Ukuzizwa - wukuthi kwengqondo? Sensation futhi bezibona Psychology

Ukuphila komuntu ugcwele nakho ezahlukene, ogeleza udlule amasistimu inzwa. Lo mkhuba elula zonke izinqubo yengqondo - kuwukuthi umuzwa. Akukho lemvelo kithi, lapho sibona, uyawuzwa, izwe ubumnandi lezinto.

Umqondo ukuzwa kwengqondo

Kungani isihloko langempela: "Sensation"? Psychology lesi simanga ibilokhu wafunda u-Adalberto isikhathi eside, bezama ukunikeza incazelo oluqonde kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi besazama ukuqonda zomhlaba kwangaphakathi ukujula izitho zomzimba womuntu. Ukuzizwa - kuwukuthi Psychology jikelele inqubo ukubonisa izimfanelo ezithile futhi izici lezinto futhi izenzakalo of ngokoqobo mayelana nomthelela ngqo imizwelo. Ikhono ukuthola onjalo isipiliyoni nobuntu eziphilayo, okuyinto abe nesimiso sezinzwa. Futhi umqondo abaqaphela izidalwa kumele abe ingqondo.

Isigaba oyinhloko ngaphambi okuvela onjalo inqubo engqondo libhekene ukucasuka elula, sibonga okuyinto ngokukhetha ephendula nomthelela obalulekile imvelo kwangaphandle nangekhatsi. Ukusabela ngokulandelana ephelezelwa izinguquko isimo futhi ukuziphatha eziphilayo, lokho wadonsela ukunaka kwengqondo jikelele.

Ukuzizwa - lena Psychology isixhumanisi sokuqala nolwazi ezweni elingaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zalesi simo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezintweni eziveza kubo. Lezi izinto noma izenzakalo ku ukuxhumana izinhlobo ezahlukene amandla, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene izinga Feel: imisindvo, dermal, ezibukwayo. Ngo Psychology, bakhiqiza imizwa ehambisana ne-system zemisipha kanye izitho zangaphakathi. imihlola olunjalo kuqondwe indoda. Okukhishwayo kuphela emizweni buhlungu lokho kuvela kwezitho zangaphakathi. Abanaso ukufinyelela sphere ukwazi, kodwa ziqondakala isimiso sezinzwa. Futhi, umuntu uthola imizwa okuhlotshaniswa imiqondo ezifana kwesikhathi, ukusheshisa, vibration, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Incentives ngoba analyzers zethu amagagasi kagesi iwe kwibanga ezithile ukuthi.

emizweni isici

Imithetho ukuzwa kwengqondo ukunikeza incazelo ngezinhlobo zazo ezahlukene. Ukwahlukaniswa lokuqala iphathelene enye inkathi lasendulo. Kusekelwe analyzers ukuthi ukunquma zinhlobo ezifana iphunga, ukunambitheka, touch, emehlweni nokuzwa.

Enye Ukwahlukaniswa ukuzwa Psychology ethulwa B. G. Ananevym (khetha 11 zinhlobo). Kukhona typology esihleliwe owabhala IsiZulu physiologist Sherrington. Kuhlanganisa interoceptive, proprioceptive nezinhlobo exteroceptive of emizweni. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

uhlobo Interoceptive ka ukuzwa: Incazelo

Lolu hlobo ukuzwa siveza izimpawu ezivela imvelo yangaphakathi, emazikweni ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zinezikhathi imingcele ethile. Receptor amasignali kusuka isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene (ngokusebenzisa isisu odongeni emathunjini), uhlelo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (senhliziyo nesemithambo yegazi izindonga) kusuka kwemisipha izicubu kanye nezinye izinhlelo. ezinzwa okunjalo izakhiwo abizwa ngokuthi - receptor imvelo yangaphakathi.

Lezi imizwa uphakathi kwabantu abangenalo leli eminingi yasendulo futhi bakudala. Basuke izimpawu lutho, ehlasela umzimba futhi sisondelene kakhulu isimo esingokomzwelo. Enye igama la izinqubo sengqondo - organic.

Thayipha emizweni proprioceptive: Incazelo

Ulwazi mayelana nesimo umzimba wethu, unika umuntu lokujabulela proprioceptive. Ngo Psychology, ukukhomba subtypes eziningana yalolu hlobo, okungukuthi umuzwa static (yakhoibrium) kanye kinesthetic (ukunyakaza). Emisipheni nasemalungeni (imisipha kanye nemisipha) - indawo kwasendaweni la mangqamuzana. Igama ezinjalo ezindaweni ezizwelayo ngempela ezithakazelisayo - ithole Pachchini. Uma sikhuluma receptor neuropathy emizweni proprioceptive, basuke zendawo tubules ka zengaphakathi lendlebe.

Umqondo ukuzwa kwengqondo futhi psychophysiology wafunda kahle impela. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo A. A. Orbeli, P. K. Anohin, N. A. Bernshteyn.

Exteroceptive uhlobo emizweni: Incazelo

Lezi emizweni yomuntu ukuxhumana nezwe elingaphandle, futhi awela yothintana naye (ethintekayo futhi ukunambitheka) nokude (sokuzwa, olfactory futhi emizweni ezibukwayo kwengqondo).

ukuzwa olfactory kwengqondo kuyinto ososayensi impikiswano, ngoba awazi lapho ncamashi bawubeke. lodaba ukuthi likhipha iphunga, kuyinto buqamama, kodwa amangqamuzana ukunambitheka kukhona nabo la mangqamuzana acinene. Noma ukuthi into ayisekho abakhona, kanye nephunga namanje emoyeni. Futhi emizweni olfactory abaluleke ekunqumeni ukusetshenziswa ukudla lomkhiqizo.

emizweni Intermodal: Incazelo

Njengasendabeni yabase zokuhogela kunezinye nemizwelo okunzima zokuhlukanisa. Isibonelo, lokhu ukuzwela vibration. Kuhlanganisa lokujabulela sokuzwa we analyzer, kanye kusukela isikhumba futhi uhlelo zemisipha. Ngokusho LE Komendantova, vibration ukuzwela kuyindlela okuqonda umsindo. Yathandwa ukubaluleka kwayo okukhulu ezimpilweni zabantu abampofu noma cha ukuzwa futhi bavote. Abantu abanjalo babe ezingeni lelisetulu phenomenology ethintekayo-vibratory futhi singakwazi ukubona iloli ezihambayo noma omunye umshini, ngisho uhla olude.

Okunye ngeengaba emizweni

Futhi ukuba zihlolwe Ukwahlukaniswa ukuzwa Psychology M. heda, ngubani kugomela indlela ufuzo nozwela division. Ukhombe ezimbili zazo - protopathic (ukuzwa organic - ukoma, indlala zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo bokuphila) kanye epicritic (lokhu kufaka phakathi zonke emizweni ososayensi eyaziwa).

Godu bathuthukisa Ukwahlukaniswa emizweni B. M. Teplov, ukugqamisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezenza - interoreceptors futhi exteroreceptors.

izakhiwo Isici emizweni

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umuzwa ofanayo modality kungaba ezahlukene ngokuphelele nomunye. Properties of the nqubo ephawulekayo kuyizici zayo ngazinye: izinga, ngegalelo, kwasendaweni kwendawo, isikhathi, umuzwa imibundu. Ngo Psychology, lezi zenzakalo iye yachazwa ososayensi, physiologists, okwakuwukuphela kwezidalwa lokuqala umuntu owaqala ukufundelwa le nkinga.

Ikhwalithi kanye ukushuba ukuzwa

Ngomqondo onabile, zonke izinkomba izenzakalo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ambalwa kanye qualitative. Quality umuzwa inquma umehluko yayo kwezinye izinhlobo zalesi simo futhi ulwazi oluyisisekelo ku umgqugquzeli. Akunakwenzeka ukukala izinga usebenzisa noma yimiphi imishini netinombolo. Uma sithatha umuzwa ezibukwayo kwengqondo, izinga salo umbala. Ukuze zokunambitha nokuhogela ukuzwela - Umqondo amnandi, okumuncu, ababayo, okunosawoti, elimnandi nokunye.

kwebalingisi ambalwa of emizweni - ke amandla ayo. Le mpahla ibalulekile indoda, ngoba kubalulekile ukuba sibone umculo okhalela phezulu noma phansi, ukukhanya noma kumnyama egumbini. Amandla ayekuthola ehlukile kuye ngamaphuzu afana: amandla esebenza umfutho (nemingcele ngokomzimba), futhi isimo obusebenzayo yokwamukela okuyinto edalulwa. Izinkomba ngaphezulu nezici zabo ezingokomzimba umfutho, aba maningi ukushuba isasasa.

Ubude ngekwendzawo kwasendaweni ukuzwa

Esinye isici esibalulekile kubhekwa ubude okhombisa zesikhathi emizweni. Le mpahla futhi kuncike isenzo yezici inhloso kanye subjective. Uma umfutho isebenza isikhathi eside, futhi umuzwa uzobe isikhathi eside. Lena isici umgomo. Subjective kuyinto isimo ukusebenza lo analyzer.

Ezishukumisa obulimaza le izinzwa ube indawo yabo space. Sensations ukusiza ukuthola into ethize odlala indima ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu.

ukuzwa imibundu kwengqondo: ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo

Phansi kombundu ngokuphelele uyaqonda nemingcele ngokomzimba of ugqozi inani eliphansi ezibangela isasasa. Kukhona ezishukumisa ukuthi kungaphasi embundwini eliphelele, futhi kubangele ukuzwela. Kodwa umzimba womuntu namanje abathintekayo yimithetho emizweni. Ngo umcwaningi wezokusebenza kwengqondo G. V. Gershuni ethulwa imiphumela ucwaningo lapho kwatholakala ukuthi ezintweni umsindo, okwakukhona ngaphansana embundwini ngokuphelele, kubangela ezithile ubuchopho umsebenzi kagesi nokwenyuka umfundi. Le ndawo iyi-subsensornuyu ndawo.

Kukhona embundwini engenhla ngokuphelele - ngezinga elithile umfutho ezingeke ngokwanele ziqondakala izinzwa. Izenzakalo ezinjalo ubuhlungu, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi (ultrasound).

izakhiwo Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imithetho emizweni: synesthesia, sensitization, lithathelwe, nokuxhumana.

Izimpawu Umbono

Sensation futhi bezibona Psychology kuyizinto eziyinhloko izinqubo engqondweni yethu maqondana inkumbulo nokucabanga. Incazelo emfushane lo mkhuba sengqondo sikunike, futhi manje abantu abaningi bathi umbono. Le nqubo engokwengqondo isibonisi lephelele lezinto futhi izenzakalo of ngokoqobo nge contact abo ngqo iziphathimandla ukuhlukanisa. Sensation futhi bezibona Psychology ukutadisha izitho zomzimba kanye psychology L. A. Venger, AV Zaporozhets, V. P. Zinchenko, TS Komarova nabanye ososayensi. Inqubo lokuqoqa ulwazi inikeza orientation ngabanye emhlabeni yangaphandle.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbono isici kuphela izilwane womuntu nangaphezulu, ekwazi ukwakha izithombe. Kuyinto inqubo objectification. Ukuthunyelwa kolwazi cortex mayelana izinto zobujamo - umsebenzi isasasa. I Psychology okuqonda kumiswa elingalodwa isithombe, etholwe esekelwe ulwazi oluqoqwe mayelana into bese impahla yayo. Isithombe etholwe nokuxhumana amaningi inzwa izinhlelo.

izinhlobo okuqonda

Ngo bezibona kunamaqembu amathathu. Ukwahlukaniswa ezivamile:

izakhiwo Umbono

S. L. Rubinshteyn wathi abantu bezibona baye generalized futhi ohlangothini.

Ngakho, isici yokuqala yale nqubo kubhekwa ngokuningiliziwe. Umbono akunakwenzeka ngaphandle izinto, ngoba khona baneHholo ethize umbala, ijamo, ubungako kanye injongo. Violin Sichaza njengoba insimbi yomculo, futhi ipuleti - efana Cutlery.

Eyesibili impahla - ubuqotho. umuzwa Kubikwe ukuthi ubuchopho izici isihloko izimfanelo wayo okhethekile, futhi bezibona lezi zimfanelo ngabanye ukuthuthukisa ngendlela lephelele. Ngesikhathi ekhonsathini, i-orchestra silalela umculo ngokuphelele, kunokuba imisindo instrument ngalinye zomculo wedwa (violin, bass, cello).

Impahla yesithathu - ukuqinisela. It ephawula ukuqinisela isihlobo bobunjwa, shades nemagugu siyaqonda. Ngokwesibonelo, sibona ikati, kuhle kwesilwane ezithile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ebumnyameni noma egumbini ukukhanya.

Eyesine impahla - ngokuvamile. Kuyinto isimo sobuntu ngetigaba izinto bese babela ukuba isigaba esithile, kuncike izici ezitholakala.

Impahla yesihlanu - meaningfulness. Eqaphela izinto thina bakuhlobanise abanolwazi kanye nolwazi lwethu. Ngisho noma isihloko yomfokazi, ubuchopho bomuntu uzama ukuqhathanise kakade izinto ajwayelekile futhi ukukhomba izici ezivamile.

Six izakhiwo - selectivity. Okokuqala izinto beqonda ukuthi ahlangane naso okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho noma yini eyenziwa abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubukela ukusebenza, kumdlali nomfokazi ehlukile bayothola okwenzekayo enkundleni.

inqubo ngamunye kungenzeka kokubili evamile futhi zokugula. Umbono Ukuphazamiseka cabanga hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity ezintweni ezivamile kwemvelo), hypoesthesia (ukuzwela encishisiwe), agnosia (ukwephulwa ukuqashelwa lezinto isimo ukwazi ecacile futhi ukwehla okuncane ukuzwela jikelele), ukusangana (Umbono lezinto lumane empeleni). Illusions zinezikhathi ngaphansi bezibona iphutha lezinto ezikhona ngokoqobo.

Ekugcineni ngifuna ukusho ukuthi psyche womuntu - kudivayisi kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ehlukile yokwelapha izinqubo ezifana ukuzwa, bezibona, inkumbulo nokucabanga - yokufakelwa, ngoba empeleni zonke lezi zenzakalo zenzeka kanjani parallel noma chungechunge.