Ukwakheka kanye kwabantu iziketekete inqubo ekuwulungiseleleni

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, isintu siye sazama ukuthola umthombo elula futhi okulula ukusetshenziswa ukushisa, ukukhanya kanye nophethiloli. Okokuqala njengoba lokhu ukhuni abavamile notshani, kamuva abantu bafunda ukwenza bese usebenzisa Peat. Ngemva kwalokho, isintu esenze intuthuko enkulu kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe bebonke - futhi uphethiloli wemboni ngokukhethekile, baqala ukusebenzisa kaphalafini.

Kuyinto ingxube hydrocarbon abilayo ezingeni lokushisa 150-250 ° C. Kuyinto ecacile, oily, uketshezi oluvuthayo etholwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa kawoyela ongahluziwe. Kuye processing indlela kwaba nabantu bezizwe ezixubile kwamakhemikhali kaphalafini ingase ihlanganise hydrocarbon ayegcwele uhlobo aliphatic, compounds naphthenic, compounds bicyclic, ezihlukahlukene ukungcola komoya-mpilo, isibabule noma nitrogen izakhi.

Isinyathelo lomcoka isicelo uphalafini yasekhaya ehambisana ne-kokusungulwa ngo-1823 godu femu iyunithi. Futhi kusukela ngo-1950, lapho eqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa turboprop futhi ekuphonsweni, iqala omunye uhlobo lwayo, ngokuthi "jet fuel". Ingabe okulungiselelwe kanye nenye izinhlobo uwoyela kaphalafini ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa. Phakathi eyinhloko ukucutshungulwa uwoyela zihlanjululwa ngu ukungcola namanzi ehlukahlukene (kuyafaneleka ukuthi ukuminyana uphalafini ngaphansi kwabantu amanzi). Khona-ke ukwakheka kakade nahlanza is sesimeni ziphuzo zazihluzwa ngqo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ukuvala abacaphuni hydrocarbon uwoyela ingxenyenamba ikhishwe namafutha asalile.

Ngokwesilinganiso, iziketekete ukuminyana imayelana 0,78-0,85 g ngalinye isentimitha cubic, kanye iphuzu flash zokhahlamba kusuka 28 kuya 72 ° C. I kwabantu okusamanzi ezivuthayo isetshenziselwe izinjongo zasekhaya, ilingana 830 kg ngalinye imitha cubic, futhi flash yalo iphuzu imayelana 35-40 ° C. Lona izinkomba ezivamile. kaphalafini Wugqinsi, wasebenzisa okukhanyisa ezimayini nezitsha elincane 860 kg ngalinye imitha cubic. Flashpoint lolu hlobo liquid kungenzeka kufika ku-90 ° C. kaphalafini kwabantu akuyona esingaphansi 780 kg ngalinye imitha cubic. a kaphalafini ezinjalo ukuze isetshenziswe amasampula zezindiza izindiza Subsonic.

Ngu kerosine siqondwa value kwabantu okuyinto kunqunywa isilinganiso nenqwaba fuel ukuze umthamo yayo. Anqume ukuminyana kukaphethiloli ketshezi usebenzisa pycnometer - lisebenze ngokukhethekile okuhloswe sokunquma kwabantu ezihlukahlukene zoketshezi futhi ukudla okuqinile.

Ukuze ukuhlaziywa kudinga pycnometer thermostat uyakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa at 20 ° C, futha cleaner, a cleaner desiccator, izinga lokushisa futhi kaphalafini. Inqubo ngokwayo kubalwa kwabantu bayo ihlukaniswe izigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, kahle wageza pycnometer omisiwe zilinganiswa nguye. Khona-ke iwe graphite elele futhi kuhlaziywe kuye. Khona-ke umfuma elachithwa kaphalafini (uhhafu umthamo), futhi basibeka desiccator lapho aphethwe ihora elilodwa.

Esikhathini yesibili ukuhlaziywa esiteji pycnometer, lakhishwa desiccator futhi wagcwalisa ngokuphelele nge upharafini, wabekwa ngehora elilodwa ku-incubator. Ngemva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi yedivayisi sisuswa kuhovini ukunquma isisindo salo. Khona-ke, e-pycnometer efanayo, kodwa kakade kahle wageza wagcoba ezomile, wathela kaphalafini futhi wenza konke okufanayo, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho graphite. izinyathelo ezifanayo eyenziwa ngokuthulula a pycnometer ezivamile ngamanzi distilled.

Kaphalafini ukuminyana ubalwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela elandelayo: kwabantu amanzi siphindwe isisindo umehluko we pycnometer nge kaphalafini futhi graphite kanye nenqwaba pycnometer ngokuphelele bengenalutho; yi lihlukaniswe by umehluko isisindo pycnometer ngamanzi isisindo pycnometer awunalutho.

I kwehlukana kwakuvunyelwe phakathi imiphumela Tincumo ezimbili okuhambisana eyenziwa kumele singeqi 0,01-0,02 g / cm.