Ukuthuthukiswa Global kuwebhu noma owasungula i-Internet?

Esikhathini 50s emhlabeni kwaba izinkanuko enkulu mayelana impi kungenzeka ne-USSR. Melika kwakubonakala invulnerable ngenxa indawo yayo ezindawo, sekuwumkhuba cabange sina mayelana nokwenzeka ezincwadini lokulwa. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko of imfuneko ngoba ezempi ngenxa ososayensi kwaba ukwakha inethiwekhi ukuze exchange of ulwazi phakathi amayunithi namayunithi lempi, ngokuya ngamabhomu Imininingwane.

Umphumela zalezi zinselele eyalwe nsuku izivumelwano yi US Department Wezokuphepha izinhlangano ezine ehamba phambili kulo mkhakha. Ukuphendula umbuzo - "? Ngubani owasungula le-Inthanethi" - Udinga ukucacisa ukuthi lisho ukuthini igama. Uma sikhuluma ngukhokho-Inthanethi njengoba web global, kungaba kubhekwe abasunguli amanyuvesi amathathu (California, Utah, California) kanye Research Center Stenforte. Yibo owadala "inethiwekhi miniGlobalnuyu" kuqala - ARPANET, ngo-1957. Injongo eyinhloko kwaba ngesikhathi - ukusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi ngokwenza lezi nezinhlangano zocwaningo.

Ukuhlehlela emuva kancane kusukela kunethiwekhi, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele futhi owasungula i-computer yokuqala? Phela, inethiwekhi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuxuba ezisindayo-duty izintambo, iziteshi ikhompyutha (kwadingeka Ubukhulu elikhulu). Ngo-1946, inkampani ENIAC ukhiqiza lokuqala electronic ikhompyutha izindlela emhlabeni. Yiqiniso, i-PC yakho namuhla ngokuphongoza EMU, kodwa uyasondela. Ngo-April 1964, IBM ukhiphe i-PC-serial (usayizi namanje umxhwele) - System 60. Noma kunjalo, akuyena wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kusukela iphuzu lomthetho umbono, patent kuqala ukuba "jikelele" sibonelo computer yatholwa Umsunguli wendlela "intellektora" kusukela Omsk Gorokhov .

Manje isithombe esicacile kakhudlwana futhi ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo - "Ubani owasungula le-Inthanethi" kungaba ngelinye ihlo. Septhemba 1969 - University of California (Los Angeles) kukhona kuqala emlandweni iseva. Umshini iye wavuma by Honeywell futhi kwadingeka isiqu DP-516. Manje abasebenzisi "elite" uzokwazi ukuthi idale iphinde futhi ukugcina isizinda semininingwane eyodwa. Ngempela, zama ukubona ngamehlo engqondo kuwebhu zamanje zembulunga yonke amaseva khulula - kuzobalwa kuphela usithumela amaklayenti, imithombo siqu futhi amasayithi sesifufula.

Ngo-October walowo mnyaka ehhovisi California Univ uzame ukudlulisa on-line senziwa. Pundits like kwenye ikhompyutha inyuvesi ukuphrinta elithi "Login". Futhi ngisho noma enza akusiyo okokuqala, namanje benza. Uma sikhuluma lapho wasungula i-Inthanethi on-line, kuba yilolo suku. amasevisi Modern futhi inkonzo kungaba nzima ukucabanga hhayi kuyi-Internet. Umsebenzisi spoilt, kudingeka lapha futhi manje. Khona-ke wongqondongqondo abakhulu emhlabeni ngeke neze okwenzekile.

Kodwa kuyini like kwi-Inthanethi ngaleso sikhathi? Manje akusiyo umbuzo efanele, Weqiniso "Ngubani owasungula le-Internet?" - "lokho okungaphakathi kwayo?". Futhi kwaba ngempela hhayi okuningi. Namuhla, kutholakala lenethiwekhi unesithakazelo neze umsebenzisi abavamile. Kodwa abantu baye babona nemibono futhi baqonde ukuthi konke isiqala nje. Kuphela 1971 kwakukhona sibonelo zohlelo yesimanje ngokuthumela ie-mail. ngokushesha Abantu baziswa futhi ngaqala ukuba ahileleke kule nethiwekhi.

I ARPANET waphuma ngo-1973 ngezinga ngamazwe. Kulo nyaka, uxhumano lokuqala amakhompyutha e-UK naseNorway. Lokhu Lwenziwe ngokusebenzisa ikhebula trans-Atlantic ngocingo. Inthanethi zishintshe. Basungula i-imeyili amaklayenti (ukudalwa uhlu lwamakheli), kukhona emabhodini futhi prototypes izindaba namabhulogi. Osomabhizinisi ngaso leso sikhathi ukuthi lokhu imayini yegolide, futhi waqala hhayi kuphela kufanele sibe nesithakazelo into entsha, kodwa futhi ukuba izimali zakhe kuko.

Kodwa ARPANET akuhlalanga ukuphumula eside azithele ngabandayo. Ngo-1984, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa okunye - NSFNet. Lesi sakhiwo kanye-esiyinhlanganisela amanethiwekhi inyuvesi nabo baqala ukuthandwa. Abasunguli balo - US NSF, wacabanga ukuphuthelwa ithuba bese ubuka njengoba izimbangi zabo zithola ukuqashelwa international. Ngo-1988, kukhona into efana wengxoxo yesimanje. Abantu babikezele izenzakalo ezizayo, egama layo linguJehova "Internet". Kodwa ukubuyela mncintiswano. Inthanethi ne-World Wide Web - yizinto ezimbili ezahlukene. Kodwa manje akusona ngalokho. Abantu kwaba ezikahle, igama elithi "Internet", ngakho isihloko ukulwa.

Inethiwekhi manje obuza ukuthi "Ubani owasungula le-Internet?", Ungathola igama Tim Berners-Lee. Leli akulona iphutha, lokhu futhi iphuzu isihlobo umbono. Ngo-1989, lesi ESYAI uMklami oluvelele wethula umqondo wegama elithi "isikhala ezivamile". Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wayeyoba uhambise HTTP emhlabeni, esekelwe okuyinto izokwakhiwa-HTML. Lona evamile ngezigaba kanye nomzila url. Mhlawumbe ukubukeka ejwayelekile generalized, okuvumela ukuba ushintshe, futhi layering (ukuguqula) zenethiwekhi yezifiso ahlukahlukene, futhi ngempela kufanele kubhekwe usuku lokuzalwa "Inthanethi okuvamile."

Esikhathini 90 ngonyaka yesi ARPANET saphela ngokuphelele umsebenzi, enika azithele ngabandayo NSFNet. Okwaba nomthelela omkhulu kulokhu - okunzima ukuziqonda. Kodwa umlando ubonisa futhi izikhathi ezithakazelisayo. Phawula futhi ucingo kuqala kunethiwekhi kulo nyaka. Ngo-1991, kukhona isiphequluli kwezwe yokuqala "KaMose" kusukela inkampani NCSA. Manje i-Internet nje kuphela ezingabizi, kodwa futhi kuyaqondakala wonke umuntu. Umlando isiphequluli wazi; Noma ngabe yikuphi - kuba inkinga ehlukile. Into esemqoka ukuthi ukuthandwa kwakusobala kangangokuthi isidingo ukuxhuma ikhompyutha yakho World Wide Web akazange ngisho yahamba inkulumo.

Ukubuyela izimfihlakalo izinkampani kanye nemikhiqizo yabo, kuyafaneleka ukuthi NSFNet wangena kwezemfundo unikezwa ngokuphelele ezandleni inethiwekhi abahlinzeki zesifunda. I-Internet isiyindlela Ibizo efanele, futhi oyiyo ezabekwa esifundeni.

Manje, i-Internet - kuyinto uhlelo ilwazi, okungaba cishe ukuphila bebodwa.