Ulwela Pskov: Yebo izingxabano kanye nemiphumela

I Livonian neMpi (1558-1583) - isenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke ngoba amazwe enyakatho yeRussia, futhi ebaluleke kakhulu iyona evikela Pskov ngoba ngempi nomlando. Izwe lase asempini imizila yokuhwebelana namanye amazwe ukufinyelela Baltic ngokumelene Order Livonian. Russian inhlanhla wokuqala omuhle - a okuhlaselayo ngempumelelo esempumalanga emazweni Livonian yaphela kwaba ngukunqoba. Kodwa ngemva kokuwa Order 1561 singena omakhelwane impi, futhi, ayethanda ukuyisa khona izingcezu yezwe eziphukile. IRussia yayinabantu ukulwa ne Lithuania, Poland naseSweden.

wamaqhawe Pskov

Ezinsukwini zokuqala we Livonian neMpi Pskov wathatha esebenzayo ingxenye kuwo: kwathatha ibutho Ivana Groznogo ebusika 1558, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu of Pskov, eliholwa Prince Shuisky ujoyine le mkhankaso. Pskov ukuzivikela kwakuseza, kodwa 1559 amaJalimane ezazihlupha ezingomakhelwane Olubomvu Sebezh njalo ungaphumeleli. Khona-ke naseLithuania yahlasela cishe edolobheni, walichitha nokusha yonke into esendleleni yawo, nazo bashaywa angabacwasi ngokushesha, kodwa wabuya ngo-1569 futhi wathatha emzini Izborsk.

NabasePoland eliholwa iNkosi Stefan Batory e 1579-m wathatha Polotsk, futhi kamuva ngonyaka ehlasela Pskov nezwe Novgorod. amabutho Russian Okwamanje uhlangabezana izikhathi ezingcono, Batory futhi kwaziwa kahle ukuthi, kodwa ngenxa ngokusebenzisa amanxusa wabo ukuthi Poland futhi Livonia bomdabu umhlaba Russian kanye Pskov, Novgorod futhi Smolensk. Ngokwemvelo, Ivan Grozny nezinto ezinjalo awuhambanga, futhi ehlobo lika-1580 amabutho wokuqala Polish ufinyelelwe UMcibisheli Omkhulu. I abakhileyo kulo muzi omkhulu akakwazanga ukumelana ibutho eziqinile, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokwabo wokushiswa Posada futhi baphephela enqabeni yonke. Bona ayenqaba ukugoba uphondo. I amabutho engalingani, umuzi uthathiwe, babulawa.

Batory imashi Pskov

Ngo-1581 impi wobukhosi Poland waya Pskov. Uma Batory wakwazi ukuthwebula leli dolobha, mhlawumbe, Ivan Grozny waphoqeleka ukuba uvumelane i zwe elonakele enjalo, futhi ukunikeza wonke Russian emazweni asenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kodwa ekumeleleni Pskov zenzeka. Lezi zenzakalo nobuqhawe siyazi ebufakazini eziningi kusukela kokubili amaqembu alwayo. Incazelo ngalesi sehlo njengoba ekumeleleni Pskov, awuzibe unobhala wenkosi Stanislaw Piotrowski, owagcina idayari, echaza ngokuningiliziwe usuku ngalunye iJerusalema livinjezelwe. amasonto amathathu bamelana abavikeli komuzi ibutho Polish wonke, okuyinto ngolaka ahlasela inqaba, uzama umbe ngaphansi izindonga ekhuphuka, kuze okuthile sokukhaphela. Kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Pskov ukuzivikela Ivan 4 ema ngokuqinile.

Ngisho nalapho Batory wanquma ukuthatha Pechora inqaba, umzamo kuhlulekile. abavikeli abulawa. Khona-ke waqhubeka sabelo, njengoba impi kwafinyelela lapho okuma, lebutho ekhathele. Januwari 1582 kwaba nesikhathi lapho kusayinwa umthetho-kuthula iminyaka emihlanu, lapho Bathory wenqaba izinhloso kokuqala, wabuyisela ethumba umuzi Russian. Pskov Defense 4 lapho Ivan wakwazi ukusindisa abahlaseli besuka enkabeni yabo, eqinisweni - ziye zalondolozwa izinto zakuqala komngcele waseRussia. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesikhombisa kwaba ukuzivikela wesibili ka Pskov. Abaphikisi kulokhu kwakuhlukile, futhi umsindisi futhi wasemuva bezwe Russian - edolobheni efanayo, zikhulise namaqhawe. Ukuvinjezelwa lokuqala kunifundisile izakhamuzi. Manje bakwazi ukuvikela hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi ukuhlasela. Isikhathi eside futhi kunzima yokungenela angaphandle yaphela ngukunqoba abantu ophikelelayo, ume isibindi Russian. Ngo-1611, abaseSweden base ngiwuthumbile umuzi Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov futhi King Swedish Gustavus Adolphus yanquma ukuthi ukuzivikela nobuqhawe Pskov esikhathini esidlule. Nokho, miscalculated.

UNkulunkulu uvikela

AbaseSweden wazama ukuthatha Pskov ekuqaleni 1615, bashaywa, kwathi ehlobo wabutha impi enkulu ngaphansi kokulawula Jikelele Uphondo futhi futhi Azungezo idolobha. Inkosi ebona indlela Pskov uwela. Kodwa abavikeli komuzi uzozigqaja emkhulu kakade wamuka Ivan Grozny. Ulwela Pskov, lapho isitha sikhathi kwaba khulu donsile than the nabasePoland, futhi Knights Livonian, igcinwe konke njengoba uvalwe zenzo ayicabangile, ukuhlaselwa babevame ngempumelelo. amabutho Swedish ethumba Snetogorsky sezindela bafike bahlala khona. Ngokwezwi nezwi igama elithi ngosuku olufanayo izakhamuzi Pskov wenza sortie futhi walishushisa kabuhlungu ngokwedlulele umonakalo ebalulekile, ngisho Jikelele Uphondo asizange sisinde. Inkosi yathukuthela wesabe kwehluleka, futhi wanquma ukuthi ibutho lakhe likhulu ngokwanele. Wagwema amabutho akhe kuya ogwini loMfula i-Great, futhi ucele ukusekelwa.

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kwafika amabutho mercenary, futhi Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk wabuyela esigodlweni sezindela. Umuzi uzungezwe ngokuphelele, yonke Imigwaqo ivaliwe - ukuvinjelwa ephelele. Beat isitha wanquma ukusuka enyakatho - kusukela kwelinye isango kuze kube Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy umbhoshongo. izinqaba eyakhelwe, ukubeka izibhamu kancane kancane kokubhubhisa odongeni. Pskov inkani. Wall esidayisa ngokushesha ilungiswa, ukuhlaselwa kwenzeka cishe nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile ukulahlekelwa esindayo nesitha.
Gustavus Adolphus usekhathele ukumelana okunjalo futhi baqhubeka izingxoxo Russia ukuthula. Wayefuna evumayo ngemibandela yokuthula, kodwa ngalesosikhathi thathaza Pskov ekampenakhe zonke zifana neziqhumane. Kwadingeka siyeke Pskov bese ubuyela imizi Russian Russia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov nezinye sezwe ziningi elalihlala abahlaseli. Ummeli lokuqala Pskov - kusukela amasosha Stefan Batory - wawesinda kakhudlwana kakhulu, kodwa abantu bomuzi ngafunda okuningi.

Izimbangela iMpi Livonian

I Livonian Order yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nambili ashaqa cishe nayo yonke insimu lamadolobha esimanjemanje Baltic - Courland, Livonia nase-Estonia. Nokho, ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, amandla alo cishe yomile. Okokuqala, kubukela phansi ngamandla Order of yemibango yangaphakathi eyenziwe ngokuya krepnuvshim Yezinguquko ukunyakaza: amakhosi indondo asikwazanga ukuthola ukuvumelana ubuhlobo uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Riga, idolobha alimazanga noma yisiphi sazo, inzondo ngokuya ngemandla. Buthaka Livonia usebenzise yonke nomakhelwane bayo, ngisho naseRussia. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-Order kula mazwe izikhulu Russian GCWELE ENGAMELA ezindaweni aseBaltic, ngakho manje eMoscow Tsar kubhekwe amalungelo abo Livonia esisemthethweni.

Inani ukuhweba ezweni ugu ayikwazi overestimated, kanye Order Livonian kungagcini uhlobano phakathi Russia nase-Western Europe, hhayi edabula indawo abathengisi bayo kanye osomabhizinisi. Ukuqinisa yeRussia, njengoba kunjalo nanamuhla, wayengafuni yiliphi izwe elilodwa. Futhi, okuyinhloko-European futhi izimpahla ezivela Europe Livonian Order eRussia abazange balahlekelwe. Ukuze lokhu, kuya Livonians Russian aphathwe ngendlela efanele. Ukubuka buthaka omakhelwane recalcitrant, eMoscow Tsar baqala ukwesaba ukuthi Livonians indawo zingavela kahle omakhelwane abanobutha ngaphezulu. Ivan III eyakhelwe okuphambene edolobheni Narva Ivangorod yakho. Futhi ngisho izimangalo esithuthuke kabanzana ukuba ukufinyelela Baltic Sea Ivan 4. Kuvikela Pskov, isitha ngaphandle njalo emvivinya okungalungile Tsar isiRashiya, wasibonisa indlela esingayenza ngayo kwalamatleyimi ayefike ngesikhathi.

Ukuqala kweMpi Livonian

Inkosi ayeqiniseka impumelelo iphaphu, kodwa neMpi Livonian yayiqhubeka, ngokungafani sangaphambilini, nge abaseSweden, lapho kwaba nomphumela ngempela fast nokuhle. Lesi sikhathi Ivan Grozny wakhumbula isivumelwano Livonians ubudala okudinga ukuba ngincome isimo Russian, okungadingi ukwethula isikhathi eside kakhulu. Livonians izingxoxo, inqobo nje Bangawuthola, imisiwe, kodwa inkosi masinyane lost isineke Ngahlukana ubudlelwane elihle ngomakhelwane, ngo-1558 waqala engamashumi amabili nanhlanu iMpi Livonian, ekuqaleni yimpumelelo. amabutho Russian bamasha cishe zonke Livonia, ngaphandle izinqaba eziqine futhi imizi eqinile. Livonia Alone ekwazi ukumelana ehloniphekile ayikwazanga - eMoscow kakade kukhanga ngokwanele enamandla.

Isimo Order waphela, anikele piecemeal omakhelwane enamandla kakhulu. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, esiqhingini Saaremaa - gertsogts Danish Magnus, Kurland akuseyona Holdings isonto othola inkolo. Master Kettler baba iNkosana namaphoyisa futhi ulivumile leli ngaphansi kwesizwe Polish. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi abanikazi abasha bafuna kusukela ku-internet Ivana Groznogo ezindaweni ze-non-matasa kuwo. Ngisho ngokucace kakhudlwana, ukuthi inkosi yini akuhloselwe senqabe. Kungaleso sikhathi ngalolo iMpi Livonian kwakukhona abantu abasha. Noma kunjalo, eMoscow unqobile. amabutho enkosi ezazihlupha Lithuania kuya Vilnius. NaseLithuania babezimisele ngenxa ukuthula futhi ukunikeza Polotsk. Kodwa Zemsky Sobor eMoscow ngesikhathi izwe abuhlangananga. Impi yaqhubeka eminye iminyaka eyishumi. Inqobo nje esihlalweni sobukhosi Polish-Lithuanian akabonakalanga omunye izinduna abanamakhono kakhulu.

Stefan Batory

Russia isanda buthaka kakhulu ngeminyaka yempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlasele izwe futhi oprichnina. Eningizimu YaseCrimea AmaTatar ukumcasula, befuna zonke iVolga, Astrakhan neKazan Khanate. Ngo-1571, Khan Devlet Giray mnogovoyskovoe ezingalindelekile ayehlasela ayekade ahlelwe, wathola iziqu lwalapho kushiswa khona yonke eMoscow, ngaphandle Kremlin. Ngonyaka olandelayo ukuphinda impumelelo ke awenzekanga - kokuqiniswa Russian ngaphansi kobuholi Mihaila Vorotynskogo wahlasela AmaTatar ngesikhathi abasebasha. Lesi yisikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu kwaqala futhi Stefan Batory - State Centre yezwe abampofu kakhulu futhi imithombo, kanye nabantu. rati esikhulu izimpi Livonian kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqoqa. Ukuhlaselwa wenqaba efanele wahlangana. Ngo 1578 amabutho Russian bahlulwa at Verdun.

Esikhathini neMpi Livonian iphuzu turning. Ngemva konyaka, Stefan Batory bophulwe Polotsk, bese Luka Omkhulu nge Velizh. Ivan Grozny wazama ukuqhubekela Batory kutebuncusa, ukuthumela asemazweni ukuba Austrian uMbusi kanye uPapa. Kodwa inkosi Polish wayengenandaba iziphakamiso we Russian Tsar, futhi ngo-1581-m, yena ovinjezelwe Pskov. Kwakunzima, kodwa bamelana ekumeleleni Pskov. Stefan Batory wazama ukugwema ngisho ukhetho inkosi Ukudla, kodwa futhi eJalimane naseMoscow akakwazi ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi kwanoma iyiphi isikhulu noma isikhulu. Wakhethwa ukuba ubonise bonke amandla ayo umbusi Transylvanian. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi kuthula ukubuyiswa. Nokho, waqala umbusi waseRussia, kanye ukuvikela Pskov phakathi neMpi Livonian, eWest kwabonisa ukuthi eziphikelelayo newukuhlakanipha kungaba ubuso abahlaseli Russian.

Isimo ekuqaleni empini

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakulokhu kunezimpi neSweden, lapho Russian ayikwazanga uphathe ukuthi zilawule emzini Revel, futhi kwakungelula ukungena oLwandle iBaltic. Livonia is wamthanda ngesikhathi ngokunqoba zenkosi Russian futhi akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside kakhulu. Yena bephuthaza phansi kwakungekaNkulunkulu Stefan Batory, ningabizi umfowethu ezingxoxweni, kanye umakhelwane - ngenxa umsuka akuyona yenkosi. Livonia Ivan Grozny njalo kuthathwa njengesibikezelo fiefdom. Futhi abantu abavamile akhethwe ngentando abantu beqinisa amakhanda izimpi, imikhankaso efakazelwe German and isiHungary elihamba izikhali kuyo ukuthi konke okusemandleni, ayenakho eziningi ngezibhamu - esikhulu esihle.

Futhi-ke, kwaba okubhekwe ukunqoba phezu kahle ahlomile imigqa ngokungahlelekile amabutho Russian. Umholi Stefan Batory kwaba unamakhono. Kodwa akukho silima, no-Ivan Grozny. Defense Pskov yabonisa - indlela. Polotsk uyokuvikela amasonto angaphezu kwamathathu, kodwa akazange ngasinda, nakuba ukuzivikela yahanjelwa bonke abantu, abancane nabadala - ukucisha imililo, wasiza amasosha. Massacre e Polotsk ngemuva kokuthatha Stefan Batory kwaba ezinkulukazi, njengoba kamuva, lapho inkosi asePoland athatha emizini - Usvyat, Velizh, Luka Omkhulu.

izidingo Batory

Ivan Grozny waphoqeleka ukuxoxisana, lapho enikela Poland Livonia - ngaphandle imizi emine. Nokho, Stefan Batory yafuna hhayi kuphela yonke Livonia, kodwa Sebezh. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imali eningi - anamane amawaka zegolide nokukhokhela izindleko zabo zempi.

Kulezi zincwadi, yena nesibindi ukuze bamcasule inkosi isiRashiya, ukushaya eMoscow yakhe uFaro futhi impisi. Imizamo bakuqede lokhu akubi kuphumelele kakhulu. Ngo-1581, amasosha asePoland athatha lesi siqhingi wavimbezela Pskov. Bheka, wonke impumelelo futhi zonke ukuziqhenya gentry nangaphezulu, ngoba waqala ukuvikela Pskov. Livonian neMpi kufinyelela ileveli entsha.

Pskov inqaba

City ngaleso sikhathi inqaba sasivumela ezinzile: muva uqalisiwe izindonga ziqinile abeka izibhamu eziningi, bakha ibutho elinamandla nababusi abanolwazi. Ulwela Pskov eliholwa Ivan Shumsky - idume ngekhono layo Prince. izenzakalo ezijabulisayo, zichazwe kwilejendi enemininingwane - "The Tale of Siege of Pskov". abavikeli komuzi ezakhiwa ukuqinisa odongeni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle enezivikelo eziqinile, kuyilapho nabasePoland bemba imigodi yesisekelo kanye Bafake ingane isibhamu sakhe azungezile.

Dawn laqala ngo-September 7, isiphepho umlilo kwezibhamu amabili. Batory kwakudingeka ngempela mbali ogangeni ukuba zihlasele. Ngempela, izindonga zase ngokushesha washayiseka ezindaweni eziningi, futhi ngendlela lo muzi wavulwa. YeMantshi ehlezi ekudleni, wawabona njengoba isidlo santambama e Pskov. Kodwa ekumeleleni Pskov Batory kumisiwe. Ukuze silwe insimbi lokuvimbezela wagijima zonke izakhamuzi zedolobha, hhayi kuphela impi. Zonke owayenganikela ukuphatha izikhali, waphuthuma ukuphula ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu. Kusukela ezindongeni nabasePoland ethuthuka abangu bazithela umlilo laba nzima, kodwa ukuthembela ngukunqoba wasiphosela phambili ngampela ingu phezu izidumbu. Edolobheni they nzonzobala waphula.

isimangaliso Russian

Pskov kakade zakhiwo ezimbili ebekiwe umqhele Polish banner yasebukhosini, Russian abaye bavumela ngaphansi ukucindezela izindimbane isitha. Prince Shuisky, igeziwe egazini lakhe futhi eyisihambi, shiya ihhashi efile futhi isibonelo sakhe ayelokhu ebaleka ezinhlwini Russian. Kulesi sikhathi esinzima Pskov abefundisi uvele shí empini umfanekiso Our Lady kanye izinsalela saint, phansi lakhanya ku Russian Vsevolod-Gabriel. Fighters kubonakale perked futhi zashesha ukulwa ngomfutho ovuselelwe. Svinuzskaya umbhoshongo, egcwele izitha, ngokungazelelwe ivele emoyeni - ojenene Russian iphuphuthe. Emhosheni enezingxenye eziningi izidumbu zezitha, ababesezweni umbhoshongo. amabutho esitha bamangala, egcwele horror kanye nasozwaneni. Yiqiniso, Russian Akazange atatazele futhi hit ndawonye. amabutho Polish baba lusizi futhi wawahlula ngokoqobo ebaleka.

Pskov izakhamizi ukubamba iqhaza ngokulinganayo empini - isuswe abalimele, waletha namanzi ukuhambisa ezindongeni zabo elaphonswa izibhamu isitha zathathwa iziboshwa. Ummeli nobuqhawe Pskov ngokunqoba waphenduka ekhasini lokuqala nomlando wayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngazo zonke izindlela uzama ukunqoba Pskov Batory: emhubheni, siqhumisa red-hot cores iwashi, umlilo edolobheni, izincwadi monitory izimantshi Russian kubonakala kuzoletha izinzuzo uma kwenzeka le ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa nelesabekayo ngesikhathi ukuphikelela efanayo. By the way, kwadingeka athumele incwadi ngosizo imicibisholo, ngoba abantu Pskov zazingahambi ukuxoxisana. Impendulo, bathumela ngendlela efanayo. Kube isiRashiya kwalotshwa unganikeli Pskov, musa ukushintsha, sizokwenza ukulwa. Futhi ngokumelene ubhidliza e Pskov yasungulwa izimayini zayo. Labo alinge aphule odongeni, icashe amabhodi, ngikutholile itiyela abilayo.

emhlabeni

Ivan Grozny izwe zazenzela, futhi kwaba eningi izizathu. Batory ukuthi uyoyithola ukugwaza ibhece, kodwa Pskov namanje wathatha. amasosha amane nesigamu ayizinkulungwane Pskov ngokumelene eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisihlanu amabutho elite Polish ume ukuvinjezelwa iwine amasonto amathathu ngokoqobo kokuzama isixazululo regiments isitha. umsebenzi ukuzivikela ku wokufaka izimbobo ezindongeni, ube nemigodi ngemigodi ukumba babe izakhamuzi zaphakade futhi kwenziwe.

Posada ngasedolobheni ngaphambilini washisa abantu Pskov futhi kuso sonke isibalo sabantu posadov ngiphephelé edolobheni. amabutho esitha kwesokunxele ngaphandle ukuxhumana, ngoba izakhamuzi zedolobha wenza kuphangwa njalo, abalimi baphanga ngohide Polish, ehlasela scouts ku ukudla futhi ukudla akhethiwe zilethwe Pskov. Batory akabonanga ukuthi wayelahlekelwe. Kodwa ngo-1581 waya namanje ukuxoxisana Tsar Russian futhi wenza kuthula.