Ultraviolet: ukusetshenziswa, ukusebenza kanye nokuvikelwa kuwo

Ugesi wemisebe yelanga yiwona kuyinto amagagasi kagesi, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana bohlu:

• X-ray - ne nombono emfushane (ngezansi 2 NM);
• UV wave obuphelele ivela 2 400 nm;
• ingxenye ebonakalayo ukukhanya okuyinto ethunjwa ehlweni lomuntu nezilwane (400-750 NM);
• oxidative efudumele (infrared) emisebeni (ngenhla 750 nm).

Ingxenye ngayinye ithola isicelo yayo futhi kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni planethi nazo zonke biomass yayo. Sibheka ukuthi imisebe uhla kusuka 2 kuya 400 NM, lapho esetshenziselwa khona futhi yini indima ezimpilweni zabantu.

History of the ukutholakala emisebe ye-UV

Ukubhekisela lokuqala esukela emuva le ekhulwini XIII asichazayo wesazi sefilosofi eNdiya. Wabhala ongabonakali iso violet ukukhanya, lapho atholakele. Nokho, amakhono obuchwepheshe wesikhathi entula ngokucacile ukuthi uqinisekise lesi Ucwaningo futhi wafundelwa ngokuningiliziwe.

It iphathwe ngokuzimela, njengoba kuba ngemva kwamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka, isazi sesayensi yemvelo ezivela eJalimane Ritter. Nguye kwenziwe ucwaningo on the chloride esiliva ekonakaleni ngakho ngaphansi kwethonya emisebeni kagesi. Usosayensi wathola ukuthi ngokushesha inqubo akuyona emkhakheni yokukhanya, eyayisiyiPoland isivuliwe kakade wabiza infrared, kodwa kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho. Kwatholakala ukuthi lokhu endaweni entsha, angakafakwa uphenyo.

Ngakho, emisebeni yelanga kwatholakala ngo-1842, izakhiwo kanye zokusebenza kamuva kwavele ukubuyekeza kuphinde olwenziwa abacwaningi ezahlukene. A umnikelo omkhulu lokhu eyenziwe abantu abafana Alexander Becquerel, Varshaver, eDanzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin nabanye.

izici Jikelele

Uyini emisebe ye-UV, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto namuhla kabanzi ngakho wasebenzisa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu? Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba uqoke okubonakala asebenzayo ifomu bohlu yokukhanya kuphela ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kakhulu 1500 kuya ku-2000 ⁰ C. Kuyinto kuleli banga UV imiphumela isiqongo umsebenzi.

Ngu ubunjalo bomzimba walo wave kagesi, ubude baso siyahlukahluka ububanzi kunalokho ububanzi - kusuka 10 (ngezinye izikhathi kusukela 2) kuya 400 nm. wonke Ububanzi emisebeni ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimbili:

1. ububanzi Ephakathi. Kuziwa umhlaba lapho ingena emkhathini we futhi ungqimba lwe-ozone ukusuka elangeni. Wavelength - 380-200 NM.
2. Kude (cleaner). Ngezenzo ugxile-ozone, umoya-mpilo, izakhi ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Isifundo uphathe kuphela kumadivayisi cleaner ekhethekile, okuyiwona wathola igama lakhe. Wavelength - 200-2 NM.

It has ngezigaba ayo kwezinhlobo, okuyinto emisebeni ultraviolet. Izakhiwo kanye izicelo ungomunye wabo.

1. Ziyamazi.
2. Kude.
3. Okwedlulele.
4. Isilinganiso.
5. Umshini.
6. Long-wave abamnyama ukukhanya (UV-A).
7. shortwave Germicidal (UV-C).
8. wave okulingene UV-B.

UV wavelength ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi unendlela yawo, kodwa ngokuvamile imikhawulo ngaphambilini kuboniswe.

Abathandwayo iyona UV-A, noma okuthiwa ukukhanya abamnyama. Iqiniso lokuthi bohlu has a nombono ka 400-315 NM. Itholakala emngceleni ukukhanya ebonakalayo ukuthi Iso lomuntu liwumsebenzi bakwazi wasithatha. Ngakho-ke, lokhu emisebeni sidlula izinto ezithile noma izicubu angadluliselwa endaweni ebonakalayo violet ukukhanya abantu ukuhlukanisa ke njengoba black, luhlaza noma amnyama luhlaza onsomi.

I spectra, okunikeza izinto ezinemisebe ultraviolet bungabi ezintathu izinhlobo:

• wabusa;
• okuqhubekayo;
• yamangqamuzana (Indlela).

Isici sokuqala-athomu, ion, amagesi. Iqembu lesibili - I-recombination, bremsstrahlung. Imithombo uhlobo lwesithathu kuyizinto ezivamile ekuhloleni rarefied amagesi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Imithombo emisebeni ultraviolet

Imithombo main emisebe yama-UV zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu ezibanzi:

• zemvelo noma yemvelo;
• yokufakelwa, izinhlanganisela ezenziwa umuntu;
• laser.

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa okuwukuphela isikhungo kanye kurediyetha - ilanga. It zikhipha inika icala enamandla yalolu hlobo amagagasi bayakwazi ukuba adabule ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi ufinyelele komhlaba. Nokho, akubona bonke isisindo. Ososayensi baye phambili inkolelo yokuthi ukuphila Emhlabeni owasungula kuphela lapho isihlangu-ozone isibe ukuze awuvikele Ukungena ngokweqile abayingozi lokuhlala eliphezulu emisebe ye-UV.

Ngalesi sikhathi steel angaba khona molecule proteinaceous, acid nucleic futhi ATP. Kuze kube namuhla ungqimba lwe-ozone engena Ukubambisana eduze ne omningi UV-A, UV-B kanye UV-C, kanje njengokuzijabulisa okungenangozi futhi ngokungavumeli idlule. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa emisebe ye-UV iplanethi ngokumelene - yokufaneleka kwalo kuphela.

Yini enquma lokuhlushwa ekujuleni Umhlaba UV? Kunezici eziningana key:

• izimbobo-ozone;
• ukuphakama ngaphezu kogu lolwandle;
• ukuphakama ngenjikalanga;
• ukuhlakazwa asemkhathini;
• degree reflection ray kusukela zemvelo emhlabeni evele;
• isimo ifu umusi.

yelanga ububanzi, engena Umhlaba okuvela elangeni, ububanzi 200 kuya ku-400 nm.

Imithombo elandelayo - akunikezi inani langempela. Lezi zihlanganisa zonke lezo amathuluzi, amadivaysi, izakhiwo ziye kwadalwa umuntu ukufeza bohlu oyifunayo yokukhanya nge ecacisiwe wavelength nemingcele. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze bathole emisebeni ultraviolet, ukusetshenziswa okungase kube usizo kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Ukuze imithombo yokufakelwa zihlanganisa:

1. Erithema isibani nokuba nekhono kusebenze zamagama vitamin D esikhumbeni. It kuvimbela yamathambo futhi uphulukisa isifo sakhe.
2. Iinsetjenziswa zokukhwela ukushuka, lapho abantu akuzona kuphela enhle tan yemvelo, kodwa iphathwa izifo ezivela singakutholi ukukhanya kwelanga evulekile (okuthiwa ukucindezeleka ngenxa yobusika).
3. Ukukhanyisa attractants ikuvumela ukuba alwe izinambuzane endaweni ephephile kubantu.
4. kudivayisi Mercury asebenza ngebhethri.
5. Excilamp.
6. kudivayisi Luminescent.
7. izibani Xenon.
8. Ukukhishwa kudivayisi.
9. High-izinga lokushisa-plasma.
10. Synchrotron emisebeni e accelerators.

Olunye uhlobo imithombo - lasers. Umsebenzi wabo kusekelwe isizukulwane yamagesi ahlukahlukene - kokubili inert futhi akukho. Imithombo kungaba:

• nitrogen;
• argon;
• neon;
• Xenon;
• scintillators Organic;
• zinhlayiya.

Muva nje, eminyakeni engaba ngu-4 edlule, yasungulwa ngumuntu laser ezisebenza electron khulula. UV therein obuphelele silingana ebonwe cleaner. Laser UV abasabalalisi elisetshenziswa biotechnological, izifundo microbiological, spectrometry mass nokunye.

imiphumela eziphilayo ku eziphilayo

Isenzo emisebeni ultraviolet ezintweni eziphilayo ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sifo kungenzeka uma enganele. Kwatholakala kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule. ngemisebe Artificial ekhethekile UV-A nemigomo lemisiwe ledzingeka uyakwazi:

• uqinise umsebenzi amasosha omzimba;
• abangele ukwakheka ezibalulekile vasodilator compounds (histamine, isibonelo);
• ukuqinisa uhlelo isikhumba-kwemisipha;
• ngcono wamaphaphu umsebenzi, ukwandisa ukushuba negesi lokushintshisana;
• nomthelela ijubane kanye izinga lokugayeka kokudla;
• ukwandisa ithoni umzimba ngokwenza kusebenze i-hormone;
• ukwandisa permeability izindonga isitsha kwesikhumba.

Uma UV-A imali eyanele udle, khona-ke akudingeki iziyaluyalu ezifana izinkinga zokucindezeleka noma senze ukukhanya ebusika ngenxa yendlala, kanye kakhulu kunciphisa ingozi yamathambo.

Effect yelanga phezu uma lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• amagciwane;
• anti-inflammatory;
• Lentulo;
• painkiller.

Lezi izindawo kakhulu uchaza ukusetshenziswa kabanzi UV e zezempilo anoma yiluphi uhlobo.

Nokho, ngaphandle kwalezi zimo ezinhle eyayikuzo, kukhona downsides. Kunezindlela eziningana izifo lemikhuhlane angathengwa, uma kungekhona dopoluchaet noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthatha imali ngokweqile kubhekwa wave.

1. Umdlavuza wesikhumba. Lena imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu emisebeni yelanga ye. Melanoma uyakwazi zimiswe ngokweqile umthelela amagagasi evela kunoma yimuphi umthombo - ezemvelo kanye manmade. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi abalandeli ukushuka zasendlini. Ngo nesilinganiso esifanele futhi ngokuqapha.
2. Imiphumela elimazayo kuyi-retina we zamehlo. Ngamanye amazwi, lo cataract angagcina, pterygium noma ukusha igobolondo. Emiphumeleni elimazayo UV ngokweqile ku iso okuye kungase kutholakale ososayensi isikhathi eside futhi kuqinisekiswa idatha zokuhlola. Ngakho-ke, lapho esebenza le mithombo kumele athobele imithetho yokuphepha. Emgwaqweni, ungazivikela ngokusebenzisa izibuko. Nokho, kulesi simo, kufanele uqaphele elinegazi, ngoba uma ingilazi is hhayi ifakwe izihlungi UV-oxosha, umphumela elimazayo kuyoba aqinile.
3. Burns esikhumbeni. Ehlobo, bakwazi ukwenza imali, uma isikhathi eside ezimathonsi adalule ngokwakho UV. Ebusika, ungathola ngaphandle iqhwa izici ezibonisa cishe ngokuphelele idatha wave. Ngakho-ke, ngemisebe kwenzeka eLangeni, futhi iqhwa.
4. Aging. Uma abantu okwase kuyisikhathi eside ngaphansi kwethonya UV, base uqale ukubonisa izimpawu zokuqala isikhumba ukuguga: slackness, imibimbi, Ukunganaki. Kuqhamuka yokuthi esivikelo isithiyo umsebenzi amashidi buthaka futhi ephukile.
5. Umthelela imiphumela ngesikhathi. Ingabe ukubonisa imithelela emibi hhayi esemncane, futhi eduze umhlalaphansi.

Konke lokhu imiphumela ngemiphumela esephule UV umthamo, okusho Bona kwenzeke lapho ukusetshenziswa emisebeni ultraviolet Kwenziwa enomqondo, kahle futhi ngaphandle sokuhambisana izinyathelo zokuphepha.

emisebeni ultraviolet: isicelo

Izindawo ezisemqoka yokusetshenziswa bacasulwa izakhiwo ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nangezingane ngoba Spectral wave ngemisebe. Ngakho, izici eziyinhloko we UV, ogxile kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo, yilezi:

• High chemical ezingeni umsebenzi;
• umphumela amagciwane ku eziphilayo;
• ikhono ukubangela luminescence izinto ezihlukahlukene anemibala ehlukene kakhulu ezibonakala ngeso lomuntu (luminescence).

Kwenza bekholelwa ultra-violet ngemisebe. Izicelo zihlanganisa:

• ukuhlaziywa spectrometric;
• ucwaningo yezinkanyezi;
• imithi;
• inzalo;
• magciwane amanzi okuphuza;
• photolithography;
• namaminerali cwaningo kohlaziyo;
• izihlungi UV;
• I-ekubambeni izinambuzane;
• balahle lamagciwane.

Ngayinye yalezi zindawo isebenzisa uhlobo oluthile UV spectrum kanye nombono yayo. Muva nje, esebenzayo uhlobo emisebeni kabanzi lisetshenziswe izifundo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba (ukuzimisela electron ukucushwa kwe-athomu, amangqamuzana omoya-crystal isakhiwo compounds ahlukahlukene, umsebenzi nge-athomu, ukuhlaziywa kugucuka ngokomzimba at ezahlukene isikhala izinto).

Kukhona esinye isici kwemitselela UV ngalolu daba. Ezinye izinto polymeric bayakwazi ukubola bedle okukhulu umthombo unomphela amagagasi idatha. Ngokwesibonelo, njenge:

• Polyethylene nanoma ikuphi ukucindezela,
• polypropylene;
• PMMA noma plexiglass.

Uye waba yini umthelela? Imikhiqizo ezenziwe lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu ulahlekelwe umbala walo, ukuqhuma, fade futhi yagcina ibhujisiwe. Ngakho, babizwa ngokuthi ama-polymers ebucayi. Lesi sici nokwehliswa kwesithunzi iketango carbon izimo ukukhanya solar ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa nanotechnology, x-ray lithography, nezinye izindawo kwezitho. Lokhu kwenziwa ikakhulukazi lungisani ebusweni maholoholo imikhiqizo.

Spectrometry - endaweni eyinhloko ithempulethi yengqikithi ngokukhethekile ukuhlonza compounds kanye nokusungulwa yabo ikhono lokwamukela UV ukukhanya inamandla athile. It kuvela ukuthi spectra ahlukile impahla ngayinye, ngakho-ke kungenzeka zokuhlukanisa imiphumela spectrometry.

Futhi, ukusetshenziswa yelanga germicidal Kwenziwa ukuheha kanye ukubulala izinambuzane. Isenzo kusekelwe ikhono iso ukuba adonse isinambuzane indoda ongabonakali, okufutshane-wave spectra. Ngakho-ke izilwane Undizela umthombo, lapho wadalula ekubhujisweni.

Ukusebenzisa solariums - ukufaka ekhethekile uhlobo mpo futhi enezingqimba lapho umzimba womuntu echayeke UV-A. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-melanin esikhumbeni, wasinikeza a umbala mnyama, olubushelelezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yisishiso omile futhi ibulala amagciwane ayingozi phezu integument. Ngokukhethekile kufanele ikhokhwe lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka amehlo, ezindaweni ezizwelayo.

ezokwelashwa ensimini

Ukusetshenziswa emisebeni ultraviolet kwezokwelapha lusekelwe futhi ikhono layo ukubhubhisa iso ongabonakali eziphilayo - lamagciwane, futhi ezicini ezenzeka emzimbeni ngesikhathi ukukhanyisa abanekhono emisebeni bokuzenzela noma ezingokwemvelo.

I izinkomba esiyinhloko ukwelashwa UV lingachazwa e amaphuzu ambalwa:

1. Zonke izinhlobo ukuvuvukala, izilonda ezivulekile, iqhubeka futhi ezivuzayo evulekile.
2. Ukuze ukulimala amathambo.
3. Uma kwenzeka yasha, frostbite, futhi izifo zesikhumba.
4. Lapho izinkinga zokuphefumula, sofuba, isifuba somoya.
5. I ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo ezithathelwanayo.
6. Lapho ukugula ephelezelwa sebuhlungwini obunzima, neuralgia.
7. Izifo womphimbo ngalo ingaphakathi acinene.
8. Yamathambo futhi trophic isilonda.
9. isifo zamazinyo.
10. WokuLawula ingcindezi ukusakaza igazi, ukuzinza zenhliziyo.
11. Ukuthuthukiswa izimila anomdlavuza.
12. Isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, ukungasebenzi kwezinso namanye amazwe.

Zonke lezi zifo ingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kakhulu umzimba. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa UV - okutholakele yezokwelapha Okuyınqo, ugcine izinkulungwane nezigidi izimpilo zabantu, isagcine futhi ubuyisela impilo yabo.

Enye ukusetshenziswa UV kusukela iphuzu yezokwelapha futhi begazi umbono - kuyinto magciwane kwezakhiwo, umsebenzi evele futhi inzalo zomculo. Isenzo kusekelwe ikhono zivimbela ukuthuthukiswa UV futhi ukufanisana ka molecule e-DNA, okuholela yokuqothulwa yabo. Amagciwane, isikhunta, lenyama namagciwane ayafa.

Inkinga eyinhloko nokusetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo ngoba inzalo kanye magciwane izakhiwo kuyinto endaweni ukukhanyisa. Ngemva eziphilayo ayafa kuphela umthelela oqondile amagagasi oqondile. Konke uhlala ngaphandle, sisekhona.

umsebenzi Analytical amaminerali

Ikhono ntombazane luminescence kusuka izinto evumela ukusebenzisa UV Assay Ukwakheka qualitative amaminerali kanye amatshe. Kule ndaba, kuyathakazelisa kukhona amatshe ayigugu, lulwimi eziyigugu neyigugu. Yikuphi nje imibala anika lapho basuke zishiswe ngemisebe amagagasi cathode! Very interesting ngalokhu wabhala Malakhov, sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, abadumile. Umsebenzi wakhe uchaza kugcinwa palette kukhanya umbala, okuyinto akwazi namaminerali emithonjeni ehlukene yokukhishwa kwemisebe.

Ngokwesibonelo, ithophazi ne okuyinto e bohlu ebonakalayo yinhle ezijulile nombala oluhlaza lapho izibani okufakwe imisebe egqamile green nesimaragidu - abomvu. Amaparele ungayeki yimuphi umbala ezithile futhi emibalabala anombala ocwazimulayo. Umbukwane yi nje kumnandi.

Uma indlela yokwakheka izinhlobo wafunda zihlanganisa i-uranium ukungcola ke agqoke sizobonisa oluhlaza. Ukungcola noMelita ukunikeza okwesibhakabhaka kanye morganite - luhlaza onsomi noma ogodweni-purple.

Ukusebenzisa izihlungi

Ukuze usebenzise izihlungi kusebenza yelanga germicidal. Nazi izinhlobo izakhiwo ezinjalo kungaba ezahlukene:

• okuqinile;
• igesi;
• uketshezi.

Isicelo eyinhloko zinsizakuphila zitholakala umkhakha zamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi chromatography. Ngosizo lwabo, ungakwazi afeze ukuhlaziywa qualitative we ketshezi futhi kungaziwa ukuthi kwakuyisifo sini lingelakhe isigaba oluthile organic compounds.

Ukuphuza ukwelashwa amanzi

UV magciwane amanzi okuphuza ingenye yezindlela zesimanje kakhulu futhi qualitative zokuhlanzwa yayo kusukela ezingcolisa umuntu azalwa nakho. Izinzuzo le ndlela zimi kanje:

• ukuthembeka;
• ukusebenza;
• ukungabi khona imikhiqizo nezingahlobene nendaba emanzini;
• nokuvikeleka;
• ukusebenza kahle;
• ekulondolozweni izakhiwo organoleptic yamanzi.

Yingakho namuhla le ndlela ka magciwane kuyinto sikhambisana chlorination bendabuko. Isenzo kusekelwe izici ezifanayo - ukubhujiswa DNA ayingozi lichaza ekwakheni amanzi. Sebenzisa UV nge nombono ka cishe ngo-260 nm.

Ngaphezu imiphumela ngqo ku izinambuzane, ultraviolet ibuye isetshenziswe ukubhujiswa izinsalela amakhemikhali, ezisetshenziswa for ukuthambisa, imishini ehlanza amanzi: ezifana, isib, ane-chlorine noma chloramine.

Black ukukhanya

Amadivayisi anjalo anemisila emitters ekhethekile, bakwazi ukunikeza wave obuphelele elikhulu liseduze ebonakalayo. Noma kunjalo, zisekhona izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana ukuba ehlweni lomuntu. izibani ezinjalo ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo amadivayisi ukufunda izimpawu Imfihlo UV Ngokwesibonelo, ama-passport, amadokhumenti, imali yamaphepha nokunye. Lokho, amalebuli ezifana lungabonakala kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya spectrum ethile. Ngakho isimiso eyakhelwe lwemali imitshina, amadivayisi sokuhlola ubuqotho imali yamaphepha.

Ukuvuselelwa sokunquma ubuqiniso imidwebo

Futhi kule ndawo ukusetshenziswa UV. umculi ngamunye esetshenziswa ezimhlophe, ngamunye equkethe isikhathi epochal isikhathi ngezinto ezihlukahlukene esindayo. Ngenxa emisebeni kungenzeka ukuthola underpainting okuthiwa, okunikeza ulwazi mayelana ubuqiniso imidwebo, kanye namakhono athile, ngendlela sokulotshwa kwencwadi umculi ngamunye.

Futhi, lacquer ifilimu phezu izihloko iphathelene polymers ebucayi. Ngakho-ke, ukwazi aguge bedle ukukhanya. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba anqume yobudala we izingoma kanye yobuciko zomhlaba art.