Fungus: izici jikelele kanye nokubaluleka

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ulwazi mayelana eziphilayo kufanele sibe nesithakazelo ukunikeza tutorials ngesihloko esithi "I-Biology" (Libanga 6). Nokho izici Jikelele isikhunta, - isihloko izincwadi lonke futhi amaphepha isayensi. Lokhu akusona isimanga - ukufunda nabo kakhulu.

Amakhowe, incazelo jikelele okuyinto okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, indices kwemvelo futhi trophic - eukaryotes heterotrophic kuphela osmotrofnym uhlobo ukudla. Lenchazelo ihlukanisa ngokucacile kuzo kusukela nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuze isikhala elalihlala biota. izici Jikelele isikhunta kusikisela ukuthi osmotrofnym indlela amandla ngenxa izici morphological, bokuphila kwamakhemikhali.

umzimba vegetative isikhunta

Umzimba vegetative isikhunta kakhulu kuyinto sesigcilikisha branched kakhulu (hyphae) ngokwanda angenamkhawulo, okuyinto ndawonye abizwa ngokuthi ama-mycelium noma mycelium. Ngokuvamile, ama-mycelium is ngokuphelele egxilile substrate (inhlabathi, izicubu isitshalo, ubulongwe, isitshalo izinsalela, nokunye.), Futhi izici ezifana yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu uvumele akhiphe esiphezulu kuwo wonke umsoco umzimba usebenzisa ekzoosmosa.

izinto eziphilayo kulezi substrates ngokuyinhloko ngesimo eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo polymers (amaprotheni, polysaccharides, acid nucleic) ukuthi musa idlule iseli izembozo. Ngakho-ke ama-fungus, izici jikelele okuyinto sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo substrate Emit depolymerase enzyme ninamathele oligo- kanye polymers ka monomers ukuthi kungenziwa athuthwe ku amaseli. Uma ama-enzyme lezilwane akhishelwa emathunjini ke amakhowe bona ivelele, bese hyphae fungal kungafaniswa i esiswini everted.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha isikhunta

ukucwiliswa Okugcwele zibe mycelium substrate kukhawulela zisakaza yabo isikhala. Ngakho-ke, izitho abo okuzala ifakwa phambili phezu substrate, noma nezishiwo ngenhla ke ukusakaza emoyeni, noma (uma substrate wokusemanzini) medium aqueous. isikhunta Abaningi (macromycetes) emizimbeni spore eziveza makhulu, ngokucacile ebonakalayo nqunu iso (ngetulu kwetintfo amakhowe inhlabathi shlyapochnye ezimila noma Tinder isihlahla). Okunye isikhunta (mikromitcety) nemizimba elincane sporulation, isakhiwo lingabonakala kuphela ngesibonakhulu, kodwa akha ukuthuthukiswa mass umbala ngesimo kuphangwa isikhunta ku substrates ahlukahlukene.

Amabili zombuso isikhunta

emifanekisweni Phylogenetic abonisa ukuthi ecomorphs "amakhowe" akuyona eyohlobo iqembu monophyletic, futhi ihlukaniswe yaba phyla ezimbili (umbuso). Ingxenye best, ngokuthi "isikhunta kweqiniso" (eumitsety) monophyly futhi empeleni umbuso isikhunta (Fungi). Ingxenye ezincane, okuthiwa "eziphilayo gribopodobnymi" (psevdomitsety) iza kanye nabathile zasolwandle embusweni Stramenopila, okuyinto zihlelwe ngezigaba ezimbili - Oomycota (oomycetes) kanye Labyrinthulomycota (net slime isikhunta). Ngesisekelo yilesi sigaba kuyawakha izici jikelele isikhunta. Amanita, njengoba ungabona - lokhu kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo konke ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo.

metabolites zamabanga aphansi naphezulu

Zonke metabolites evamile ihlukaniswe zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. metabolites Primary zibalulekile ekukhuleni komzimba futhi Irreplaceable. Lokhu nucleic acid, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, coenzymes, lipids, njll Kulezi eyakhelwe organelles yeselula -. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell udonga futhi ulwelwesi izakhiwo okuyizinto amakhowe. izici Jikelele metabolite eyinhloko ukuthi amaseli wabo amafutha asetshenziswa njengendlela wokudla namandla. metabolites Secondary ezidingekayo ukuze lithathelwe izimo zokuphila. Abakwazi kwenzeka ezinye zinhlobo futhi ngingekho abanye. Ngokungafani esiyinhloko, metabolites yesibili - ngokuvamile ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds.

amaprotheni

amaprotheni Bezakhiwe bayingxenye odongeni cell, izakhiwo ulwelwesi, ama-chromosome zakhelwe cytoskeletal izakhi - microtubules futhi microfilaments. amaprotheni enzyme ukuhlinzeka zonke izinqubo intracellular kanye nokuxhumana imvelo.

carbohydrate

Bezakhiwe carbohydrate polymeric - ngesisekelo odongeni cell, okuyizinto isikhunta. izici Jikelele carbohydrate ngokuya amakhemikhali ukwakheka kwenza kube nokwenzeka utihlukanise tibe ezintathu: i-glucose kanye nezinye monosaccharides kanye carbohydrate covalently exhumene peptides (glycoproteins).

Glucose polymers - kuyinto glucans, chitin kanye cellulose. Glucans kukhona amaketanga komugqa noma branched glucose molecule. Bakha olwelwesini odongeni cell isikhunta kakhulu. Esikhathini molecule chitin glucose izinsalela zihlangene namaqembu acid (aminated) lapho yena, inamathelisiwe acetic acid izinsalela (acetylated). Ama-molecule "Ithungelwe" ama-molecule ndawonye branched nezinye polysaccharides bakha lwamathambo okuqinile odongeni cell. I-cellulose itholakala kuyo yonke Oomycetes wahlola lapho imayelana 10% of the mass cell udonga. Yisikhathi eside kunenkolelo yokuthi akuyona isikhunta kweqiniso, kodwa manje kubonisa khona layo udonga ezinye Ascomycetes (uhlobo lwe Ophiostoma).

Nokunye okuningi nezinye monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, kanye nabanye.), Ngokuthi e ayanda izitshalo hemicellulose, azikho wonke amaqembu isikhunta. Ikakhulukazi eziningi polymers ka mannose - mannans - ezindongeni cell imvubelo. Ngokusobala, isakhiwo esinjalo inikeza izindonga luthela ungcono glucan.

Ekugcineni, isici jikelele isikhunta kungenzeka kulekelelwa yokuthi kuseli yabo izindonga, kanye izitshalo iqukethe polysaccharides eziningi ezixhunywa ku-amaprotheni molecule -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny njll Bakha ungqimba umnyombo multilayer cell udonga futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni iseli ubuqotho kwesakhiwo, futhi exchange yayo nge izinqubo imvelo.

carbohydrate ezisele

Leli phepha presents izici sasivumela enemininingwane jikelele isikhunta. 6 grade esikoleni - isikhathi lapho siqala kahle ngalezi izinto eziphilayo ezitholakala ekilasini biology. Siphakamisa ukuze bajulise ulwazi lwabo futhi ukuhlola ngokuningiliziwe. Manje chaza esikhundleni carbohydrate.

Ngo isikhunta ayitholakalanga main reserve polysaccharide esivela izitshalo ephakeme kanye ulwelwe eziningi - isitashi. Glucose lilondolozwe eumitsetov glucan eduze glycogen isitashi isilwane. Ngaphezu glucans kusuka amakhowe unezinye carbohydrate esikhululekile, futhi abanye iyingqayizivele umbuso isikhunta. Lena ngokuyinhloko trehalose disaccharide. Kwaphela isikhathi eside trehalose atholakala kuphela isikhunta, kungani wathola igama lesibili - mycosis. Manje butholakala ezinye izitshalo ephakeme njengoba kwakwakhe ezincane. Trehalose udlala indima ebalulekile lithathelwe amaseli fungal ukugcizelela futhi ukulawulwa izinqubo osmotic. Amaseli fungal nazo equkethwe ushukela alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol nabanye.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters of acid monocarboxylic nokuba unbranched aliphatic chain) kukhona imikhiqizo ebalulekile esikhululekile, basuke zibekwe iseli ifomu amaconsi amafutha. Ukuze isikhunta libhekene wokuqukethwe lelisetulu polyunsaturated (kokuba ambalwa izibopho kabili iketango aliphatic) fatty acid ezifana linolenic - ezintathu, futhi arachidonic - izibopho amane kabili. Ifomu phospholipid (exhumene ester isibopho nge acid wali band), lipids kuyizinto ezinkulu cell ulwelwesi. A indima enkulu ukudalwa takhiwo ulwelwesi lipids futhi sterols ukudlala, akunika amandla ulwelwesi. Ngokungafani nezilwane cholesterol kokuba 27 ama-athomu carbon ku-molecule (C-27) futhi phytosterols (C-29) izitshalo, eyinhloko sterol fungal - ergosterol (C-28).

metabolites yesibili: zombala

Amakhowe beswela zombala photosynthesis, kodwa ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu compounds, Umbala mycelium izitho propagative noma substrate. Ngokusho uhlobo amakhemikhali zombala kakhulu iphathelene terpenoid (carotenoid) noma ezinuka kamnandi. Zenza ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi. Ngakho, orange carotene nemikhiqizo ntombazane ukugeleza inqubo ngokocansi e Mucorales; zombala omnyama eziluhlaza nezimnyama phenolic Aspergillus imali apharathasi Sporiferous kuphela ngokungafani mycelium substrate, yakheke okuyinto, emoyeni, futhi izingxabano ukuba asivikele ultraviolet; melanin amnyama-anemibala is zibekwe izindonga esitokisini, okwandisa amandla abo.

Ubuthi nemithi elwa namagciwane

isikhunta Abaningi ukukhiqiza ezinobuthi ezinye izinto eziphilayo eziye ngokuvamile kwaphawulwa lapho ihlanganiswe izici jikelele isikhunta (6th grade ebhukwinitifundvo nobe manual for esikoleni esiphakeme). Izinto ezinobuthi ezingaba yingozi ezincane, okuthiwa imithi elwa namagciwane ukuthi zinobuthi izitshalo - phytotoxins anobuthi ukuba izilwane nabantu - mycotoxins. Ezinye metabolites isikhunta, ngokuba anobuthi amaqembu ahlukene eziphilayo (izitshalo nezilwanyakazana ezincane, izitshalo nezilwane), abe isenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imithi ngokweqile zifana nokuthela kuhlelwe umqondo ngu isikhunta eziningi ayehlala zenhlabathi, kumelwe ezidla izakhi substrates nezinye izilokazane ezincane. Yabo zamakhemikhali nemvelo futhi imodi yesenzo zahlukahlukene. Ngakho, ama-antibiotic-penicillins futhi cephalosporins zivimbela cell udonga zamagama e-bacterium, trichothecenes - amaprotheni zamagama e eziphilayo eukaryotic, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins futhi mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins labelwe isikhunta e elinegciwane isitshalo izicubu, ukubangela ukufa isitshalo emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa ama-ke abe isisulu esilula amagciwane. Ubuthi zivimbela izinqubo enzymatic kumaseli izitshalo ezigulayo (isb, ukhunta Alternaria tentoksin kuvimbela photosynthesis phosphorylation) ifa eqinile ulwelwesi umphumela kanye nethonya ku ukuthuthwa izinto ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi, ukudluliswa transmembrane ion (fusaric acid, fusicoccin et al.).

Mycotoxins zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili - ubuthi isikhunta ezincane (mikromitcetov) kanye fungal ubuthi macromycetes kokuba izidumbu ezinkulu fruiting. Eyokuqala ikakhulukazi isikhunta esiyingozi ezithelela imikhiqizo isitshalo ukuthi asetshenziswa ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo, e sclerotia ergot alkaloids buthelela (heterocycles equkethe nitrogen), okuyinto ubuthi Neuro-kofé uhlangothi. Abanaso sokudiliza ngesikhathi ukubhaka, ngakho isinkwa kubhakwa ngofulawa nge udwi of sclerotia ochotshoziwe, kuyingozi kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa Its kungabangela ubuthi ezinzima, evame ukuba nemiphumela ebulalayo. Okunye okusanhlamvu amagciwane - lwegciwane Ukuswaba ikhanda okulimaza. Kuyinto mushroom ka Ukuswaba, okuyinto inike okusanhlamvu terpenoid ubuthi futhi kubangele ushevu okukhulu (isinkwa kubhakwa ngofulawa ingcoliswe Ukuswaba, edume ngokuthi "isinkwa odakiwe", njengoba kubangela ukuba nesiyezi, ukuhlanza kanye nezinye izimpawu efana ezinzima utshwala ubuthi).

ukudla amakhowe

Okwamanje, eziningi ulwazi mayelana ukudla kwabo yazuza isayensi biology. izici Jikelele isikhunta, kusukela lo mbono kanje. Amandla isikhunta kakhulu kungenxa simila, ngakho banesikhathi enzyme esebenzayo ukuthi zephule polysaccharides kwesakhiwo eliyisipele izitshalo ophilayo futhi isitshalo doti. pectinases okunjalo kokubhubhisa polygalacturonic acid (pectin) on the ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase kanye cellulose okonakalisayo cellulose futhi hemicellulose - main carbohydrate ingxenye isitshalo cell izindonga, Amylase ubola isitashi, njll Okwesibili, ngemva cellulose ngesisindo sezinti izingxenye plant cells -. Lignin, emele ngakuthathu polymer izindandatho elimnandi. Ikakhulukazi eziningi ke kumaseli bok. Lignin - ukumelana kakhulu polymer vegetative kanye kuphela amakhowe (ikakhulukazi drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) kufanele lignazy okonakele enzyme ke. Amakhowe izimuncagazi zokuthelela nesembozo izilwane nabantu (isikhumba, izinwele, izimpaphe), ama-enzyme ukuthi sokudiliza amaprotheni yi-keratin, which they akha.

Iningi la ma-enzyme i-kwagezi kuthiwa kwemiqondo amangqamuzana hhayi njalo kodwa ukuba khona into imvelo (isib, uma kungekho pectin e imvelo, pectinase akuyona kwemiqondo). Ababona constitutive, njengoba kuncike substrate lokungeniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, benza abumane uma medium inhlanganisela compounds izakhi nge kahle amandla umzimba (catabolites). Ngokwesibonelo, okwaphuma lapho kuyilo nolokubhujiswa polysaccharides kakhulu - glucose, Nokho endaweni lapho ngaphezu iqukethe pectin noma i-cellulose, glucose, cellulase futhi pectinase kungukuthi kukhiqizwa. Akunakwenzeka wusizo ukukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali izinqubo ukukhiqiza glucose, uma isivele ikhona medium ukukhula. isiqondiso okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu catabolite.

agamobium

Ukuqhubeka ukuvula ngesihloko ezifana "izici Jikelele isikhunta", kafushane chaza izici esiphelweni. ukukhiqizwa kabusha Asexual zalezi zinto kungaba ezinhlamvu zeselula ongasanyakazi. Zoospores yakha inombolo encane isikhunta, zasemanzini eliwumhlaba, ogama zofuzo zibonakala ngokucacile ngenxa amanzi. flagella isakhiwo futhi ngezinye zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh okufana nalokho okuchazwe ngoba ochrophyta, kuyilapho Chytridiomycota kuzoxoxwa ngakho incazelo yaleli qembu. Izinhlobo eziningi isikhunta ezinhlamvu eveza okumile, elibonisa ukuthi banikeza kukhona ukufinyelela eside isikhathi ezweni kakhulu. Izinhlamvu zesikhunta zingase zimiswe endogenously e sporangium (sporangiospory) noma exogenously (conidia). ezinhlamvu Endogenous zikhishwa kuphela ngemva kokubhujiswa kwalesi sporangium, ngokuvamile kwenzeka uma ezimanzi. inombolo enkulu (izinkulungwane) ezinhlamvu, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo yakha sporangium ezincane (sporangioli) okuyinto kuphela ezinhlamvu ezimbalwa (kwesinye isikhathi omunye) ngokuvamile kwakheka kulesi sporangium. Kulo mBhalo le sporangioli igobolondo kanye izinhlamvu zesikhunta zingase coalesce, bese impikiswano imisebenzi endogenous njengoba exogenous. Lokhu kubonisa okuvela eyinhloko ezinhlamvu endogenous, okwakukhona kulo kokumethemba exogenous.

syngenesis

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yenqubo ngokobulili, nobani kakhulu elula - Fusion of gametes ezimbili kungukuthi umahluko ku amaseli vegetative, ngokuthi somatogamiya. Lolu hlobo lwe-nqubo ejwayelekile ngokobulili askomitsetnyh nembiliso, Basidiomycetes nezinye isikhunta eziningi. Ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha ngisho ngaphandle cell Fusion, Fusion okulula nuclei ngaphakathi amaseli. A inqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi landulelwa ngokobulili ngabodwa izingxenye mycelium abalingani (gametangia) okuyinto ke uhlangane. inqubo enjalo ngokobulili, gametangiogamiya, ejwayelekile kwabaningi zigo- futhi Ascomycetes. Ekugcineni, ngo-fungus owayetholakala evamile nezinye eukaryotic eziphilayo gametogamiya, okusho ekubumbaneni gametes ezikhethekile.

Classic isici i- futhi heterogamy ulwelwe, wathola kuphela isikhunta ephansi - Chytridiomycota. Classical oogamy isikhunta non-akukho. Ngisho oomycetes, ngokuthi ngenxa oogamy zabo ukuba angabi owesilisa gametes (isidoda noma spermatsiev) futhi iqanda oogonia bancishwa siqu cell udonga futhi okuthiwa oosferami ngakho. Olunye uhlobo ka-marsupial amakhowe has oogonium (kodwa ngaphandle gametes zesifazane amaqanda, okusho emelela gametangium), kodwa akukho antheridium, ukuze kokukhulelwa kwenzeka gifoy autonomic. Abanye askomitsegov futhi bazidiomitsetnyh nokugqwala isikhunta gametes wesilisa - spermatsii, kodwa akukho gametes zesifazane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi gametangia (spermatogamiya). Olunye uhlobo spermatsii kukhona umsebenzi ezimbili - i-gametes besilisa ezinhlamvu asexual (conidia).

isiphetho

izici Jikelele isikhunta: yokudla kanye ukuphefumula, spore ukukhiqizwa kabusha - konke nesithakazelo esikhulu kubathandi bemvelo. Kuyinto eziphilayo ezivelele singesona isitshalo noma isilwane. Ukuvulwa ethile yencwadi enesihloko esithi "izici Jikelele isikhunta" (Ibanga 7), uzothola ukuthi bakha umbuso ehlukile. Okunye imibuso - kukhona izilwane, izitshalo, amagciwane namagciwane. Isihloko "izici Jikelele isikhunta futhi ukubaluleka" ebhalwe ezincwadini futhi kulesi sihloko - nje ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngazo. On kubo zalotshelwa izincwadi lonke, ngakho waziphatha abakufundayo kungaba eside kakhulu. Omunye izihloko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngokubona kwethu, iyona izici jikelele isikhunta. Isikhunta - omunye lasendulo kakhulu kwezinhlobo ezweni izinto eziphilayo. Umsolwa uvele Iminyaka kwezigidi ezingu-200. Edlule futhi luchuma ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Vula ingxenye iyiphi incwadi yesikole "Umbuso isikhunta. Izici ezivamile" (Libanga 6), futhi uzothola ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngalo.