Umlando, ikakhulukazi Tianwan NPP

Inkinga energy ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni namuhla sibi kakhulu. izinsiza Non-evuselelekayo, okungamazwe esetshenziselwa ukunikeza sabantu ngogesi, ephoqa ohulumeni abaningi ukucabanga mayelana ehlukile imithombo energy. Nokho, ukuntuleka nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji, ezihlukahlukene izimo zezulu nokuma kwezwe enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise amandla elangeni, amanzi nomoya alikho zonke izifunda. Yingakho ngisho nangemva izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ngakhula ukungathembani umphakathi we "athomu zokuthula 'amandla enuzi namanje uhlala kwenye yezindawo ethembisayo yentuthuko.

Nuclear amandla Ishayina

Atomic Energy baseChina endaweni enokuthula okwamanje imelelwa sikhungo ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha, wahlela nane enuzi izitshalo amandla. Yahlongoza ukwakha enye amandla abo ngamashumi omathathu anamnye iyunithi, nambili babo kakade ngesikhathi sokwenza umsebenzi yephrojekthi.

enuzi izitshalo amandla abaningi (kuhlanganise Tianwan esikhungweni samandla enuzi, okuyinto ingenye enokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi evikelekile) zitholakala ogwini. Lokhu kwasendaweni evumela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi olwandle Ukupholisa oqondile. Zonke indawo efanelekayo eduze nemithombo yamanzi olwandle kakade wabeka out for ukwakhiwa obengeziwe entsha amandla amayunithi.

Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo lemandla enuzi eChina okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono isimo bezemvelo isimo. Umnotfo lokhula ngekushesha ngaphambili owayengenalusizo olunikezwa amalahle amandla izitshalo, okuyinto zikhiphela ezingcolisayo okungaphezu kakhulu isitshalo kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, umoya emizini angcolile, futhi iyonke ngokuya isimo kwemvelo ishiya okuningi ukuba wayefisa.

China nokubambisana, kanye Russian Federation emkhakheni amandla enuzi

Iningi sikhungo endaweni ye Yabantu Republic of China ayakhelwe ngaphandle iqhaza waseRussia. Ayikho ngaphandle, futhi ukwakhiwa kwalesi Tianwan esikhungweni samandla enuzi (amandla plant, ngasendleleni, iyona into elikhulu nokubambisana Russian-Chinese). Promotion iqhutshwa izigaba kwenta tinhlaka izikhungo energy, langempela ukwakhiwa amayunithi, izimpahla zokwakha, imishini, abasebenzi kanye nokuqeqeshwa ukwakhiwa abasebenzi Chinese. Incwadi oda inkampani "Rosatom" kokuphothulwa amaprojekthi abalingani Chinese, China, esikhundleni salokho, uqinisa khona layo emakethe Russian: abalingani Eastern kukhona abanikazi ukwabelana "Yamal LNG" futhi "Sibur".

Indawo enuzi izitshalo amandla

Tianwan NPP (China) itholakala ngasedolobheni eponymous phezu ogwini loLwandle eliphuzi. Abantu bakule ndawo ushayele edolobheni, eliqhele amathathu ukusuka emzini Lianyungang, a umuzana wokudoba, eqinisweni, esifundeni zasemadolobheni of a abakhileyo engaphansi kwezigidi ezinhlanu kancane. Endaweni Lianyungang - eyisikhombisa nengxenye kuphela amakhilomitha square.

Isithombe ngenhla kuboniswa indawo Tianwan esikhungweni samandla enuzi e China ibalazwe.

Kwezikhathi iphrojekthi

Ukwakhiwa isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi eduze "wokudoba" Lianyungang waqala (uma sikhuluma ekuqaleni nokubambisana) ngo-1992. Khona-ke phakathi kwenkampani ubunjiniyela "Atomstroyexport" kuyinto inkontileka, ohulumeni Yabantu Republic of China futhi Russian Federation yasayina isivumelwano ekubambisaneni. Isivumelwano sihlinzekela kwakha luhlaka we Tianwan amandla enuzi, uhlinzeke amathuluzi ezidingekayo kanye nezinto ezibhaliwe, ukufakwa umsebenzi, ukwethulwa zenuzi ukusebenza amandla plant kanye abaqeqeshwayo kule ngekusasa lophiko abaqashwe luhlobo amandla.

Eqinisweni, kwethulwa iyunithi lokuqala Tianwan amandla plant senzeka ngo-2005. Ngemva konyaka, yamandla kagesi kazwelonke inethiwekhi China kuhlanganisa into entsha - i Tianwan NPP. Umlando yephrojekthi yayisanda kuqala. Eyokuqala amandla ezimbili enuzi iyunithi ethunywe ngo-2007. Into kwakufanele yesiqinisekiso emibili eyalandela.

Ngo-2010, China Energy Corporation wangena esivumelwaneni esisha 'Atomstroyexport "Russian. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkontileka icacisa izimo ukwakhiwa amayunithi sesithathu nesesine. ' ukuthuthukiswa msebenzi waphothulwa 2012 ngoba owesithathu, ngo-2013 i-yesine amandla amabhlogo, ke kwaqala komkhosi isisekelo ukhonkolo. Kulindeleke ukuthi yesithathu neyesine amandla Amayunithi Tianwan esikhungweni samandla enuzi uzobe ethunywe e 2018.

Izinhlangano ukuthi iqhaza ekwakhiweni izitshalo amandla

Ukwakhiwa isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi akugcini nje wahlanganyela inkampani ubunjiniyela "Atomstroyexport". Esigabeni amayunithi saso sokuqala le phrojekthi izinkampani elandelayo nezinhlangano wathatha ingxenye ngesikhathi Tianwan esikhungweni samandla enuzi:

• ukuphathwa yesayensi eyenziwa Kurchatov Institute;
• ophendulayo uhlelo ithuthukiswe umklamo zokuhlola "umfutholuketshezi" Bureau;
• ukwethulwa enuzi izitshalo amandla ukusebenza kulawulwa inkontileka jikelele - inkampani "Atomtekhenergo";
• umklami jikelele abadlale Petersburg "AEP";
• Imishini main senziwa kwi "Izhora Izitshalo";
• umusi ugesi enikeziwe umshini wokwakha isitshalo "ZiO-Podolsk";
• okuzenzakalelayo amandla enuzi uhlelo lokulawula isitshalo yathengwa kusukela ukukhathazeka German Siemens.

Sekukonke, ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwe-project abathintekayo izinkampani mayelana 150 nezinhlangano, ngaphezu, eziningi imishini iye oluqanjwe amabhizinisi Chinese.

Ingena isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi ukusebenza

ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zokuxhasa iphrojekthi nokubeka esifike amayunithi lokuqala oda babé mlando ngoba amandla enuzi umkhakha China sika, kanye osonkontileka Russian, onjiniyela. pre-ukulethwa umsebenzi olandelwayo esasayinwa inhloko "Atomstroyexport" ngohlangothi Russian noMqondisi JNPC (Jiangsu nyukleya Corporation) kanye Chinese. Isimo sesenzo Tianwan NPP (bheka isithombe. Ngezansi) wathola 16 Agasti, 2007.

Isici esibalulekile

Lapho kwakhiwa amandla enuzi esetshenziswa eziphambili kakhulu ngaleso izinqumo isikhathi. Impikiswano ebalulekile yezinhlangano kanye nezinkampani ekusungulweni yephrojekthi kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka Tianwan NPP. Kuze kube manje, ukubaluleka amandla ingenye nephephile izitshalo amandla enuzi kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ukuze sifinyelele miphumela kwaba Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ikhambi eliyingqayizivele, okuyinto ebalulekile esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi project. Iqiniso lokuthi ukwakhiwa esiteshini eziningana okuthiwa izicupho nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu. linezingxenye Isigaxa emise zenzelwe ukuba abophe ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Ngakho, lapho izakhi kungenzeka ingozi esincibilikisiwe umklamo wokwakha uyogcwalisa Izicupho kuzovimbela ukubhujiswa sonke isakhiwo.

izinhlelo Eminye wokubambisana phakathi China kanye Russian Federation

Ukugcwaliswa ngempumelelo kwezinyathelo phrojekthi kuqinisekiswa osonkontileka Russian baqhubeka sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba. Nokuthuma isikhungo ngokuhlanganyela basutha zombili ngo-2007. Isivumelwano esisha sihlinzekela nemibandela ukuthuthukiswa project, ukwakhiwa nokubeka esimweni sesibili-oda amayunithi (lesibili nelesithathu) sasayinwa cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kwesikhathi isevisi yesiqinisekiso ye Tianwan NPP.

Kuhlelwe ukwakhiwa ahlangene asele amandla amayunithi enuzi izitshalo amandla e-China. It is kuhlelwe ukuba wasungula amayunithi eziyisishiyagalombili Tianwan esikhungweni samandla enuzi, kodwa isikhathi iphrojekthi kukhona ayikaziwa. Futhi ngesikhathi izinkulumo wakhuluma nokubambisana ekwakhiweni kwesinye isitshalo amandla. Lesi sikhungo esisha iyokwakhiwa emzini Harbin, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.

Iziteshi Nuclear amandla ukuthi bakhelwe phezu iphrojekthi enjalo

Ekuklanyweni ephephile izitshalo amandla enuzi abanesifiso uthi abaningi. Okwamanje, ukwakhiwa ezengeziwe linezingxenye izicupho kuyinto isixazululo ezintsha, kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi iphrojekthi kudvweba nekwakhiwa amandla izindawo.

Ngokwe-NPP-2006 iphrojekthi (isihambile NPP-91, elalakhiwe Tianwan NPP) ihlinzeka ukuvikeleka okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi waba nokwethenjelwa, okwamanje ukwakha izitshalo ezinhlanu amandla enuzi. Ezintathu kuzo esisogwini Insimu Russian Federation:

• Baltic NPP e Kaliningrad esifundeni;
• Leningrad NPP-2 e Sosnovy eBor, 68 km kusuka Petersburg;
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 e Voronezh.

I iziteshi ezimbili ezisele izindinganiso 2006 ukuphepha yenuzi elakhiwa ngo Belarus (Grodno esifundeni) naseNdiya. I last isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi awuhambisani ngokugcwele okusalungiswa.

Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukwakhiwa ngaphezulu izitshalo ezinhlanu amandla enuzi:

• eRussia - Seversk NPP e saseTomsk esifundeni, eKursk NPP-2, Nizhny Novgorod NPP;
• phesheya - esikhungweni samandla enuzi eTurkey Bangladesh.

isizukulwane esisha enuzi izitshalo amandla nokunciphisa imiphumela izingozi ezingaba khona. Ikakhulukazi uyajabula ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwe-project njengoba ephephile isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi kuyinto Russian Federation eyingoduso emhlabeni.