Kumiswa, Isayensi
Umlando Ufuzo (kafushane). Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo eRussia
Biology - ivolumu kakhulu isayensi ukuthi ihlanganisa zonke izici empilweni yonke ophilayo, kusukela isakhiwo microstructures yayo phakathi nomzimba nokuxhumana ziphethe imvelo bangaphandle yonke. Yingakho izigaba kule isiyalo kakhulu. Nokho, omunye osemusha, kodwa ethembisa, futhi namuhla le ndlela kubalulekile ikakhulukazi kuyinto zofuzo. It wayevela kamuva kunabanye, kodwa uye wakwazi ukuba abe ivolumu eziphuthuma kakhulu, kubalulekile futhi yesayensi, okuyinto has imigomo yayo, izinjongo kanye into cwaningo. Cabanga ngalokho umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo nokuthi lena legatsha wezinto eziphilayo.
Ufuzo: isihloko kanye into cwaningo
Igama nezesayensi kwakungabantu nje ngo-1906 ngokusikisela eyiNgisi Bateson. Kuchazwa inganikelwa kanje: ke kuyisiyalo esiyisa ukuthi ufunda izindlela ufuzo futhi kokuhlukana yayo kwezinhlobo ezahlukene izidalwa. Ngakho-ke, umgomo oyinhloko iwukuba ngayo isakhiwo genetic izakhiwo obhekene ukudluliswa zezici ngofuzo, futhi ukufunda okushiwo inqubo.
Izinhloso wocwaningo:
- izitshalo;
- izilwane;
- amagciwane;
- amakhowe;
- abantu.
Ngakho-ke, ihlanganisa bonke ukunakwa zombuso nemvelo, ungakhohlwa yimiphi abamele. Nokho, zaphetha ukubeka kakhulu kwi umfudlana ucwaningo yilona izidalwa owumphumela elula, konke zofuzo ucwaningo olwenziwa kubo, kanye namagciwane.
Ukuze ufike esikhumulweni Imiphumela isiyatholakala, umlando zofuzo ifikile ride eside futhi esingemnandi. Ngo izinkathi ezahlukene isikhathi ukuthi uye phansi ukuthuthukiswa labagula kakhulu, lokulibala ephelele. Nokho, ekupheleni kwakusadingeka endaweni yalo efanele phakathi umndeni eyala begazi.
Umlando Ufuzo Development kafushane
Elichaza-mlando ezinkulu zazizongonakalisa kubhekwe igatsha biology, kubalulekile ukubhekana e esingeside esidlule ngakho. Ngemva kokuqala yayo kuthatha nofuzo kwabangaphezu kwekhulu XIX. Futhi usuku olusemthethweni lokuzalwa yayo njengendlela isiyalo ahlukene ngokuphelele kubhekwe ku 1900.
By endleleni, uma sikhuluma ngempela kakade ngemvelaphi, kufanele imizamo ukutshala zizalela, crossbreeding izilwane kudala kuphawulwe. Phela, lokhu kwenziwe abalimi kanye Abanikazi bamapulazi ekhulwini xv. Vele kwenzeka akuyona Ngokombono ongokwesayensi.
Ithebula "Umlando Ufuzo" Uyothola kahle izikhathi zalo eziyinhloko zomlando kumiswa.
| isikhathi ukuthuthukiswa | okutholakele eyisisekelo | ososayensi |
| Basic (Engxenyeni yesibili XIX leminyaka) | ucwaningo Hybridological emkhakheni izitshalo (cwaningo sizukulwane isibonelo uhlobo uphizi) | Gregor Mendel (1866) |
| Ukutholakala inqubo ye meiosis futhi mitosis, ekutadisheni ukuzala kanye nekubaluleka kwalo sokuhlanganiswa nokudluliselwa zezici kubazali enzalweni | Strasburger, Gorozhankin, Hertwig, Van Benevin, Flemming, Chistyakov, Valdeyr nabanye (1878-1883 biennium). | |
| Maphakathi (ekuqaleni-maphakathi XX leminyaka) | Lokhu isikhathi esiphezulu yokukhula kakhulu ukucwaninga ngofuzo, uma sicabangela isikhathi zomlando iyonke. Kunamaphuzu amaningana nokwatholakala in the apharathasi zofuzo kwengqamuzana, amagugu kanye nezindlela zalo msebenzi, sokuqonda isakhiwo DNA, ukuthuthukiswa izindlela Ukukhetha futhi cross-zizalela, ebeka izisekelo zofuzo theory ewela kule nkathi yesikhathi | Baningi ososayensi yasekhaya zezakhi zofuzo ezivela emhlabeni wonke: Thomas Morgan, Navashin, Serebryakov, Vavilov, de Vries, Correns, Watson Crick, Schleiden, Schwann, nabanye abaningi |
| Isikhathi yesimanje (Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu XX kuze kube namuhla) | Le nkathi libhekene eziningi eziye zatholwa emkhakheni microstructures ka izidalwa eziphilayo: isifundo eningiliziwe isakhiwo DNA, i-RNA, amaprotheni, ama-enzyme, amahomoni nokunye. Elucidation izici eziyimbangela esephepheni izindlela zokudlulisa zabo libe yifa lenu, isimiso sezakhi zofuzo futhi emagama yayo, ukusakaza izindlela umbhalo, ukufanisana nokunye. Lokubaluleke kakhulu bangabantu ezingaphansi isayensi yofuzo, okusho ngalesi sikhathi kwakheka eziningi | B. Elwing, Naudin nabanye |
Ithebula elingenhla ifingqa umlando zofuzo ukuboniswa. Manje, ake sihlole kabanzi okwatholwa main kusuka izinkathi ezahlukene.
okutholakele Major kwekhulu XIX
Umsebenzi oyinhloko yale nkathi kwaba umsebenzi ososayensi ezintathu ezivela emazweni ehlukene:
- Holland G. de Vries - ekutadisheni izici ifa zezici in nzalo ka izizukulwane ezahlukene;
- K. Correns eJalimane - benza into efanayo phezu isibonelo amabele;
- Austria K. Cermak - waphinda ucwaningo Mendel ku uphizi ukuhlwanyelwa.
Zonke le miphumela yayisho esekelwe ebhaliwe umsebenzi engu-35 ngaphambili lapho Gregor Mendel, owachitha iminyaka eminingi nokufunda imiphumela alotshwe imisebenzi yesayensi. Nokho, lezi idatha musa sivuse isithakazelo besikhathi sakhe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo umlando zofuzo kuhlanganisa eziningi eziye zatholwa lapho kutadishwa womuntu germ cells nezilwane. It is wafakazela ukuthi ezinye izimfanelo ukuthi zizuzwe, benzelwe zinjalo. Abanye zibhekene ngqo umzimba ngamunye futhi senze umphumela lithathelwe zezemvelo. Umsebenzi wenziwa Strasburger, Chistyakov, Flemming nabanye abaningi.
Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ekhulwini XX
Njengoba usuku olusemthethweni yokuzala 1900, akumangalisi ukuthi umlando XX leminyaka kwaba ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo. indlela Hybridological of ucwaningo, wadala nalesi sikhathi, okuvumela kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile kokuthola imiphumela okukhulu.
Ukudalwa Intuthuko entsha ubuchwepheshe kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba abheke microstructure - liyalingana kwentuthuko ngaphezulu ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo phambili. Ngakho, kwase kunesiqiniseko:
- DNA ne-RNA isakhiwo;
- Izindlela zamagama abo futhi igceke;
- amaprotheni-molecule;
- fa ngokukhethekile futhi nokugcinwa;
- kwasendaweni izinhlamvu ngazinye kuma-chromosome;
- ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye ukubonakaliswa yabo;
- Wayefanele ukufinyelela ekuphathweni apharathasi zofuzo engqamuzaneni.
Mhlawumbe omunye ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo sokuqonda DNA kule nkathi ukutholakala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo-Watson Crick ngo-1953. Ngo-1941, kwakutholakala ukuthi izimpawu ziya okubhalwe amaprotheni molecule. Kusukela ngo-1944 kuya ku-1970, kwenziwa kuvulwa esiphezulu kule nokwakheka emkhakheni, kanye ukufanisana of DNA ne-RNA amagugu.
isayensi yezakhi zofuzo yanamuhla
Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo njengendlela isayensi esigabeni samanje kubonakala ukwanda iziqondiso zalo ezihlukahlukene. Phela, namuhla kukhona:
- genetic engineering ;
- yezakhi zofuzo;
- imishini kwezokwelapha;
- labantu;
- emisebeni nabanye.
Engxenyeni yesibili XX futhi ekuqaleni xxi leminyaka, ngoba isiyalo esinikezwa ubhekwa kwenkathi ocwaningweni. Phela, ososayensi abaningi banamuhla baye ngqo angenele uhlelo lonke kwezakhi umzimba, funda uyishintshe endaweni efanele, ukulawula izinqubo ezenzeka khona, ukwehlisa ukubonakaliswa sokugembula, ukubavimba ngokuphelele.
Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo eRussia
Ezweni lethu, kubhekwe isayensi waqala lasungulwa olunzulu kuze isigamu kwekhulu XX yesibili. Into wukuthi isikhathi eside, kwaba nenkathi yokujama tsi. Lena wokubusa Stalin futhi Khrushchev. Kuyinto kule nkathi yomlando kwakukhona uqhekeko kuleli emibuthanweni ngokwesayensi. T. D. Lysenko, ababenegunya, wathi bonke izifundo emkhakheni wokusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo awavumelekile. Futhi yena akuyona isayensi nhlobo. Ukuthola ukusekelwa Stalin, kuba zonke izazi zezakhi zofuzo owaziwa sikhathi ethunyelwe enecala ngokufa kwabo. Phakathi kwabo:
- Vavilov;
- Serebrovskii;
- enophawu;
- Four-kanye nabanye.
Abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo Lysenko ukugwema ukufa futhi ukuqhubeka nocwaningo. Abanye bathuthela e-United States nakwamanye amazwe.
Kuphela ngemva kokuba engenile phansi Khrushchev zofuzo Russia inkululeko e ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhula kakhulu.
ososayensi Russian zofuzo
Ezitholakele eziphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi kungaba eziqhenyayo isayensi embuzweni, steel, nalezo ezalethwa bakithi. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo eRussia ixhunyiwe anamagama afana nokuthi:
- Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov (ucwaningo isitshalo amasosha omzimba, umthetho uchungechunge homologous, njll);
- Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov (chemical mutagenesis);
- NV Timofeev-Resovsky (umsunguli zofuzo emisebeni);
- V. Saharov (uhlobo ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo);
- ME Lobashev (nombhali amamanyule on zofuzo);
- A. S. Serebrovsky;
- K. A. Timiryazev;
- NP Dubinin nabanye abaningi.
Uhlu kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi izingqondo Russian yayinengi kuzo zonke izimboni kanye wesayensi.
Amathrendi ku isayensi: zofuzo yezokwelapha
Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo yezokwelapha umsuka kuneNingizimu isayensi jikelele. mkhuba Phela emuva xv-XVIII namakhulu eminyaka iye kungase kutholakale yokudlulisela lezinceku izifo ezifana:
- polydactyly;
- hemophilia;
- chorea lesichubekako;
- wokwelapha isithuthwane, futhi abanye.
ukulalana kwezihlobo abayizibonelo ezimbi ekulondolozeni impilo nokuthuthukiswa evamile wenzalo wamiswa. Namuhla, isigaba zofuzo kuyinto esicini esibaluleke kakhulu imithi. Phela, ikuvumela ukulawula izimpawu nokubotjhwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo eziningi zofuzo at esiteji ukuthuthukiswa embryonic umbungu.
zofuzo lomuntu
Umlando ukuthuthukiswa zofuzo lomuntu umsuka kakhulu kamuva Jikelele Zofuzo. Phela, bheka ngaphakathi komuntu chromosome apharathasi yenziwe yaba khona kuphela ngokusebenzisa lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu imishini nocwaningo izindlela lobuchwepheshe.
Umuntu uye abe isihloko Ufuzo kwasekuqaleni ngokuya imithi. Nokho, izici eziyisisekelo ifa nokudluliselwa izindlela ukuthi bahlanganise uphinde ukubonise inzalo ka akahlukile kobezilwane. Ngakho-ke asikho isidingo ukusebenzisa into ukutadisha abantu.
Similar articles
Trending Now