Ukufuywa umkhakha - ukuthi kubalulekile? Impahla ukufuywa. ukufuywa izifundo

Creation ngo 1814 beekeeper Russian P. I. Prokopovichem Uhlaka yezinyosi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka isicelo ku umkhuba wokusebenzisa okunengqondo izindlela bee yeziboshwa. Ukulandela kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, kokusungulwa honeycombs yokufakelwa (I. Mehring, Germany) kanye extractor (F. Hruska, Czech Republic), kwavula indlela yokuba le ukufuywa ezimbonini.

Umlando omfishane

Eminyakeni engamakhulu ezayo, indlu yezinyosi Uhlaka ekugcineni wamkhipha ibhodi, emphemeni isidleke amabhokisi. Wokukhuthazwa izindlela ezithuthukile namasu usuthandana wemithi oluvelele AM Butlerov, abafuyi bezinyosi-abathanda I. E. Shavrov, S. K. Krasnoperov.

ERussia, ukufuywa zezimboni sekukhona njengenhlangano legatsha ezimele wezolimo ngenxa yemizamo ye onekhono umhleli, intatheli kanye uthisha Abrahama Evlampievich Titova - ". Ukufuywa ibhizinisi" umsunguli futhi eside umhleli Eshukunyiswe imibhalo futhi isibonelo pchelopromyshlennika Melika anothile Amose Umsuka, ngo-1911 emzaneni sifundazwe Borshchagovka Kiev titov wasungula umbuso wokuqala ku kwezidleke zezinyosi-nursery. Ngaphambi Okthoba Revolution kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-200 izinhlangano ukufuywa, kwakukhona 15 nakomagazini ezikhethekile.

I abasha Soviet Republic Abrama Evlampievich baqhubeka nemisebenzi yocwaningo kanye ukukhiqizwa yinhloko Izmailovo kwezidleke zezinyosi zokuhlola. Ngokwe-project ngo-1929 e-eMpumalanga Ekude, inani ukufuywa ipulazi lokuqala udaliwe. Eminyakeni eyalandela, laba izinkampani baqala umsebenzi wabo e-Asia Ephakathi, Kabardino-Balkaria, e-Kuban.

isimo samanje

Ezingasehlela akuyona indlela engcono abathintekayo embonini ngokuwa kweSoviet Union. Giant amapulazi wombuso kanye amabhizinisi zezimboni ukuthi iqedwe. Kwezinyosi umkhakha eRussia neze alulame phansi elahlekile, kodwa onamandla futhi seyisebenza ngokugcwele ngenkathi akunakwenzeka ukusho.

Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo ngcono kunalokhu kuvikeleka kwezomthetho kanye kudalwa emikhulu isiqondiso zokuphatha. Kunenkinga kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu ukufuywa, ephumelelayo futhi abaphathi ohahela uphefumule impilo entsha ukwazi ukungena kule mboni.

Abadinga sokuvuselela ezinkulu base impahla kanye lobuchwepheshe. Sebenza kwezidleke zezinyosi kufanele kwenzeke ngomshini futhi okuzenzakalelayo, ukuthi nakanjani nomthelela omuhle okwandisa amavolumu ukukhiqizwa futhi kunomoya wokuncintisana imikhiqizo bee Russian emakethe emhlabeni. Izwe unawo amandla ethu nezimali zethu ukuze kuchithwe umkhakha yamaRefa; US, Australia, eCanada.

izindaba Usayizi?

Kuphela uma isikali kuhlukile ukufuywa commercial amateur? Ngokuqondene nanoma yimuphi zokukhiqiza, inhloso yayo eyinhloko okukhipha esiphezulu kwezimpahla elidingekayo (uju kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene) ne ubuncane impahla kanye nesikhathi nezindleko. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nenzuzo kanye nokukhula - lunye kanye okuhlushwa.

Lokuhlushwa kusho bee amapulazi isandiso Ubukhulu elikhulu. ipulazi inzuzo kumele ibe okungenani 500 bee amakoloni.

Lunye ebizwa ngokuthi indawo zezulu:

• Southern izifunda zezwe - razvedencheskoe isiqondiso (ukulethwa iphakethe izinyosi, izindlovukazi).
• Ekude, Urals District - uju (honey, wax).
• Far North - impova (impova izitshalo zokugcina izakhiwo), kanye nabanye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izingxenye inqubo uchungechunge (impahla kanye nemishini, izakhiwo, izindlela namasu) babhekana Standardization eqinile ubunye. Ngezindlela eziningi, impumelelo ibhizinisi incike uzokhetha lezinyosi zohlobo kanye yokuzalela elikhiqizayo. Ubudlelwano "indoda - bee" izizathu ngokugcwele, akukho indawo "isosha esihlatshelelwayo" - kuphela i-akhawunti yebhizinisi.

ukufuywa zone ukuthuthukiswa

Kusukela esifundweni futhi ukunquma ivolumu bezikhali uju isisetshenziswa izindawo, ukufinyeleleka yayo, uzokhetha ezindaweni of lunye komnotho kuncike nenzuzo yayo nokuthuthukiswa kuphumelele.

Amahlathi iTatarstan, Bashkortostan kanye Territory Primorsky kukhona uju zezitshalo main ezahlukene limes. Eminyakeni elihle kunawo medosbor ongafinyelela afinyelela ku-20 kg umkhaya ngamunye. Emahlathini exubile kanye edlelweni utshani European Russia yezinyosi sikwazi ukunikeza 3 kg uju ngelanga ezindaweni eningizimu ezilimweni nokunye okufana nokolweni, attar amasiko - 6 kg. Aklaba isizinda ndawo kumele aqinisekise hhayi kuphela iqoqo uju, kodwa futhi izinkathi ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kanye nekusita amandla umndeni.

Alone uju izinsiza ungavumeli ukuba sihlakulele ukufuywa ngezinga ezimbonini. Yini okudingeka ukushintsha kwezimo zengqondo nemikhuba?

zezimboni ukufuywa ubuchwepheshe

Ukusetshenziswa amasu eziphambili yokuzalanisa izinyosi kungenzeka kuphela apiaries ezinkulu (imindeni 500), lapho ukusetshenziswa imishini kuzoletha imiphumela ingabonakali. Enamandla ngokwengeziwe lonke isakhiwo amapulazi kwezidleke zezinyosi sehlukaniswe amayunithi kwezomnotho (500-600 isifuba) kanye ngayinye fixed umsizi abafanelekayo, ukwaba izinto ezidingekayo kanye namathuluzi (beekeeper isudi, umuntu obhemayo, a ishizolo, njll ..). Ngemva ubusika kanye ukuhlanzwa flyby lezinyosi eyenziwa ngesisekelo esiyinhloko processing unit yathumbela mayelana kwi ukufunjathiswa entwasahlobo (akukho isifuba ezingaphezu kuka-100 iphuzu ngalinye). On the izindlu emaphakathi ungakwazi kuphela ukulungisa iyunithi (2-3 abantu), futhi nokusebenzela ngokusiza zisesimweni esihle ehlanganisa amathuluzi nemishini ukufuywa.

Ukuze zonke kwezidleke zezinyosi kuyinto eyodwa ukunakekelwa iqembu uhlelo ngenombolo encishisiwe yokuhlolwa ngenkathi. SRI ukufuywa Ochwepheshe enze umsebenzi elandelayo ubuncane (amandla ngenhlanhla kuqondaniswe imikhaya ukunikeza nekufana):

• Spring wokuhlola nezinyosi ukusuthisa
• kumiswa cuttings,
• ukubeka izitolo noma ezinye izakhiwo,
• Ukukhetha uju izothandwa, usike Slots,
• ukulungiselela ubusika.

Ukusetha usuku ngokuhlola 10-20 kuphela bee amakoloni kwezidleke zezinyosi, acabangele ubufakazi control isidleke. Ukukhetha izinyosi Bedrock ukhetha roylivoy kancane kakhulu elikhiqizayo futhi bazivumelanisa kakhulu nezimo zendawo.

Ngenkathi, ngeke ukuhlela okungenani 3-4 zokuthutha kwezidleke zezinyosi ukuba zom emazweni melliferous ukwandisa inzuzo.

Material futhi base lobuchwepheshe

Ukuze emaphakathi ipulazi endaweni ekhethiwe ngengqalasizinda, neendlela ezinhle ukufinyelela. Ipulazi izakhiwo (main endaweni ukukhiqizwa, sotohranilische, winterer) kufanele ibekwe umbono wokusebenza lula, ifakwe imoto ramps kanye namadivayisi ephakamisa. Amandla of Automobile futhi izixaxa Park kufanele ahlinzeke izidingo inkampani kwezokuthutha ipulazi.

Lapho ahlome kwezidleke zezinyosi igxile kukhethwa isifuba. Bafanele babe izilinganiso ejwayelekile futhi izakhi nezilandiso (izindlu, izitolo, ozimele zezinyosi). Isidingo design eqinile futhi engasindi ezingamelana nezinselele okuphindaphindiwe handling manipulations ngesikhathi ukuphatha ukufuduka.

Esikhathini eziningi kwesokudla uthenge imishini ukufuywa, nemishini ngomshini ukudonsa uju, imishini voskopererabatyvayuschee (ukucindezela, Centrifuges, umusi ugesi). Zenhlangano uqobo Ishabhu nge imishini okuhle kanye ongoti ukubuya fast utshalomali.

Ngeshwa, imikhiqizo eminingi for ukufuywa, yethulwa emakethe namuhla akusebenzi. Ngokuvamile, izinkampani onjiniyela abasele okulungisa futhi uthuthukise imishini ekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungiswa uju-ushukela uquqaba esetshenziswa zezimboni nomkhombe umshini olungiselela isiraphu - Kushintshwe pyatidesyatiramochnaya extractor, njll ...

inhlangano zabasebenzi

On ezinkulu ukufuywa ibhizinisi sandile indlela Sectional lapho ngamunye kwezidleke zezinyosi, equkethe kusukela imikhaya 500 1000, abasebenzi abasebenzi zabantu 2-6 is kuvikelwe. ochwepheshe Okuningi ochwepheshile futhi ongumakadebona usezohola ithimba futhi unesibopho ngokwezimali. Nge impumelelo umkhuba amafomu amabili phasi yekucasha:

• zabasebenzi nokubambisana. Lapho efeza umsebenzi emikhulu imisebenzi (zokuthutha kwezidleke zezinyosi, uju ukudonsa) ngoba kokusebenza izinga amayunithi sihlanganise imizamo.
• I nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Ngamunye isisebenzi ukuba automatism ithwala enze noma iyiphi inqubo (isib waxing ozimele okuqinile) - yakha kugxilwe kancane. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza ngokuzimisela, isixhumanisi ngalinye lihlelwe ezinye mithetho ezimali okuqinile okukhipha, okudlekayo kanye nemishini. Advantageously ukuzijayeza ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nemisebenzi (beekeeper umshayeli ugandaganda; beekeeper - joiner, njll).

Kwezinyosi umkhakha Kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle okuqhubekayo kanye ukuphinda uqeqesho kwabasebenzi. Ukukhiqizwa izifundo - ifomu kufinyeleleke kakhulu nokuphelela. Ziqhutshwa ubusika isilwane abaphezulu uchwepheshe ukuphathwa nge ukubandakanywa othisha ezikoleni ezikhethekile.

Njalo ngezikhathi waqoqa iqembu labafundi ngokuhamba ukufuywa (amakilasi theory kanye umkhuba) I-Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev Academy of Biotechnology. Scriabin (eMoscow) empambanweni Perm Pedagogical University Pskov Namahlathi e College.

Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo kanye nezindaba ukumaketha

Imiphumela yomsebenzi umkhakha ibonisa ukuthi ngaphezu ukukhiqiza, zikhona izinkinga eziningi kwezomnotho.

Over 80% amapulazi ukuthola imali etholakale ngokudayiswa uju izothandwa, mayelana ayelapha bebelokhu baziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Wax funa njengoba impahla eluhlaza kule Metallurgical, ngidwebe ngopende kanye nokwenza ukuphrinta izimboni, kodwa share sengonyama komkhiqizo (70%) ebuyiselwa umkhakha ngesimo honeycombs yokufakelwa.

izinqolobane abalulekile umkhakha inzuzo lalala ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe yokugcina nokucutshungulwa propolis, impova, bee Isihlungu nempova, jelly royal futhi homogenate Drone izibungu ezincane ezisetshenziswa ngezindlela izimonyo yasekhemisi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi razvedencheskogo izinkomba izimpahla isenzo futhi izinyosi ngokwabo - 50% of the umnotho inzuzo Southern eRussia kusukela queens ukudayiswa nokhunye.

Abezinye Izizwe kuyosisiza?

Ukuze ibhizinisi angaphandle Kwezinyosi libhekene umkhiqizo eliphezulu futhi ukwanda ukukhiqizwa. izimo Legal futhi yokudla mahle ukusetshenziswa kanye ngcono izinhlobo ejwayelekile ubuchwepheshe kanye nemishini, kanye, ngenxa yalokho - sonke bawuhloniphe ngokuqinile namazinga omhlaba imikhiqizo. Ukufuywa umkhakha emazweni amaningi abathola izibonelelo kusukela isimo okuqinile uyasijabulela zisekela ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni wase-US eziphoqelelwe yamanani ku uju amazwe (i-China ne-180%, Argentina - 60%). US abangenisa sidonsa imali uju (kufika ku $ 300 million ngonyaka) abelwe ukusekela abakhiqizi yasekhaya.

Ukuze abakhiqizi Russian kuyoba nakho okuwusizo nozakwabo Canadian. Ukusebenza bee amakoloni kuleli zwe ngenhla imiphumela emhlabeni isilinganiso okungaphezu kokuphonswe kabili.

Namathisela kubaluleke kakhulu ngcono kanye ukunwetshwa uhla izinkampani ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo for ukufuywa. Esikhathini ukuphrinta emakethe othomathikhi iseli emgqeni futhi uzotshala uju Centrifuges tanks, imishini ehlaziya izinga uju. Ejabulisa ukunakwa ngisho trifles: isudi beekeeper "Sheriff" lenkampani Danish "Svente" ngezinga eliphezulu Ukuvikelwa, induduzo ngokuqina.

Amathemba yentuthuko. Ukuqamba e ukufuywa

Ukuncintisana nozakwabo Western ungenza ukuthuthukisa abasebenzi we Ryazan Agricultural University emkhakheni imishini kanye entsha izindlela lokucubungula imikhiqizo ukufuywa umkhakha, kuhlanganise:

• ubuchwepheshe kanye nemishini for the isizinda kanye omiswe beebread,
• yokuhlanza ehlukahlukene eyinkimbinkimbi ngokucindezelwa propolis,
• ubuchwepheshe Ukudla ekondleni pasty wax igobolondo.

Iningi imishini iyasebenza ekukhiqizeni kakade. Ezobuchwepheshe ngenkuthalo ukuhlola bee amapulazi.

amahle exhunywe nokusetshenziswa i yokufakelwa plastic lezinyosi, isifuba ezintsha (kusuka polystyrene landiswa futhi amamaki athile Foam), ukusetshenziswa imaging ifilimu ukwandisa ngamandla bee amakoloni.

I wamavukelambuso iqoqo umkhiqizo ubuchwepheshe laqanjwa abafuyi bezinyosi Australia. At inhliziyo ke - design entsha ngokuphelele isimo bee isifuba kanye "ekhaya". Uma ugcwalisa uju lwamakhekheba kufanele uvule empompini, futhi umkhiqizo wedwa agelezela eyeluliweyo anoma beehive.

It inikeza eningi imibono kanye namasu, ngezinye izikhathi cishe aluhlaza cwe. Ngumuphi kubo iyogxila futhi bayozuza abafuyi bezinyosi kanye ukufuywa, kuyocaca ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.