhona izinhlayiya ngisho encane yonke - ezifana neutrinos, okuyinto ngobukhulu kuyinto kayikhulu ezincane kuno Quark kanye izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezincane kuno-proton.

Neutrino - nezinhlayiya ezincane kangangokuba septillionov esingaphansi, izikhathi 10 isibonelo, Tyrannosaurus. Tyrannosaurus ngokwayo izikhathi eziningi ezincane kuno yonke indawo yonke ebonakalayo.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nokwakheka athomu: i-radioactivity

Kwakuthinta njalo eyaziwa ukuba ngingehlelwa nangeyodwa kulezi yokusabela chemical abakwazi ukuvula ngesinye sezinqumo kolunye. Kodwa kule nqubo yokukhishwa kwemisebe kwenzeka angesabi.

Radioactivity yikhono we nuclei-athomu aguqule ibe nezinye nuclei - uzinze ngokwengeziwe. Lapho abantu ukuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo sama-athomu, isotopes, ngokwezinga elithile kungaba samuntu amaphupho alchemy ephakathi.

Ngo inqubo ukubola isotopes wukukhanya emisebeni enemisebe. Ngokokuqala ngqá into enjalo kwatholakala Becquerel. Uhlobo main emisebeni - kusho ukubola-alpha. Lapho imlalile alpha izinhlayiya. Kukhona kwamazinyo beta, lapho core uyakhishwa kusukela athomu, ngokulandelana, kuyizinhlayiyana beta.

isotopes Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo yokufakelwa

Njengamanje esikwaziyo isotopes zemvelo ezingaba ngu-40. Iningi lazo elise izigaba ezintathu: nokwe-uranium-Radium, cindezela futhi actinium. Konke lokhu isotopes ingatholakala nemvelo - kwamadwala, inhlabathi, umoya. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo, it is eyaziwa abangaba yinkulungwane isotopes ziyafuywa akhiqizwa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. . Abaningi balaba isotopes kusetshenziswa imithi, ikakhulukazi isifo.

Ukuphambana ngaphakathi athomu

Uma sicabange athomu, usayizi okuzokwenza lingafaniswa Usayizi enkundleni yemidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe-ke ungakwazi zibukeke uthole olinganise ezilandelayo. Amaelectrons athomu kwi "inkundla" ezinjalo ngeke akhiwe phezulu zezitsha. Ngamunye wabo uyoba usayizi encane kunokhanjana. Khona-ke ikhenela uzobe etholakala maphakathi ensimini, futhi ubukhulu bawo ngeke kunangendlela nenkundla ipea.

Ngezinye izikhathi abantu bangibuza umbuzo, eqinisweni ubukeka athomu. Empeleni, waya ngokoqobo akubukeki nganoma iyiphi indlela - hhayi ngenxa yezizathu ukuthi isayensi underutilized nangezibonakhulu ezinhle. Ubukhulu kuyi-athomu ye kukhona kulezo zindawo lapho umqondo wegama elithi "ukubonakala" umane akekho.

Atoms babe Ubukhulu encane kakhulu. Kodwa kanjani elincane ngokoqobo lezi Ubukhulu? Iqiniso liwukuthi eminingi emincane, abantu kancane ebonakalayo kumuntu iso wokusanhlamvu usawoti cishe inengxenye eyodwa quintillion ama-athomu.

Uma thina ucabange athomu usayizi ukuthi azofanela e esandleni somuntu, bese eduze kwayo ukuthola amagciwane imitha-300 ubude. I-bacterium wawuzoba ubude 3 km, kanye ukushuba unwele lomuntu ukuba alingane 150. Esikhathini isikhundla lisalele, wakwazi ukuya ngale ozungeze umhlaba. Futhi uma ingxenye abanjalo babehamba elivumelekile, izinwele womuntu ubude akwazi ukuxoxa inyanga. ke athomu Lapha enjalo nzima futhi ezithakazelisayo, etadisha ososayensi basaqhubeka befuna kuze kube yilolu suku.