Aircraft aluminium: izici

Ngenxa kalula, ductility nokuzabalazela ukugqwala aluminiyamu isibe impahla esisemqoka ezimbonini eziningi. Aircraft aluminium - iqembu Alloys zehlukene iinthombe okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla magnesium, i-silicon, ithusi, futhi manganese. Adlulisele amandla ezengeziwe ingxubevange esebenzisa m. N. "Umphumela Aging" - indlela ekhethekile ka lukhuni bedle isikhathi eside endaweni enobudlova ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ingxubevange yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngaphansi kwegama duralumin, manje eyaziwa futhi ngaphansi kwegama "Avial".

Incazelo. Mayelana nomlando

Ukuqala umlando zezindiza aluminium ingxubevange ubhekwa 1909. German unjiniyela Metallurgical Alfred Wilm empirically esungulwe, uma ingxubevange aluminium nge kwalokho elincane lethusi, manganese kanye magnesium ngemva lukhuni ezingeni lokushisa 500 ° C futhi sicime sima 20-25 ° izinsuku 4-5, kancane kancane iba nzima futhi namandla, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa unenkululeko. Inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuguga" noma "ukukhula". Ngalesi ukuqina ama-athomu zethusi ugcwalise sebuningini kulencane nezinezimo ngesikhathi imingcele okusanhlamvu. I ububanzi we-athomu zethusi lincane ukuthi aluminiyamu, ngoba kukhona kokucindezelwa ukucindezeleka, ngaleyo ndlela kwande amandla material.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ingxubevange waba yingcweti Izimboni German Dürener Metallwerken futhi wathola brand Dural, kungakho igama layo liyi "duralumin". Ngemva kwalokho, metallurgist American R. B. futhi Archer Dzhafris Ukwakheka ngcono ngokushintsha iphesenti ikakhulu magnesium. Ingxubevange omusha obizwa ngokuthi 2024 okuyinto ukulungiswa ahlukahlukene kabanzi namuhla, kodwa wonke umndeni ka Alloys - "Avial". Igama elithi "izindiza aluminium", lokhu ingxubevange lithole cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ukuvula njengoba ngokuphelele esikhundleni ukhuni nensimbi ekwakhiweni izindiza.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu kanye nezici

Kukhona ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Umkhaya-aluminiyamu-manganese (Al-MN), kanye ne-aluminium-magnesium (Al-MG). The main isici - okusezingeni eliphezulu, neze kunabayeni okumsulwa aluminium ukugqwala ukumelana. Alloys okunjalo isamukele Welding futhi nokunamathisela ngomthofu, kodwa Imi ezimbi. Hhayi lukhuni ukwelashwa ukushisa.
• Corrosion ukumelana aluminium-uhlelo Alloys magnesium-silicon (Al-MG-Si). Lukhuni ukwelashwa ukushisa, okungukuthi eqeda at 520 ° C kulandele amanzi eqeda nokushwabana zemvelo cishe izinsuku ezingu-10. Isici evelela aleli qembu elithi izinto - okusezingeni eliphezulu ukugqwala ukumelana lapho lusetshenziswa ezimweni ezivamile, futhi becindezelekile.
• Alloys wezakhiwo, aluminium-copper-magnesium (Al-Cu-MG). isisekelo wabo - doped ithusi, manganese, magnesium kanye ne-aluminium. Ngu obuhlukahlukene olinganise izici alloying okulungiselelwe izindiza aluminium, izici zazo zingahluka.

Izinto leqembu yokugcina ifa izakhiwo ezinhle mechanical, kodwa nezinto ezithandwa kakhulu ukugqwala ngaphezu kwalokho umkhaya sokuqala nesesibili Alloys. I degree of ezifweni ukugqwala luncike uhlobo ukwelashwa surface, okuyinto namanje ezidingekile ukuze sivikele ezidwetshiwe noma anodized. I ukumelana ukugqwala luyanda ngokwethula ingxenye ingxubevange manganese.

Ngaphezu izinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko Alloys nazo UKWAKHA ovelele Alloys, ukushisa ukumelana, high-amandla kwesakhiwo et al. Ingabe kuyadingeka yini ukuba ethile isicelo izakhiwo.

Ukumaka zezindiza Alloys

amazinga International lokuqala izindiza aluminium idijithi wokugubha likhombisa alloying izakhi ezinkulu ingxubevange:

• 1000 - aluminium okumsulwa.
• 2000 - duralumin ingxubevange, elixutshiwe ngethusi. Ngaleso isikhathi esithile - ezivamile Aerospace ingxubevange. Ngenxa sensitivity high ukuze kwengcindezi kwemifantu uya sithathelwe indawo 7000 uchungechunge Alloys.
• 3000 - alloying isici - manganese.
• 4000 - alloying isici - Silicon. Alloys Baziwa nangokuthi Silumin.
• 5000 - alloying isici - magnesium.
• 6000 - the Alloys plastic kakhulu. Alloying izakhi - magnesium ne-silicon. Termozakalke okufanele abekeke ukwandisa amandla, kodwa eliphansi in lokhu ipharamitha 2000 futhi 7000 chungechunge.
• 7000 - thermally lukhuni Alloys, le isikhathi eside kunazo zonke izindiza-grade aluminium. The main alloying izakhi - zinc kanye magnesium.

Ukuze kukhunjulwe le sibalo yesibili - aluminium ingxubevange ukulungiswa emva nenombolo ye-sequence kokuqala - inombolo "0". Ezimbili zokugcina izibalo - yenomboro ingxubevange, ulwazi ebumsulweni nasebunyeni amanyela. Uma ingxubevange prototype yengezwe wokugubha uhlamvu lesihlanu "X".

Namuhla, kakhulu ibanga izindiza aluminium 1100, 2014, 2017, 3003, 2024, 2219, 2025, 5052, 5056. I timphawu letehlukene yalezi Alloys yilezi: ukudlala, ductility, ubunzima ezinhle, ukumelana nokuhuzuka, ukugqwala futhi izinga lokucindezeleka. Esikhathini umkhakha izindiza le Alloys esetshenziswa kakhulu - emoyeni 6061 futhi 7075.

isakhiwo

The main izakhi alloying izindiza aluminium kukhona ithusi, i-magnesium, i-silicon manganese, ne-zinc. Amaphesenti ngesisindo sezinti lezi zinto ku-ingxubevange ukunquma izici ezifana amandla, ukushintsha-shintsha, ukumelana imithelela mechanical, njll Kumila ingxubevange - aluminium, alloying izakhi eziyisisekelo :. yethusi (2,2-5,2% ngesisindo), i-magnesium (0, 2-2.7%) kanye manganese (0.2-1%).

Umkhaya bezindiza aluminium-silicon Alloys (4-13 mass%) nge okuqukethwe ezincane nezinye izakhi alloying - ithusi, manganese, magnesium, i-zinc, titanium, beryllium. Kwakuvamise womshini izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, eyaziwa nangokuthi silumin noma waphonsa aluminium ingxubevange. Umndeni aluminium-magnesium alloy (1-13% ngesisindo) nezinye izakhi abe ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukugqwala ukumelana.

Iqhaza ithusi ukubunjwa izindiza aluminiyamu

Ukuba khona ithusi indlela yokwakheka zezindiza ingxubevange kunomthelela oluqinisayo yayo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyinto embi ukugqwala yayo ukumelana. Ukuwelwa at okusanhlamvu imingcele phakathi eqeda, ithusi kwenza ingxubevange singangena ukugqwala pitting, kwengcindezi futhi ukugqwala intergranular. Izindawo ocebile nethusi galvanically ngaphezulu cathodic kuka ezungezile aluminium matrix kanye ke usengozini ukugqwala ezenzeka nge indlela electrochemical. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe ithusi isisindo ingxubevange-12% kwandisa izakhiwo amandla ngenxa ukuqina particulate ngesikhathi ukuguga. Lapho okuqukethwe ithusi ukubunjwa ezingaphezu kuka 12% ingxubevange iba ziyaqothuka.

Fields of kwesicelo

Aluminiyamu kukhona ethandwa kakhulu ethengisa metal. Khanyisa isisindo izindiza amandla grade aluminium ingxubevange wenze lokhu ungumuntu omuhle ukuba izimboni eziningi kusukela indiza izinto zasekhaya (omakhalekhukhwini, earphones, amathoshi). Aluminiyamu asetshenziswa shipbuilding, imoto yokukhiqiza, ukwakhiwa, w / d ezokuthutha embonini zenuzi.

Kabanzi amangalelwe Alloys ngokuqukethwe zethusi ngokulinganisela (2014, 2024 njll). Amaphrofayli yalezi Alloys babe okusezingeni eliphezulu ukugqwala ukumelana, workability ezinhle, indawo weldability. Kubo zenziwa design loMkhandlu izindiza, amaloli esindayo, izimoto zempi.

Izakhiwo izindiza aluminium kwakwakhe

Welding Alloys izindiza Kwenziwa kuphela gas zokuzivikela inert. amagesi ekhethwayo kukhona helium, argon noma ingxube yawo. It has ephakeme conductivity ezishisayo ane-helium. Lokhu kunquma kahle lokushisa ukuziphatha Welding imvelo elikuvumela ukuba ukhululekile ngokwanele ukuxhuma izakhi thick-ngodonga kwesakhiwo. Ukusebenzisa Izingxube amagesi ukuzivikela sithuthukisa ukuzwakalisa. Amathuba kumiswa ikhule ezimbotsheni ku weld ancipha kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa embonini izindiza

Aircraft aluminiyamu okudalwe ngqo ukwakhiwa izindiza. Kulawa, izindlu wenziwe izindiza injini izingxenye, chassis, nophethiloli amathangi, namanye amadivayisi uhlelo lokubopha. Imininingwane aluminium izindiza asetshenziswa wezangaphakathi umgibeli gumbi engangikulo.

2xxx uchungechunge aluminiyamu ezisetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa izingxenye wadalula okushisa aphakeme. ISIZINDA Yokuxhumana kancane ukulayishwa, uphethiloli izinhlelo wokubacindezela uwoyela zakhiwe ingxubevange 3xxx, 5xxx futhi 6xxx. Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi embonini izindiza kwaba ingxubevange 7075. Kusukela ke izakhi zenziwa sokuqhuba umthwalo omkhulu, ne okushisa aphansi, ukumelana ukugqwala. Ngesisekelo ingxubevange kuyinto aluminium, kanye enkulu izakhi alloying magnesium, i-zinc nethusi. Kusukela kokuthi yenziwe amaphrofayli amandla izakhiwo izindiza, izingxenye igobolondo.