Isexwayiso. Izici ukunakwa. A jikelele nobuntu ukunakwa

Kungaba akunakwenzeka ngenxa yenkambo elikhiqizayo futhi onenjongo izinqubo engqondo , ngaphandle ukugxila into okucatshangelwayo noma mkhuba. Umuntu kungaba ukubheka into iseduze, futhi abazange bakuqaphele noma akususe kabi. Khumbula, uma ematasa kwemicabango yabo siqu, ngokujulile egxilile introspection, abaqondi okushiwo izingxoxo kuqhutshwa eseduze, noma imisindo Amazwi alo afinyelela analyzer yakho sokuzwa.

Zikhona izikhathi ukuthi umuntu Angeke ubuhlungu, uma wakhe ukunakekela okungukuthi esinqunyiwe kokunye. Izimpawu ukunakwa kwengqondo hlala endaweni enkulu ucwaningo, ngoba ngibonga kule nqubo ephawulekayo inikeza umsebenzi wokudala wonke amanye. Kuyini zalesi simo ngokwengqondo?

Inchazelo

Ososayensi, odokotela bengqondo ichaze ukunakwa njengoba inqubo kwengqondo, libhekene isiqondiso kanye lokuhlushwa Komuntu kunoma iyiphi mkhuba, into noma umsebenzi. Asho indlela? Lokhu kukhetha yesihloko, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi. Focus libhekisela kungenzeka umuntu hhayi thikazisa kwento ekhethiwe ngakolunye, ongakaphathelani ke. Lokho i-focus.

Izici Zabantu lekubukana nemfundzi ngamunye ukusiza ngempumelelo uzulazule imvelo futhi unikeze kuveza okuphelele xaxa futhi olunembile wakhe empeleni ngemilingo. Isihloko lapho waqondisa abantu ingqondo usesikhundleni emaphakathi indawo ukwazi, futhi wonke omunye umuntu ubona ngalokwanele futhi wavuma. Kodwa lo main izici ukunakwa ukuthi umuntu kungenziwa luvulwe, kanye maphakathi indawo ukwazi esiyoba ezihlukahlukene lezinto.

Isexwayiso - lena inqubo-non-self-engqondweni yethu, ngoba asikwazi watch out nezinye izenzakalo engqondo. Man can nge ukunakwa noma lalelisisa, cabanga, musa, bheka. Kule ndaba, ukunakwa - lena kuphela impahla ezinye izinqubo yobuchopho.

izinqubo bokuphila pose

Ukunakwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza izikhungo ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa abathintekayo izinqubo engqondweni yethu lapho ahambe ukunakwa. Zamangqamuzana ezinzwa isikhungo lababukene nekwetfulwa yale nqubo, akekho, kodwa ukubukeka ezibukwayo, ethintekayo, nezinye emizweni inikeza umsebenzi ezingxenyeni ezithile cortex cerebral.

Ukutadisha imisebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa, ososayensi bathole ukuthi i ezinzwa izakhiwo zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene ubuchopho ingahle ibe elifanayo ukushukuma nobe okusithiyayo. izinqubo yezengqondo zenzeka cortex, futhi lokhu sivezwe kula umsebenzi ezingxenyeni ezithile okujula obuhlukahlukene.

I excitability kahle I. P. Pavlovu

izici ngokwengqondo ukunakwa senziwa njengenhlangano zokusebenza kwengqondo zezemfundo nososayensi-physiologists. Pavlov wagomela ngokuthi uma besingase sikwazi ukubona ngokusebenzisa ugebhezi womuntu futhi ezindaweni excitability kahle ukukhanya ubuchopho, wabona esetshenziswa, it is ngokushesha kangakanani ezihambayo iphuzu yokukhanya phezu ama- cerebral, okwenza Umumo ngaleyo ndlela ezahlukene zikanhlangothiningi.

Physiology ngaphansi ukunakwa ukuqonda umsebenzi sezinzwa lezifunda ezithile ingqondo, okuyinto njengamanje ine excitability elilungile, kuyilapho ezinye izindawo abe excitability aphansi.

A jikelele nobuntu ukunakwa, ngokusho ukuba I. P. Pavlová, okungukuthi ukuthi emkhakheni elilungile excitability lula ukusungula entsha ukuxhumana futhi entsha ekhondishina reflex kwamangqamuzana eyakheke ngempumelelo. Ubukhali nokuphimisela ngokucacile izinqubo engqondweni yethu zingachazwa ngezinqubo lokhu nje sici.

Amagxolo ezindaweni lapho elilungile wabonakaliswa ukucasuka, iba yindawo zokudala ebuchosheni. Lawa masayithi njalo kokushintsha ngenxa ukuhamba excitability elilungile ngenxa ezishukumisa bemvelo ezahlukene etholwe ngokuhamba evamile yebhizinisi. Futhi, kukhona ushintsho futhi ukunyakaza njalo ezindaweni ezingeni eliphansi excitability.

Izindawo we- cortex cerebral, ezithinta excitability high and low, ube noxhumo e ifomu yomthetho we lokungeniswa negative, nobuntu le nqubo engqondo, ukunakwa. Izici ukunakwa zibangelwa isenzo alo mthetho bokuphila ukuthi uthi lokhu okulandelayo: ukushukuma enamandla ezinye izindawo cortex cerebral ngenxa lokungeniswa kubangela unyathela amabhuleki izinqubo, kwaqedwa inqubo nhlobo sezinzwa, kanjalo kwezinye izindawo kukhona excitability ezifanele, kanti kwabanye - ukucobeka.

Umgomo we Ukhtomskii evelele

Ngaphezu izifundo I. P. Pavlová, echaza izindlela bokuphila ehilelekile ukunakwa A. A. Uhtomsky. Lokhu usosayensi babecabanga isimiso evelele. Ngokwale mfundiso, esikhathini esithile cortex kuphakama ingxenye esibonakala by ezingeni lelisetulu excitability owengame phezu kwezinye izingxenye, ezivimbela umsebenzi wabo. May futhi ikhulisa excitability ngenxa uya pulses ngenye indlela.

I Rhythmic umsindo ababuthakathaka kungabangela orienting reflex evamile izimo, kodwa uma kwenzeka evelele ezihambisana ngokufunda incwadi, umsindo ukwanda ukunakwa, noma kunalokho yayo okuhlushwa. Kodwa uma jitters, etholakala maphakathi evelele, ifinyelela izinga walo omkhulu, le pulses ngenye akuvezi lokuhlushwa ukunakwa, futhi parabiotic unyathela amabhuleki.

Izakhiwo ukunakwa kanye nezici zabo

Le nqubo engqondo inezici ezithile ukuthi babe inkulumo ezahlukene kubantu abahlukene. Ngakho-ke, izici eziyinhloko focus in the Izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• Gxila noma emakamu. Human ukwazi intando khetha into futhi ubhekisa ukunakekela ke.
• Ukuzinza. Lesi sici sikusiza umuntu ukuba simelane iziphazamiso, ngakho eside umuntu kungaba ukugxila into ethile noma isenzo. Ukunakwa span libhekene inombolo yezinto ukuthi umuntu angathatha kwelinye futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo.
• Distribution. Le mpahla unesibopho ikhono ukuqapha izinto eziningana noma wenze izenzo ezithile ezihlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa.
• Usuke - isici ngokwengqondo ukunakwa, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukuhambisa focus komunye into komunye, umuntu omusha.
• Iziphazamiso nokunakwa. Esikhathini sokuqala uma abantu ukwazi okungukuthi ezazini iyiphi into, futhi kwashabalala. A ukunakekelwa, kunalokho.

Izimpawu ukunakwa kukhona zonke izakhiwo ngenhla. Manje ake sihlole kabanzi zokugcina izici ezimbili. Masiqale.

Kuyini isiphazamiso?

Iziphazamiso - akusiwona isici jikelele ukunakwa, kodwa kunalokho ukhonkolo. Ososayensi ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezimbili eyisisekelo yaleli impahla. Eyokuqala kuphakama njengoba umkhiqizo yengqondo inqubo ukungazinzi. Lesi sici ukunakwa inkumbulo nobuntu izingane ubudala wasesikoleni samabanga aphansi, kodwa futhi kungavuka abadala. Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba kungaba buthaka isimiso sezinzwa, ukukhathala okusezingeni eliphezulu nokungalali. Uma umuntu akanawo umkhuba adzimelele umsebenzi, uhlobo lokuqala kokuthikamezeka singenzeka kuleli cala.

Omunye umlingiswa uye yesibili uhlobo mkhuba "ephazamiseka ukunakwa". Izimpawu ukunakwa kulokhu emelelwa lokuhlushwa sina entweni eyodwa nezamechaniem nezinye izinto ezizungezile. Lokhu kokuthikamezeka kuyinto eyinqaba, abantu abanothando - ososayensi, abalobi, abalandeli ibhizinisi.

anakekele Izimpawu

nezinye izici ezimbili ukunakwa kwengqondo - lokhu ukunakekelwa kanye inattention. Ngomqondo onabile, ngolunye ongasho ukuthi lezi zici ezimbili ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, ingane ifundiswe ukwenza konke ngokucophelela futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunakwa iba yinto esiyenza njalo womuntu - ukunakekelwa. Nge lesi sici, abantu Uyoletha ngokwabo emphakathini kuphela ohlangothini oluhle. Le mfanelo nayo ephelezelwa observation, ngcono nekhono lokuqonda imvelo. umuntu Uqaphele has ukusabela ngokushesha imicimbi kanye nesipiliyoni ejulile, ikhono omuhle ukufunda.

Ukucabangela has a uxhumano ukuthuthukiswa inqubo uhlaza, njengoba ukunakwa. Izimpawu ukunakwa (okungukuthi, ivolumu, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ukuzinza, ukusatshalaliswa) qualitatively ukusiza ukuthuthukisa impahla ngenhla. Ezinjalo umuntu uye awunankinga sosredotachivaniem noma okungalindelekile ukunakwa.

Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zithi umsebenzi noma isikole udlala intshisekelo indima ebalulekile. Ngokuba umuntu ngokucophelela lula kakhulu yokugqugquzela uma yaba nesithakazelo kuleli cala sishoda. Darwin, Pavlov, Tolstoy, laseChekhov futhi Gorky kwahluka mhlaba ochazwe.

Ukunakwa nezinhlobo zayo

Ososayensi, odokotela bengqondo baye basungula ngeengaba eziningana yale nqubo engqondo. Umbandela okungukuthi kakhulu ethandwa umsebenzi ngamunye enhlanganweni ukunakwa. Ngokusho leli fomu kuba angawodwa 3: okungalindelekile, ngokungenasizathu futhi posleproizvolnoe.

ukunakwa okungalindelekile

Izimpawu ukunakwa okungalindelekile ukuthi kuyinto inqubo unfocused emakamu ukwazi ezintweni ezithile. Lena eyinhloko asathuthuka ontogenesis ngesikhathi ubudala zasenkulisa. Kwenzeka ngaphandle iqhaza isiqondiso volitional.

ukunakwa okungalindelekile libhekene ukungabi khona umzabalazo izisusa oyithandayo esivela kabi amandla akhe, lapho abantu ngiwahlanganise amaza ukuncintisana kokuba izinkomba ezahlukene nokuthi kungaba ukuheha nokugcina ukwazi yomuntu.

ukunakwa yokuzithandela

Izimpawu ukunakwa yokuzithandela ebonisa ukuthi kuyinqubo bayazi futhi elawulwa emakamu ukwazi ngale ndaba, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zebhizinisi. Lolu hlobo iqala yayo ukuthuthukiswa kusukela primary school ubudala, lapho ingane Uqala ukufunda.

Umuntu ibheka hhayi kuphela isimo emnandi ngokomzwelo, kodwa futhi phezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingxenye imisebenzi yakhe futhi engalethi injabulo enkulu. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-ka kwemizwa izinqubo isondo 20 - ungubani iqala ahlangahlangene. Leli qiniso kufanele kubhekwe inqubo yokufunda nokusebenza.

Man wenza ukukhetha bayazi esivuna nesithakazelo esikhethekile usebenzisa amandla futhi aqondise wonke amehlo ayo ku into eyodwa, kuyilapho pulses aseleko ukuyiveza.

ukunakwa posleproizvolnoe

Lolu hlobo ukunakwa ubhekwa ukuyedlula njengomuntu Sizoqhubeka nokusebenza ukunakwa yokuzithandela, kodwa amandla akusadingeki ukwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi ugqozi emsebenzini.

Ngokwe-izici ezingokwengqondo emelelwa uhlobo ukunakwa efana okungalindelekile. Kodwa umehluko omkhulu wukuthi posleproizvolnoe akhawunti isithakazelo ngenxa hhayi ndaba, futhi orientation we ngabanye. Umsebenzi iba isidingo, futhi umkhiqizo wawo kubaluleke kakhulu kumuntu. Isikhathi salesi hlobo ukunakwa akugcini.

Okunye izinhlobo ukunakwa

Ngaphandle kwalezi, kukhona lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Yemvelo ukunakwa. Man ngokukhetha iyaphendula ezintweni ezivela imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi, okuyinto zinokwaziswa eseyintsha. Mshini eziyisisekelo kuleli cala iba reflex orienting.
• kwakhiwa ukunakwa Social is ngenxa izinyathelo zemfundo nokuqeqeshwa. Lapha sinawo umthetho oqinile-willed futhi uyakhetha impendulo bayazi.
• Umnqopho ngokushesha kuhlobene into yamanje.
• ukunakwa umlamuleli incike izindlela eziqondile futhi amathuluzi (isenzo, igama, uphawu Inkomba, nokunye. D.).
• Ukudideka ukunakwa okungukuthi uxhumene ngokomzwelo sphere futhi uyakhetha ukugxila sezinzwa izitho.
• ukunakwa Intellectual kungenxa yomsebenzi womuntu kwengqondo.

isiphetho

Esikhathini iphepha samanje lalibhekwa into nesikaJesu ukunakwa. Akukhona umuntu engqondweni yethu inqubo, kodwa kunalokho esihambisana futhi ukhonza imemori womsebenzi, ukucabanga, umcabango, nabanye.