YaseMpumalanga Prussia: Umlando kanye yesimanjemanje. Map, imingcele, izinqaba nemizana, isiko yaseMpumalanga Prussia

Emuva e ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ezweni, elise phakathi emifuleni Neman futhi Vistula, lethiwa yaseMpumalanga Prussia. Kuyo yonke le ndawo yayikhona, amandla kokudabula ezikhathi ezinobude obungalingani. Lesi sikhathi Order, kanye Duchy Prussian, bese umbuso nesifundazwe kanye izwe post-yimpi, kuze nokwetha kabusha uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha phakathi Poland ne-Soviet Union.

Umlando nesenzakalo ngezinto zalo ezibonakalayo

Njengoba kukhulunywa okokuqala yamazwe Prussian bekulokhu kwakhe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamakhulu eziyishumi. Ekuqaleni, abantu abahlala kulezi zindawo, ihlukaniswe kwamaqembu (zakwa) abangabulawanga ahlukaniswe imingcele ezivamile.

I expanses enkulukazi izigodi Prussian imbozwe ekhona njengamanje i-Kaliningrad esifundeni, ingxenye Poland naseLithuania. Loku bekufaka ekhatsi samba kanye Skalov, Warmia futhi pogesanians, pomesanians futhi Kulmskaya umhlaba natangians futhi Bart, Galindo futhi Sassen, Skalov futhi nadruvians, Mazovia nemikhumbi.

uzuza eminingi

emazweni Prussian kulo ukhona, njalo ngaphansi imizamo sokunqotshwa phezu ingxenye omakhelwane eqinile nabanolaka. Ngakho, ekhulwini weshumi nambili phezu izikhala ocebile futhi simema evulekile kwafika zamaJalimane Knights - Crusaders. Bakhandwa wakha izinqaba eziningi futhi chateaux, isibonelo Kulm, Reden, Thorne.

Nokho, ngo-1410 emva kwempi odumile Grunwald Prussia baba inguquko bushelelezi ezandleni Poland naseLithuania.

Impi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili kubukela phansi Amandla ebutho Prussian futhi kwaholela yokuthi ezinye emazweni asempumalanga zanqotshwa Empire Russian.

Ngo amabili impi kwekhulu futhi azizange zisinde la mazwe. Kusukela ngo-1914, yaseMpumalanga Prussia eyayihilelekile kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi ngo-1944 - seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili.

Futhi emva ukunqoba kwe-amasosha aseSoviet ngo-1945, ngokuvamile lashabalala futhi sashintshwa saba le Kaliningrad esifundeni.

Wayekhona esiphakathi kwezimpi

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, balahlekelwa kakhulu yaseMpumalanga Prussia. Imephu 1939 wayevele ushintsho, futhi ubuyekeze sifundazwe sisesimweni esibi. Phela, yiyo kuphela indawo eJalimane, lapho ithathe izimpi lokulwa.

Ukusayinwa iSivumelwano SaseVersailles bavuna kabuhlungu yaseMpumalanga Prussia. Abawinile ayehlulelwe ukuze wehlise insimu yalo. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1920 kuya ku-1923 emzini Memel futhi endaweni Memel baba weNhlangano Yezizwe ukuphatha ngosizo amasosha French. Kodwa ngemva Januwari Uprising ngo-1923 isimo sesishintshile. Futhi kakade 1924 leli zwe libe esifundeni ezizimele baba ingxenye Lithuania.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yaseMpumalanga Prussia, futhi walahlekelwa kwenye insimu Zoldan (Dzialdowo idolobha).

Sekukonke, liye inqanyuliwe ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 315 amahektha umhlaba. Futhi lokhu akukho endaweni encane. Ngenxa yalokho yalezi zinguquko ahlale isifundazwe baxakekile, ephelezelwa nokuntengantenga komnotho omkhulu.

isimo zezomnotho nezombusazwe e-20s kanye 30s.

Esikhathini eko ekuseni, ngemva ukuzinza of enobudlelwane phakathi iSoviet Union neJalimane, izinga lokuphila e yaseMpumalanga Prussia kancane kancane zaqala ukuba ngcono. wavulwa yezindiza eMoscow-eKönigsberg, uqhube ukujabulisa empumalanga isiJalimane, waqala ukusebenza Kenigsbergsskaya umsakazo ezisemadolobheni.

Noma kunjalo, isimo esibucayi emnothweni womhlaba uye yehlelwa la mazwe lasendulo. Futhi iminyaka emihlanu (1929-1933 GG.) Kuphela eKönigsberg kwaba yimali izinkampani ezahlukene, anamakhulu mahlanu nantathu, futhi izinga lokungasebenzi wasukuma ukuze abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Esimweni esinjalo, usebenzisa zisesimweni esibucayi futhi akuqinisekile of uhulumeni wamanje, iQembu LamaNazi olawule ezandleni zabo.

redivision zensimu

Amabalazwe yaseMpumalanga Prussia kuya ku-1945 kwenza imali ethe ushintsho. Kwaba okufanayo ngo-1939, ngemva umsebenzi Poland kwamasosha iJalimane lamaNazi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-nokuklanywa entsha yamazwe basePoland Klaipeda (Memel) esifundeni Lithuania Kwamiswa esifundazweni. Idolobha Elbing, neMarienburg futhi Marienwerder baba ingxenye wesifunda entsha West Prussia.

AmaNazi ekusungulwe imigomo emikhulu yokuthola le redivision yeYurophu. Futhi ibalazwe Eastern Prussia, ngokombono wabo, yayisiyikhaya maphakathi endaweni yezomnotho phakathi Baltic nezilwandle Black, kuncike ukubusa ngo izindawo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo ayikwazanga lifezekile.

I post-yimpi isikhathi

Njengoba ukufika amabutho aseSoviet Eastern Prussia futhi kancane kancane zishintshe. Sungula ehhovisi lempi Usigaxamabhande sika, okuyinto ngo-April 1945, kwakunabamemezeli kakade amathathu nesithupha. Izinjongo zabo kwabe silandise labantu isiJalimane, yokusungula ushintsho kancane kancane ekuphileni sokuya empini.

Ngaleyo minyaka, ku insimu yonke yaseMpumalanga Prussia ukufihla izinkulungwane izikhulu German futhi amasosha isinyathelo amaqembu ezihilelekile ukuketula futhi umbuso. Kuphela ngo-April 1945, ihhovisi Usigaxamabhande lempi liyobamba amaFascist ezingaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ahlomile.

Nokho, endaweni eKönigsberg futhi endaweni ezungezile iyikhaya izakhamuzi elula-German. Kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-140.

Ngo-1946 emzini eKönigsberg iqanjwe kabusha Kaliningrad, okuholela eyakheke kanye Kaliningrad esifundeni. Futhi esikhathini esizayo kushintshile amagama kanye nezinye izindawo. Mayelana nalezi zinguquko iye lwenziwe kabusha kanye imephu ekhona ngaphambi 1945 yaseMpumalanga Prussia.

East Prussian ihlala namuhla

Kulezi zinsuku, insimu wangaphambilini we-Kaliningrad sifunda Prussians. YaseMpumalanga Prussia lashabalala ngo-1945. Futhi nakuba esifundeni kuyinto ingxenye Russian Federation, basuke ngokwendawo ahlukaniswe. Ngaphezu sokuqondisa - Kaliningrad (kufika ku 1946 wazala igama eKönigsberg), amadolobha evuthiwe ezifana Bagrationovsk, aseBaltic, Gvardeisk, Amber, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk, Krasnoznamensk, Neman, Ozersk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk. Le ndawo siqukethe ezifundeni ezingu ezisemadolobheni, imizi emibini nezifunda nambili. abantu Main abahlala ensimini yaleli - a Russian, Belarusians, Ukraine, naseLithuania, Armenia namaJalimane.

Kuze kube manje, esifundeni Kaliningrad lifaka lokuqala emsebenzini wokukhiqiza inhlaka, olondolozela esifubeni yayo amaphesenti angaba ngu-ayisishiyagalolunye reserves yayo emhlabeni wonke.

Izikhangibavakashi yesimanje yaseMpumalanga Prussia

Futhi nakuba namuhla ibalazwe Eastern Prussia washintsha angaphezu ukuqashelwa, namazwe esisogwini emizini yabo nasemizaneni manje inkumbulo esidlule. Umoya wezwe omkhulu wanyamalala futhi isekhona namanje e lanamuhla Kaliningrad esifundeni emizini, okwakukhona kuwo amagama Tapiau futhi Taplaken, Tilsit futhi Insterburg, Ragnit futhi Waldau.

I izivakashi kukhona izinkambo ethandwa olwenziwa epulazini stud "Georgenburg". It likhona ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nantathu. Georgenburg inqaba kwaba indawo Knights German eMpi Yenkolo imbangela eyinhloko ukuze zokuzalanisa amahhashi.

Kuze kube manje, ibandla kahle walondoloza, eyakhiwa ngekhulu weshumi nane (emizini wangaphambili Hayligenvalde futhi Arnau), kanye esontweni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha phezu nendawo eyayikade idolobha Tapiau. Lezi zakhiwo ngokubabazekayo njalo wakhumbuza abantu izikhathi endala zamaJalimane Order lokuchuma.

castle knight sika

izwe ezikhathini zasendulo ocebile amber izinqolobane bakhangwa abahlaseli German. Ekhulwini nantathu izikhulu Polish, kanye zamaJalimane Knights kancane kancane ashaqe nempahla kanye kabusha izinqaba eziningi. Izinsalela ezinye zazo, ngokuba esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo, futhi namuhla ekuyigxiliseni ku besikhathi sakhe. Abantu abaningi izinqaba medieval ezakhiwa emakhulwini eminyaka lweshumi nane kanye lweshumi nanhlanu. indawo yabo izakhiwo bathunjwa Prussian Valenod-zobumba inqaba. Lapho ukwakha izinqaba ngempela igcinwe isiko ngesitayela esigqokweni izakhiwo elisohlangothini ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izakhiwo bavumelane nohlelo eyodwa isakhiwo sabo. Namuhla lasendulo castle Insterburg uvule uhlelo engavamile ezivulekile Museum.

Phakathi abahlala lapho nezivakashi we Kaliningrad esifundeni kuyinto ethandwa kakhulu edolobhaneni kwababusi. Kuyinto Museum esiyingqayizivele lesifunda nge zewayini lasendulo Waldau Castle. Ngemva kokuvakashela ke, singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi phambi kwamehlo akhe eshanela wonke umlando yaseMpumalanga Prussia, kusukela esikhathini samakhosi Prussians lasendulo nesiphetho kwenkathi kwabokufika Soviet.