Ukuqala wokubusa uPetru 1. UPetru King 1. Inkathi Petru 1

umlando ezihlukahlukene kanye ezithakazelisayo yeRussia. Petru 1 , ingase ibe nomthelela omkhulu kuye. Imizamo kabusha wayethembela isipiliyoni amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kodwa isinyathelo ngesisekelo nezidingo Russia, nakuba ayengenalo uhlelo ezithile futhi uhlelo ukuguqulwa. UMbusi lokuqala eRussia kungaholela ezweni out "ezingacacile" isikhathi emhlabeni okuqhubekayo European, baphoqwa ukuba bahloniphe amandla nibhekane nalo. Yiqiniso, wayengumuntu uyisihluthulelo ekuthuthukiseni isimo.

Inqubomgomo kanye Management Board

Cabanga inqubomgomo kanye kokubusa Petru 1 kafushane. Wakwazi ukudala timo letifanele lokukhulisa iphrofayli sempucuko eNtshonalanga, futhi inqubo ekuqedeni izisekelo ezindala kwakubuhlungu ngempela-Russia. Isici esibalulekile salo izinguquko kwakuwukuthi ezisithintayo zonke kwezakhi wokuzijabulisa indaba Petru 1 wehlukile imisebenzi ezazingaphambi kwayo.

Kodwa ngokuvamile, Politika Petra iqondiswe ukuqinisa ukufakwa wezwe isiko. Nokho, Yiqiniso, ngokuvamile isinyathelo kusuka ezikhundleni ezibanikeza amandla, wakwazi ukwakha izwe elinamandla nge sise ikhanda kombusi nge ngokuphelele amandla akhe angenamkhawulo.

Ngaphambi Petru 1 Russia sasikude ngemuva kezomnotho ngobuchwepheshe kusukela kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ukunqoba izinguquko yonke imikhakha yempilo ziye zaholela oluqinisayo, ukunwetshwa imingcele umbuso kanye nentuthuko yayo.

1 Politika iPetra yayingenye ukuba banqobe inhlekelele traditionalism ngokusebenzisa kwekuhlela kabusha eziningi, kuphumele Russia olwesimanje isibe omunye abahlanganyeli esemqoka ye imidlalo zezombusazwe ngamazwe. Yena akwazile izithakazelo zabo. ukuthembeka kwalo uye kunyuke, futhi uPetru yena wawubhekwa njengophawu imodeli we wezinguquko enkulu.

Yena wabeka izisekelo isiko Russian futhi ine ukuphathwa uhlelo ngempumelelo, okuyinto yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi.

Ochwepheshe abaningi, kucwaninga umlando isiRashiya, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa ukunqunywa ngempoqo kwaba inadmissible, nakuba angigodlanga umbono ukuthi kwelinye izwe wayemane engavuswanga, futhi uMbusi kumelwe babe nokhahlo. Naphezu kabusha, izwe akusho balahle simiso serfdom. Kunalokho, laqhubeka emnothweni ibutho esitebeleni lalinabashumayeli abalimi. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-ukungqubuzana lomcoka izinguquko eziqhubekayo sikaPeter Omkhulu, ngakho kwakunabazalwane preconditions kokuntengantenga esikhathini esizayo.

biography

Peter 1 (1672-1725) wayeyindodana enguthumbu washada Romanova A. M. futhi Naryshkinoy N. K. ABC Learning waqala 12/03/1677, eseneminyaka Kawukabi leminyaka engamatshumi amahlanu ubudala. 1 UPetru, ogama biography kusuka ebuntwaneni wayegcwele izenzakalo elikhanyayo, kamuva owaba umbusi omkhulu.

Isikhulu waya ngokuzithandela kakhulu, uthando izindaba nokufunda izincwadi. Lapho indlovukazi zizwa ngakho, ibiyalela amnike incwadi ngomlando umtapo esigodlweni.

Ngo 1676, Petru 1, ogama biography ngalesi sikhathi kwaphawulwa kokufa kukayise, wakhuliswa ubhuti. Indlalifa waqokwa Romanov Ivan Alekseevich, kodwa ngenxa yempilo ebuthaka wamemezela inkosi iminyaka eyishumi uPetru. Miloslavsky wayengafuni ukubhekana naso, futhi ngakho ecasulwa Streletsky nokwambuka, okwathi ngemva kwalokho amabili ayesendaweni ekuthiwa sobukhosi - UPetru No-Ivan.

Peter nonina wahlala Izmailovo, lapho kudabuka khona lolu Romanov clan, noma edolobhaneni isimo. Isonto nasemfundweni yezwe futhi isikhulu abakutholanga khona ngokwalo. Nomfutho, ekhuthele kakhulu, wayevame ukudlala impi ndawonye nontanga yabo.

Lesi sivumelwano isiJalimane, wahlangana uthando kuqala futhi ngathola abangane abaningi. Ukuqala wokubusa Petru 1 imakwe umbhikisho, okuyinto kwakuhlelwa Sofia, ukulwela ukuqeda umfowabo. Wayengafuni ukuba bangayeki amandla ezandleni zakhe. Ngo 1689, Prince kwadingeka aphephele ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra. Ujoyinwe ishalofu bese bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli egcekeni, futhi udadewabo UZandile ususiwe ukusuka ebhodini futhi ngenkani ababegqunywe ngamaNazi ephathelene nokuphatha izindela.

Umi esihlalweni sobukhosi uPetru 1. Umlando wakhe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iba engenakulibaleka nakakhulu kokubili empilweni yangasese futhi emisebenzini yomphakathi. Waba khona imikhankaso ngokumelene Turkey, isisebenzi sokuzithandela baya eYurophu lapho bekhetha inkambo wezikhali Sciences, wafunda shipbuilding eNgilandi, ekhiqizwa isethi yezinguquko eRussia. Wayeshadile kabili futhi nginezingane 14 kwezisemthethweni.

ukuphila komuntu uPetru mina

Lopuchin Evdokia kwaba inkosikazi yokuqala yenkosi, nabo bashada 1689. Umakoti ekhetha umama lo mbusi omkhulu, futhi uthando wakhe, akazange abe nomuzwa wokuthi, kodwa ubutha kuphela. Ngo 1698, wayeselahlekelwe ngenkani tonsured njengoba indelakazi. ukuphila Siqu - ekhasini elilodwa yencwadi lapho indaba Peter 1. Endleleni wahlangana ngoMashi angachazwa - ubuhle Livonian ngubani lathunjwa isiRashiya, futhi umbusi, lapho eyibona endlini Menshikov, wayengasafuni ukuyeka. Ngemva komshado wabo, waba uMbusikazi uCatherine I.

Peter wayejabula kakhulu wakhe, wamzalela izingane eziningi, kodwa wafunda lokungakholwa, wanquma ukuba beshiyela sobukhosi kumkakhe. Ubuhlobo Inxanxathela nenkosi kwaba nendodana yakhe ukuba ibuye emshadweni wayo wokuqala. Umbusi wafa, hhayi kokushiya incwadi yamafa.

Okuthandayo kaPetru mina

Ngisho nalapho ngiseyingane le Tsar omkhulu esizayo Petru 1 lokuqoqa "okuhlekisayo" eshalofini kontanga futhi impi zenzeka. Kamuva ekuphileni lezi regiments eqeqeshwe kahle babe yabalindi main. UPetru wayengagunci, yonke into eziyibonayo kakhulu ngokwemvelo, ngakho waba nesithakazelo yezandla eziningi nesayensi. Fleet - omunye passion yakhe, wayefunda sina wahlanganyela shipbuilding. uthango yingcweti, ogibele ihhashi, pyrotechnics, lathe ibhizinisi kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi eziningi.

Ukuqala wokubusa

Ukuqala wokubusa Petru 1 kwaba dvoetsarstviem njengoba wabe amandla nomfowabo u-Ivan. Ngemva sebethule udade uSophia, igama likaPetru hhayi imithetho isimo kuqala. Kakade lapho ngineminyaka engu-22 le nkosi encane ikhanya wayegaqele kwesihlalo sobukhosi, futhi ezokuzilibazisa waqala ukuthatha ukuma kwezwe. umkhankaso wakhe wokuqala Azov kwenziwa 1695, entwasahlobo ka 1696 - yesibili. Khona-ke Emperor iqala ukwakha imikhumbi.

Ukubukeka uPetru mina

Kusukela beseyizinsana uPetru wayengomunye umntwana esikhundleni esikhulu. Ngiseyingane, wayemuhle nasebusweni sibalo, futhi wayengaphezu kwabo bonke ontanga. Ngo zikhathi injabulo intukuthelo yenkosi lithukile ukunyakazisa ubuso, futhi kwakwethusa abanye. Duke-Saint-Simon wamnika incazelo enembile: "Tsar Petru 1 - ubude, owakhiwe kahle, kancane mafutha. Round ubuso ebunzini okusezingeni eliphezulu, amashiya umumo omuhle. Ikhala kancane esifushane, kodwa hhayi sobala, izindebe awugqinsi, isikhumba omnyama. Inkosi black amehlo ukuma enhle, ephapheme futhi anokuqonda kakhulu. Bheka nomusa kakhulu futhi ibe nesizotha. "

inkathi

intshisekelo omkhulu kuyinto ngenkathi Petru 1, ngoba kungukuqala wokukhula nokuthuthuka olunzulu eRussia, ukuyivala ibe namandla amakhulu. Ngenxa ekuguquleni le nkosi nemisebenzi yakhe, ibutho njalo futhi lasolwandle Yakhiwa management system kanye ekwakhekeni, kwakhiwa amashumi eminyaka. Ukwandiswa amabhizinisi zezimboni baye basungula obuciko abathengisa, ukusungula ukuhweba ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. Kube ilungiselelo njalo imisebenzi sabantu.

Isiko eRussia ngaphansi uPetru mina

Russia isishintshe kakhulu, lapho uPetru ethathe ubukhosi. kwekuhlela kabusha eqhubekayo bona zazibaluleke kakhulu yezwe. Russia uye waqina, sanda yalo. Sekuvele isimo European ngawo kwamanye amazwe kwadingeka kucatshangelwe. Akukhona nje ezindabeni zezempi futhi ukuhweba ezakhiwa, kodwa kwakukhona impumelelo kwamasiko. Unyaka omusha uqale ngo-January 1, kwakukhona ukuvinjelwa izindevu, kwafika iphephandaba lokuqala Russian futhi izincwadi angaphandle wokuhumusha. Umsebenzi ukukhula ngaphandle imfundo yayingasekho nhlobo indlela yokubaleka.

Ngemva kokuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi, umbusi wenza izinguquko ezinkulu eziningi, futhi umlando wokubusa Petru 1 wehlukile futhi ngokubabazekayo. Omunye izinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukuthi ukudluliswa sesihlalo sobukhosi ngokwezifiso kuphela inzalo umugqa besilisa ikhanseliwe; indlalifa angabelwa kunoma intando yenkosi. Isinqumo eyayingavamile kakhulu, kanti futhi kwakudingeka bayibuyisele bathethelele futhi ukufuna imvume kubuswa, nokumphoqelela ukunikeza i-afidavithi. Kodwa ukufa akamnikelanga ithuba ngiwuhlakulele.

Ukuziphatha esikhathini Peter

Kuba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ezenzeka esikhathini esikhathini Petru 1 nenhlonipho. I yizikhonzi egqoka izingubo European, intshebe yakhe kungasindisa nje ngokukhokha esihle esindayo. It yimfashini ukugqoka wigs kanye imigqa Western. Abesifazane abangazange baye esikoleni reception esigodlweni, kudingeka ukuba nezivakashi, ukuthuthukisa imfundo yabo, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le ntombazane kumele akwazi ukudansa, ukwazi izilimi futhi ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo.

Uhlamvu kaPetru mina

Uhlamvu yenkosi bekulokhu impikiswano. Peter irascible futhi cool ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nokumosha kanye ukuthini, ezinzima futhi unomusa, efunwa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile nokuzitika, okwe- mnene ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho-ke ochazwa Kwabamaziyo. Kodwa kwakungegazi umbusi omkhulu yobuqotho, ukuphila kwakhe kwakusengozini ngokuphelele ezinikele inkonzo isimo, nguye futhi wanikela ukuphila kwakhe.

1 UPetru wayesekhululekile engongi kakhulu lapho uchitha imali izidingo siqu, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwezigodlo yabo futhi inkosikazi ethandekayo, akazange alale lapho ukuhlala. UMbusi wacabanga ukuthi indlela elula ukunciphisa ukukhubazeka - ukunciphisa izidingo zabo, kanti-ke kufanele wabeka isibonelo izikhonzi zakhe. Kukhona zinakekelwa kahle ngamafomu bakhe ababili: yinye nje kwaphela - umbusi esikhulu nesinamandla kabani lesigodlo ePeterhof akuyona kunabayeni Versailles, elinye - umnikazi we mafutha, wasibekela isibonelo ngoba impilo ukonga zezikhonzi zabo. Ukuncishana futhi Thrift izakhamizi sigqamile nabaseYurophu.

kabusha

Ukuqala wokubusa Petru 1 siye sabonakala ngokuthi izinguquko eziningana eziphathelene nezindaba ikakhulukazi ezempi, njalo kwenziwe ngenkani, abakaze kwaholela umphumela oyifunayo kuye. Kodwa ngemva 1715 baba ngaphezulu kahle. We namatha phezu kabusha eminyakeni yokuqala ye Boyar Duma eyabonakala bahluleka elawula izwe. Uma sicabanga wokubusa Petru 1 Kafushane, kukhona amaphuzu ezibalulekile eziningana. Wahlela ehhovisi Ephakathi. amabhodi amaningi kwangena, ngamunye onesibopho isiqondiso salo (izintela, inqubomgomo angaphandle, ukuhweba, izinkantolo, nokunye. d.). kabusha yeKambiso eseyishintshe. Yethulwa sokuphatha isikhundla abasebenzi hlola. Izinguquko ziye zathinta kuzo zonke izici zokuphila: lempi, isonto, zezimali, ukuhweba, autocratic. Ngenxa ingucuko lenkhulu yonke imikhakha yempilo eRussia wawubhekwa njengophawu ngamandla amakhulu, bese bafuna Petru 1.

Peter mina: iminyaka ezibalulekile

Uma sicabangela izinsuku ezibalulekile ekuphileni umsebenzi le nkosi, uPetru 1, eminyakeni okuye wabhekana nezenzakalo ahlukahlukene kwezinye zinkathi kwaba kakhulu esebenzayo:

• 1700: waseConstantinople ukuthula isivumelwano, Omkhulu Northern neMpi, Narva - ukunqotshwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo.
• 1721: I-nezimboni avunyelwe ukuthenga abalimi, esiGungwini isikhungo, iSivumelwano Nystad Sweden kokuthola uMbusi uPetru isihloko Omkhulu.
• 1722: umkhankaso iCaspian kanye uxhumano zomlando ogwini Russian kolwandle.

Ukuqala wokubusa Petru 1 ubelokhu kusukela ekuqaleni eyakhelwe umzabalazo isimo. Akusikho lutho ngokuthi Omkhulu. Usuku wokubusa Petru 1: iminyaka 1682-1725. Ukuba nginenhliziyo kunqunywa, abanamakhono, hhayi uma ezisola ekuzuzeni futhi amandla noma isikhathi, inkosi okuqinile kukho konke, kodwa ikakhulukazi wena. Ngokuvamile onesihluku, kodwa sibonga amandla akhe, ukuzinikela, uthando ubungqabavu futhi abanye nesihluku Russia ishintshile kakhulu, ngokuba waba namandla amakhulu. Inkathi Petru 1 kwashintsha umlando we isimo eminyaka. Futhi yena wasungula idolobha waba inhloko-dolobha yombuso iminyaka 300. Manje Petersburg - elinye lamadolobha amahle kakhulu e-Russia ngeqholo ebizwa ngegama layo yokudumisa umsunguli okukhulu.