Ukusebenza kahle ukushisa izinjini. Nekusebenta injini ukushisa - Formula

namaqiniso okuphila kwanamuhla zidinga ukushisa izinjini operation ezibanzi. imizamo eminingi ukuba esikhundleni saso kungene motors kagesi lapho sibhekene ukwehluleka. Lapho umuntu enezinkinga ezihambisana ekuqongeleleni amandla izinhlelo ezizimele, isixazululekile lula.

Namanje izinkinga ezifanele ubuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza amandla webhethri ekusebenziseni kwazo esikhathini eside esizayo. Speed izici izimoto kagesi zikude labo izimoto, yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini.

Izinyathelo zokuqala kudalwa izinjini hybrid kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa amagesi elimazayo ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni amakhulu, ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo.

Umlando omncane

The kungenzeka ushintsho wamandla umusi ku energy kinetic yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. 130 BC: sefilosofi Geron Aleksandriysky ethulwa ithoyizi izilaleli umusi - eolipil. Sphere egcwele umusi, wangena Ukujikeleza bedle okuvela Jets wakhe. Lesi sibonelo lamadolobha esimanjemanje umusi ophephela ngesikhathi isicelo ayitholakali.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi nokuthuthukiswa Isazi sefilosofi sangekhulu leminyaka lalibhekwa nje ithoyizi fun. Ngo-1629 Italian D. Branca wadala a ophephela mathupha. Imibhangqwana waqalisa disc unikezwe izindwani.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha umusi izinjini.

ukushisa injini

Ukuguqulwa amandla sangaphakathi uphethiloli ku amandla motion machine izingxenye netindlela elisetshenziswa ukushisa izinjini.

izingxenye eziyinhloko imishini: heater (uhlelo ethola amandla kusuka ngaphandle), umzimba usebenza (wenza nethonya elizuzisa), esiqandisini.

I heater yakhelwe uketshezi ukusebenza buthelela isitokwe okwanele amandla yangaphakathi umsebenzi ewusizo. Efrijini elisusa amandla ngokweqile.

Isici eyinhloko kahle ibizwa nekusebenta ukushisa izinjini. Lokhu ubuningi kubonisa ukuthi ingxenye amandla wazinikela e amalahle wachitha ukwenza umsebenzi ewusizo. Ayanda kahle, ukusebenza kunenzuzo umshini, kodwa lesi silinganiso singadluli 100%.

Ukubalwa kahle

Ake heater ngaphandle atholwe alingana namandla Q _1. Amathuluzi umzimba izibophezele emsebenzini A, kuyilapho esiqandisini amandla kwathiwa Q _2.

Kususelwa ukuzimisela, esibala ukubaluleka nekghono:

η = A / Q _1. Sicabanga ukuthi A = Q ₁ - Q _2.

Yingakho nekusebenta injini ukushisa, ifomula zazo enikezwa η = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1, ivumela iziphetho ezilandelayo:

• Ukuphumelela ayikwazi ukudlula 1 (noma 100%);
• ukukhulisa lokhu ubuningi kumelwe likhule ngokuphindwe noma amandla etholakala heater, noma ukwehla wamandla inikezwe esiqandisini;
• okwandisa amandla heater sifinyelele ushintsho izinga uphethiloli;
• ukunciphisa amandla, ukunika imbala, ukuvumela ukufeza netimphawu teluhlakasimo lweSitatimende izinjini.

An ekahle ukushisa injini

Ingabe ukudalwa injini letinjalo, nekusebenta elaliyoba esiphezulu (i ekahle - elilingana 100%)? Thola impendulo yalo mbuzo wazama physics French kanye unjiniyela abanamakhono Sadi Carnot. Ngo-1824 izibalo yakhe theory mayelana izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini amagesi badedelwa.

Umqondo oyinhloko owawusekelwe umshini ekahle angabhekwa ukuziphatha izinqubo esethola nge gas ekahle. Kuzoqalwa nge-ukunwetshwa isothermally igesi ashisa T _1. Inani ukushisa sidingeke ukufeza loluhlelo, - Q _1. Emva igesi ngaphandle ekwandiseni ukushisa (inqubo adiabatic). Ngemva kokufinyelela lokushisa T _2, igesi onomfutho isothermally ngu edlulisa esiqandisini amandla Q _2. igesi ukubuya esimweni saso sokuqala wenziwa adiabatically.

Nekusebenta okuvezwa Carnot ukushisa injini nge ukubala eliqondile isilinganiso umehluko lokushisa phakathi Ukushisa kudivayisi ukupholisa lokushisa, okuyinto has a heater. Kubonakala sengathi lokhu: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Okungenzeka kahle ezishisayo we umshini, okuyinto inefomula ifomu: η = 1 - T ₂ / T _1, kuncike kuphela ukubaluleka heater futhi uphole okushisa alikwazi ukuba ngaphezu kuka-100%.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buhlobo ezenza umuntu akwazi ukufakazela ukuthi nekusebenta ukushisa izinjini kungaba ulingana ubunye kuphela uma esiqandisini ngokuphelele zero lokushisa. Njengoba yaziwa, lesi silinganiso ongenakuwufinyelela.

izibalo theory Carnot uvumele ukucacisa kahle esiphezulu injini ukushisa yanoma yimuphi umklamo.

ifayela echaza ifomu Eliqinisekisiwe Carnot simi ngale ndlela. Ngokungenasizathu ukushisa injini ngaphansi kwezimo bakwazi ukuba kahle ephakeme kunaleyo amagugu efanayo okuvezwa ukushisa injini kahle.

Isibonelo izimo zokuxazulula izinkinga azenzeki

ISIBONELO 1. Yini nekusebenta okuvezwa ukushisa injini, lapho izinga lokushisa heater kuyinto 800 C kanye ^nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa kule esiqandisini 500 ^C ngezansi?

T ₁ = 800 ^{° C} = 1073 K, ΔT = 500 ^{° C} = 500 K, η -?

isixazululo:

Ngu definition: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

lalingesilo inikezwe lokushisa imbala, kodwa ΔT = (T ₁ - T _2), yingakho:

η = ΔT / T ₁ = 500 K / 1073K = 0,46.

Impendulo: kahle = 46%.

Isibonelo 2. Thola nekusebenta okuvezwa ukushisa injini, uma ngenxa yamandla atholwe eyodwa amakhilojuli heater babenza imisebenzi ewusizo 650 J. Uyini lokushisa heater yokushisa injini uma kokupholisayo lokushisa -. 400 K?

Q ₁ = 1 kJ = 1000 J A = 650 J, T ₂ = 400 K, η - ?, T ₁ =?

isixazululo:

Kulesi umsebenzi, it is a ukufakwa ezishisayo, nekusebenta okungase libalwe ifomula:

η = A / Q _1.

Ukuze ubone ukuthi izinga lokushisa kwe-heater usebenzisa ifomula nekusebenta okuvezwa ukushisa injini:

η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Buciko kugucuka zezibalo, sithola:

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- η).

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- A / Q _1).

Thina ukubala:

η = 650 J / 1000 J = 0,65.

T = 400 K ₁ / (1- 650 J / 1000 J) = 1142.8 K.

Impendulo: η = 65%, T ₁ = 1142.8 K.

izimo zangempela

An ekahle ukushisa injini yakhelwe nge izinqubo ekahle. Umsebenzi wenziwa kuphela izinqubo isothermal, lokhu kubizwa ngokusentshenziswa endaweni igudle igrafu lomjikelezo Carnot.

Eqinisweni, ukudala izimo ukugeleza izinguquko isimo igesi kule nqubo, ngaphandle ohambisana kushintsha izinga lokushisa akukwazi. Ayikho izinto ezinjalo, okuyinto ukunivalela exchange ukushisa izinto ezizungezile. inqubo Adiabatic kusuka kube nzima ukuba afeze. Endabeni igesi lokushisa ukushisa exchange kumele ngempela ukushintsha.

Ukusebenza kahle imishini ezishisayo wadala ezimweni zangempela kuhluke kakhulu kusukela kahle ekahle izinjini. Qaphela ukuthi ukugeleza izinqubo izinjini yangempela kwenzeka kanjalo okusheshayo ukuthi ukushintshashintsha amandla yangaphakathi ezishisayo lomcebo usebenza inqubo ekushintsheni umthamo yayo ayikwazi inxeshezelwa kwatheleka ukushisa ngobungako heater kanye ukubuya ezipholile.

Okunye izinjini ukushisa

izinjini Real bahlinza imijikelezo ezahlukene:

• Otto umjikelezo ivolumu njalo inqubo nge ushintsho adiabatic, ukudala iluphu avaliwe;
• Udizili umjikelezo isobar, adiabatic, isochore, adiabatic;
• a ophephela igesi: inqubo okwenzeka ngomfutho njalo, adiabatic indawo uvala loop.

Dala i-izinqubo yakhoibrium e izinjini yangempela (ukuletha them closer ekahle) kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla akunakwenzeka. Ukuphumelela ukushisa izinjini kakhulu ephansi, ngisho izimo lokushisa efanayo zobuKhomanisi ukushisa kulungiselelwa.

Kodwa-ke akudingekile ukuba kuncishiswe indima ukubala ifomula kahle lomjikelezo Carnot, njengoba kunjalo, kuba inkomba iphuzu kule nqubo ngcono izinjini yangempela.

Izindlela ukushintsha kahle

Ngokusebenzisa Ukuqhathanisa ekahle futhi langempela ukushisa izinjini, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokugcina imbala ngeke kungaba ezingafanele. Ngokuvamile esiqandisini bakholwe emkhathini. Ukuze bathathe izinga lokushisa labo emkhathini can izibalo eseduze kuphela. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa kokupholisayo iyona igesi qeda e izinjini, njengoba kwenzeka e yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini (esifushanisiwe njengoba DVS).

DIC - okuvame kakhulu kuleli zwe lethu ukushisa injini. Ukuphumelela ukushisa injini kulesi simo incike lokushisa adalwe evutha nophethiloli. Umehluko ebalulekile evela DIC umusi izinjini kuyinto Fusion heater imisebenzi kanye idivayisi umzimba ezisebenza ingxube emoyeni-nophethiloli. Burning ingxube kudala ingcindezi izingxenye ezinyakazayo yenjini.

Ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa zokusebenza igesi kufinyelelwa, kakhulu ekushintsheni izakhiwo kukaphethiloli. Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba enze ngokungenamkhawulo. Noma iyiphi impahla yokwakha ekamelweni injini omlilo has ukuncibilika yayo iphuzu. I ukumelana ezishisayo zezinto zokusebenza ezinjalo - isici eziyisisekelo injini, kanye kakhulu kuthinte ukusebenza kahle.

Amanani injini kahle

Uma sicabangela ophephela umusi, izinga lokushisa kwe-ukusebenza umusi itheku okuyinto ilingana 800 K, futhi igesi qeda - 300 K, nekusebenta umshini uyalingana 62%. Empeleni, Nokho, lesi silinganiso ingeqi 40%. Lokhu kwehliswa kwenzeka ngenxa nokushisa phakathi Ukushisa ophephela izindlu.

Inani eliphezulu kakhulu nekusebenta yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini ingeqi 44%. Ukwandisa lesi silinganiso - umbuzo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ukushintsha izakhiwo izinto, nophethiloli - lokhu kuyinkinga phezu abasebenzi izingqondo engcono lesintu.