Ukwakheka imbewu ubhontshisi (sibalo)

izinhlobo ezimbili zokukhiqiza kabusha bungabonakala ezimileni: asexual futhi ngokocansi. Uhlobo lokuqala lihlanganisa zindlela yokudlulisa ulwazi ngofuzo, njengoba cell division oqondile, vegetative - ngumuntu iqembu lamaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo, futhi Lokusakaza namangqamuzana akhethekile haploid - ezinhlamvu. Eyesibili, ifomu okuqhubekayo ngaphezulu - kuba ukuzala, okuholela kwetinhlavu imbewu. Senzeka ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe gymnosperms nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, ebizwa nangokuthi angiosperms. Kuleli phephandaba sicabangela Sakhiwo sangaphandle bhontshisi imbewu, thola izimo ezidingekile ekukhuleni kwayo, kanye ukunquma ukuthi izinzuzo izitshalo ukwazi imbewu ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Yini nendlela imbewu akhiwa?

Bean - isiko thermophilic imidumba yonyaka umndeni, it has izimbali isici ukuma sifana badayisa isikebhe uvemvane noma ehlezi enamaphiko eligoqiwe. Ngaphakathi imbali e ingxenye ethile yayo, ebizwa ngokuthi pistil, le rudiment imbewu kufihliwe ngaphansi igobolondo umbungu yayo sac. Kuyinto oocyte diploid futhi isakhiwo, ukubizwa ngokuthi cell emaphakathi. Bona njalo zalisa amabili isidoda, okuholela futhi kukhona imbewu ubhontshisi. Kuyinto igciwane, bohlu lozalo organic compounds ngenxa ukukhula nokuthuthuka cotyledons ezimbili, nemigubuzelo, ngokuthi imbewu elingenamikhono.

Yiziphi imbewu dicotyledons

Zonke izitshalo zom ne cotyledons ezimbili akhiwa ngenxa kweqanda izithelo imbewu kwetinhlavu okuyinto indima esemqoka udlalwa by zonke izingxenye imbali: Calyx, Corolla amacembe, androecium ehlanganisa stamens futhi, yebo, ne pistil imbewu iziqalo. Ukwakheka imbewu emabhontjisi cwaningo ebangeni 6th bajwayelane kwesigaba biology njengoba wezitshalo. It has an ukuma ellipsoid, sibonga ngalo isamba umxhwele kwesidoda is kuhlangene ndawo incane uma kuqhathaniswa ebusweni.

Lesi sici kwehlisa loxhumana imbewu nge imvelo. I Sakhiwo sangaphandle imbewu emabhontjisi ungathi main excretory isitho uhlelo e ezincelisayo. Kukhona ngisho izincazelo komzimba womuntu - izinso emabhontjisi emise. On the ngaphakathi, ohlangothini ngilugweda we rumen kuyinto - indawo emabhontjisi imbewu ehambisana enezinto izithelo omile, emabhontjisi ngemuva kwalokhu. Yingakho igama lalowo umndeni isitshalo - Izitshalo. It has kuka 12 eziyinkulungwane. Species. Iningi lamalungu alo - amafomu herbaceous, kodwa kukhona futhi nezihlahla nemithi. Phakathi imidumba shayela irekhodi okuqukethwe amaprotheni yemifino esibalulekile: kuba soy, uphizi, ubhontshisi, udali.

Imbewu isakhiwo nencazelo yawo

Siyaqhubeka ukubheka isakhiwo ubhontshisi imbewu. UMdwebo ngezansi, ubonisa khona izingxenye kushiwo ngaphambili, okungukuthi imbewu elingenamikhono, cotyledons emibili umbungu elise therebetween.

Njengoba kushiwo, ingxenye engaphandle - peels imbewu - kuyinto esuselwe imbewu lwegciwane amashidi (integuments). It wenza umsebenzi ukuvikelwa desiccation, eshisa kakhulu nezinye izinto ezingezinhle abiotic. Yiqiniso, isakhiwo main kuyinto umbungu imbewu. Kungani lokhu kunjalo, ake sibone kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

embryo dicot

Njengoba sikhumbula, enqubeni sokukhulelwa double esingokwemvelo nezitshalo eziqhakazayo kuphela, neqanda avundiswa - the zygote - ivela kumiswa ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-embryo has izingxenye ezintathu: i-embryonic impande, Isiqu kanye plumule. Nakani Sakhiwo sangekhatsi imbewu emabhontjisi. Isikimu elise kuyachubeka futsi kukhombisa kutsi i-embryo ibizwa ngokuphephile kufihlwe phakathi cotyledons, akuyona kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa isakhiwo obucayi kakhulu futhi abasengozini. Okulandelayo, siyobe ukuphendula umbuzo, yiziphi imisebenzi ehambisana yezingxenye eziyisisekelo umbungu.

impande embryonic

Inani elikhulu zezitshalo ezweni evuthiwe uhlelo impande: main, side noma paranasal. Utshani, izihlahla kanye zemithi ungakheka ezimbili izinhlobo izakhiwo komhlaba ukuthi Ngokwezazi zezitshalo ngokuthi core futhi fibrous uhlelo impande. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, bona iqale ukuthuthukiswa okufanayo engxenyeni - impande sombungu. Ukuqala cell yayo ukuhlukana isitshalo zomzimba yiyona umbandela lemcoka ezichaza isiqalo indlela ezifana imbewu ukuhluma. Ubhontshisi, utamatisi, uphizi nezinye ukushisa-onothando futhi enozwelo izilimo amanzi amaningi adinga inhlanganisela elikhulu yezici ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo, ukuze le nqubo ezaholela ekumiseni kwe-kwavela izitshalo abasha entsha.

Cotyledons kanye nendima yabo yokuziphilisa we yisithombo

Ukuze imbewu angase ziqhume edingekayo reserve izakhi compounds: ushukela, ama-amino acid, amafutha. Ngo dicots waqongelela kuleli cotyledons. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-embryo ukuhluma izinto eziphilayo ukuqhutshwa ngefomu ziyoncibilika, etholakalayo kakhulu nokwenziwa amangqamuzana. Ngezinye yisithombo cotyledons izitshalo dicotyledonous baqale ukwenza imisebenzi phansi kuqala, okubizwa ngokuthi amahlamvu sombungu. Noma kunjalo, bayakwazi ukufeza photosynthesis futhi unikeze isitshalo esincane nazo zonke ezidingekayo izinto plastic.

Uyini ukuhluma kwezinhlobo imbewu?

Lena inqubo bokuphila ogxile mshini ushintsho kusukela enkathini esicashile emphilweni inhlanyelo asebenzayo ukukhula esigabeni umbungu izingxenye: impande futhi ekunqandeni namahlamvu. Ngenxa yalokho, le yisithombo okokuqala ivela, bese ukwakha isitshalo esincane. Enjani germinating emabhontjisi imbewu? Izithombe abekwe ngezansi kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi lokuqala luqala ukuthuthukisa embryonic impande, Isiqu bese kwenza ngenhla amahlamvu phansi cotyledon. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile of iphuzu ezikhulayo stem, ehlanganisa Indwangu apical zemfundo - meristem - ekhiqizwa kweqiniso kwenza izitshalo emabhontjisi.

Isikhathi ukuphumula

Ngemva yokuvuthwa, ukubizwa ngokuthi ubhontshisi, imbewu emabhontjisi kuvuna kusuka engadini, abakwazi ngokushesha ziqhume. Hhayi kuphela okusanhlamvu, kodwa futhi ngoba namanye amaqembu, ezifana utamatisi, ama-eggplant, ukhukhamba, kudingeka isikhathi ukuze uthole imbewu yabo baye emuva kokuvuna yokuvuthwa. Lubonakala ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi kulesi sikhathi igciwane amaseli umzimba kwenziwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Breathing imbewu is cishe kwenziwe, okuqukethwe amanzi kuyinto esingaphansi wesithupha isisindo ingqikithi.

Ngenxa yalokho - imbewu amila amandla ubuncane enganele ukudlulisa izinto eziningi eziphilayo cotyledons ngefomu encibilikayo. Zangaphakathi nezangaphandle isakhiwo emabhontjisi imbewu ukubambezeleka akuhlukile ukuthi we isikhawu vegetative lapho balungiselelwa ayihlwanyelayo enhlabathini. Umehluko ezihlobene ngokuyinhloko ukugeleza izinga ukusabela umzimba ku kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, okuyinto aphansi kakhulu esikhathini dormancy.

Yini edingekayo ukuze ukuhluma kwezinhlobo umbungu

Esikhathini kwenhlabathi ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa kule mibandela elandelayo ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi imbewu ukuhluma futhi yisithombo ukuvela ngokuthula: khona amanzi, izinga lokushisa evumayo, umoya-mpilo ukutholakala, ukukhanya elilungile. Cabangela lezi zici ngokuningiliziwe. Indawo yokuqala ohlwini lwethu izimo abiotic amanzi. Kuyadingeka ukuba sikhukhumale amaseli, okuyinto kuhambisana ngokuqinisa ziphefumula.

Ukutadisha isakhiwo imbewu ubhontshisi, lapho sathola khona ukuthi amandla umbungu kungenzeka kuphela uma izinto eziphilayo ekhona cotyledons, iya ku ifomu isixazululo. Lokhu kungenxa amangqamuzana amanzi, eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini isitoreji yabo parenchyma. Ngenxa izitshalo ukushisa-onothando, ubhontshisi liyaphuma okuhle kahle inhlabathi elangeni-sekuqala ukufudumala. Kodwa ukukhanya akuthinti amandla ukuhluma. Ukuze yokufakelwa zizalela imbewu esimweni esicashile bephathwa evuselela ezifana phytohormones.

Futhi ukuqhuba reception scarification, okusho athutha ukuphazamisa ubuqotho isikhumba, ngaphandle kokulimaza izakhiwo ukuthi ayingxenye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi imbewu ubhontshisi, ikakhulukazi cotyledon kanye naleli gciwane. Ngakho, kuzo zonke lezi ezolimo ukusheshisa le nqubo ukuhluma izitshalo.