Ukubhekwa kwe-inflation yikuphi? Inqubomgomo yokubhekela ukunyuka kwamanani emali

Ukwehla kwamandla emali ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukuze ulinganise izinga laso, isibonakaliso senguquko kwinani lentengo elihambisana nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa sisetshenziswa.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ukunyuka kwemali kunamabomu amabili. Okokuqala kubangelwa ukukhula kwesidingo sempahla. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa yi-inflation yesidingo. Kulokhu, umthengi uzimisele ukukhokha ngaphezulu komkhiqizo othize. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lwezomnotho lungasifisela iphuzu elithile, elingaphandle kwamathuba okukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi, kuye ngezimo, noma ukwandisa izintengo zezimpahla, noma ukwandise umkhiqizo wayo. Ukwehla kwamandla okuthengwa kwempahla kwenzeka ngokufuna okujwayelekile. Amanani okwenyuka kwemikhiqizo kulokhu ngenxa yokukhula kwezindleko (izindleko zemikhiqizo zanda). Njengoba amabhizinisi akakwazi ukuthengisa imikhiqizo ngokulahlekelwa yibo, baphoqeleka ukuba bandise intengo yayo. Ngokuhambisana nomthetho wokuthengwa kwempahla, uma kwenzeka izindleko zanda, inani lezinyunithi ezithengisiwe linciphile. Uma uhulumeni engathathi izinyathelo ezanele, umnotho uqala ukwehla.

Ukuguqulwa kuya ekubhekeni kwamanani emali

Emazweni amaningi athuthukile, ukwanda kwamanani jikelele kuyinkinga ephuthumayo yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukwehla kwamandla emali akuyona nje ukwanda kwezindleko zokukhiqiza. Iholela ekunciphiseni kwezimali, ukushayelwa kwemali emikhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala, izindlu eziyigugu kanye namafa angaphandle, ukwehla kokukhangisa kokutshala izimali. Lokhu, kunciphise ukukhula komnotho, kuhlanganisa ukuhlela isikhathi eside, kwandisa ukucindezeleka emphakathini. Njengamanje, abaningi bathi basebenzise amazinga okushintshanisa kanye namahlanganisi ezimali njengenhloso ephakathi yenqubo yezezimali neyezikweletu. Kodwa emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye amazwe amaningi asuke kulo mkhuba. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwezezimali nezesikweletu kwamanye amazwe lingabonakala ngezinga elithile njengokubhekwa kwe-inflation. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i -economist eyaziwa kakhulu uJ. Taylor ikholelwa ukuthi e-United States incike esimweni sobukhosi sale ndlela. Ngokuhambisana nalomthetho, uhlelo lokugcinwa kwesifunda luguqula njalo inzalo yesithakazelo ezimali. Ngakho-ke iyasabela ekuphambukeni kwemikhiqizo yasekhaya kusukela ekuphumeni okungenzeka, kanye nokwehla kwamanani emali - kusukela ekubikezelweni. Amanye amazwe akhethe ngokukhethekile le ndlela. Ngokungangabazeki, kunezinzuzo nezinkinga zokubhekwa kwe-inflation. Kodwa emazweni anjalo, ukuphumelela kwezinga eliphansi lentengo kwenza njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukukhula komnotho.

Inqubomgomo yokubhekela ukunyuka kwamanani emali

Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, yonke imizamo yokufezekisa ezinye izinhloso zokusimama kwezomnotho (ukukhula kwezimboni kanye nokuqashwa okukhulu kwabantu) kuhambisani nemigomo yokuzinza kwentengo. Esimeni lapho izwe elithuthukile lengozini yokukhuphuka kwamanani emali, amabhange asezindaweni ezivame ukuphakamisa amanani entengo ngokusebenzisa ukubhekwa kwe-inflation. Lokhu kunjalo, kubangele ukunganeliseki okukhulu, ikakhulukazi kubadlali abathintekayo emkhakheni wangempela wezomnotho. Le ndlela, kodwa, iyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umgomo oyinhloko ohlelweni lwezezimali nezesikweletu akusikho ukugqugquzela isibonakaliso esiphezulu sokuqashwa komsebenzi noma ukukhiqiza, kodwa kunalokho "ukwakheka" okuhleliwe kwe-inflation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusekelwe kulolu hlelo, izinyathelo zokuphendula ezanele zingathathwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kube nenkinga.

Okuyinhloko yendlela

Ukubhekwa kwe-inflation kusebenza kanjani? Ibhange eliphakathi libikezela ukuguquguquka kwamanani okulindelekile okukhula kwamanani bese kuqhathaniswa nezinkomba ezihlosiwe ezifisa ukufeza. Umehluko ubonisa izinga elidingekile lokulungiswa kohlelo lwezezimali nezesikweletu. Ngenxa yalokho, kusezingeni elihleliwe lokunciphisa imali. Iziphathimandla ngesikhathi esisodwa zisebenzisa zonke izindlela zokufeza le nkhomba. Amazwe lapho le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukuthi igalelo ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza komgomo wezimali uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezijwayelekile.

Izidingo zokuqala

Kunezimo ezimbili okumelwe zihlangane ukuze kuqaliswe ukubhekwa kwe-inflation. Lezi yizi:

1. Izinga elizimele lokuzimela kweBhange Elikhulu kusukela kuhulumeni. Isikhungo sezimali kufanele sikhululeke ukukhetha amathuluzi okulindeleke ukuba afinyelele ezingeni elibhekiswe kuzo.
2. Ukwenqaba iziphathimandla ukukhomba ezinye izinkomba zomnotho. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ikakhulukazi, inkokhelo, izinga lokushintshaniswa, noma amazinga okuqashwa.

Ichazwe

Ukuze ugcwalise isimo sokuqala, kufanele ushiye "ukubusa kwezimali". Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo lwezimali alufanele lube nethonya nganoma yisiphi isimiso sezimali nezesikweletu. Uma kunqatshelwe ukubusa kwezimali, kucatshangwa ukuthi izikweletu zikahulumeni ezivela eBhange Elikhulu ziphansi kakhulu noma zero, kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngokwanele kwemakethe yasekhaya. Lokhu kudingekile ukuze kutholakale ukukhishwa okwengeziwe kwezibopho zikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso kufanele ube nesisekelo esikhulu semali engenayo. Nakuba kugcinwa ukubusa kwezimali, uhlelo lwentela luzogqugquzela ukucindezelwa kwezezimali. Lokhu, kuzokwenza ukuthi kuncishiswe ukuphumelela kohlelo lwezezimali nezesikweletu. Ngokuqondene nesimo sesibili, uma izwe lilandela inqubomgomo yezinga lokushintshanisa, ngokuhamba kwezimali ezinkulu emhlabeni jikelele, ngeke kube nethuba lokufaka isikhalazo samanani emali ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kuthinta abahlanganyeli bemakethe abangazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhloso eziningana uhulumeni azokukhetha uma kwenzeka isimo esibucayi. Isibonelo, uma kunamathuba okuguqulwa kwezinga lokushintshwa, iBhange Elikhulu kuzodingeka likhethe: ukuqhubeka nokugcina isilinganiso esinqunyiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela ilahlekelwe ekuhlosweni kwe-inflation, noma ukugcina izinga elihlelekile, kodwa ukudela izinga lokushintshaniswa.

I-Action Scheme

Imisebenzi eyinhloko edingekile yokuqhuba ukubhekela kwe-inflation ephumelelayo yilezi:

1. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemidwebo noma indlela yokubikezela.
2. Ukusungulwa kwezinkomba ezithengayo zamanani emali esikhathini esizayo.
3. Ukuqinisekiswa kwabathengi bemakethe ukuthi imigomo ebekiwe ifanelekile kunezinye.
4. Ukukhethwa kwezikhali ezifanele zemali. Nge-inflation yayo yokusiza izokwehlisa izinga elibhekiswe kulo.
5. Ukudalwa kwezidingo zezobuchwepheshe nezokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe zokubikezela nokulinganisa izindleko zasekhaya.
6. Incazelo ye-lag phakathi nesikhathi sokusungulwa kwezixhobo zemali kanye nesikhathi somthelela wayo ezingeni lentengo ye-inflation.
7. Ukutadisha izinga lokusebenza kwezinsimbi zomuntu ngamunye.

Incazelo yenani elibhekiswe kulo liphinde lisho:

1. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwenkokhelo yamanani.
2. Ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi ngokwezinga lokukhuphuka kwemali noma izinga lentengo.
3. Ukubalwa kwezingqinamba zokwanda okuzayo.
4. Ukwakhiwa kwehlombe njengendlela yokuhamba okungafani noma inani lephuzu.
5. Ukubhuka kwezimpikiswano ezibonakalayo ezivela ezinkomba ezibhekiswe kuzo noma ukwenqatshwa kwezimpawu zomhlaba uma kwenzeka izimo ezikhethekile.

Isimo e-Russian Federation

Kuze kube manje, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi iBhange Elikhulu lihambisana ne-"strategy-catch-up", lapho ukuguqulwa kweRussia kuya ekuhlosweni kwamanani emali kuhleliwe. Ngakho-ke, ikakhulukazi, eziKhombandlela eziKhokhelwayo zeNhlelo Yezezimali Nezikweletu ze-2013-2015. Kwashiwo ukuthi kule minyaka emithathu, ukuqhubeka kwemigomo esetshenziswayo kuzoqhubeka. Ngonyaka ka-2015 kwakulungiswe ukusungula umbuso wokuhlaselwa kwezezimali ezweni. Ukuhlelwa kwemibandela futhi kubonise ukuthi, ngenxa yesethi yezinyathelo ezihloswe ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwezinsimbi, ukwandisa ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble, lalawula amanani entengo yamanje. Kodwa-ke, izindlela iBenki Ephakathi ezizisebenzisayo azikwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza emnothweni.

Izinkinga

Ukubhekelela ukunyuka kwemali eRussia kuphethwe yizimo eziningana ezibalulekile. Njengamanyathelo avamile kule ndlela yizinyathelo zokunciphisa izindleko zesabelomali, qinisekisa isiyalo sezimali, ukunciphisa inani lemali yokuboleka imali kumabhange ezentengiselwano. Ngenxa yalokho, izenzakalo ezimbi zenzeka. Ngokuyinhloko, amabhange 'okuboleka emkhakheni wezezimboni wehla, ukuthengwa kwemali, ukuthengwa kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kudingekile, futhi imali engenayo iyakhula. Izinga lokunciphisa imali lizinqunywa yizinkomba ezinamandla okungenakwenzeka ukubikezela. Izinguquko ezinjalo zezimali zihlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwezimakethe zasekhaya, ukungalingani ezindaweni zokuhweba zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi emakethe yamandla. Ukunciphisa izinga lokukhuphuka kwamanani emali ngenxa yokunciphisa imali enikezwa ngemali kungaholela ekwehliseni ukwedlula imali. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi kube nezinkinga ezibalulekile emkhakheni webhange. Njengoba ukwehla kwamandla emali eRussian Federation ngokuyinhloko kuthengiswa, ukukhuphula izinga lentengo ngeke kube nomthelela omkhulu ezindlebeni zokwakheka kwe-hydrocarbon. Ngenkathi izwe lingathathi izinyathelo ezihlose ukunciphisa umthelela wezindleko zomhlaba ngamanani asekhaya, lezi zinsuku zizovuka emva kokuqala. Indlela yendabuko yokubhekelela ukukhipha izinga lentengo yeBhange Elikhulu. Lesi silinganiso singasiza ekunciphiseni ukufuna okubanzi. Lokhu, kuzokwenza ukuthi kuphungulwe umnotho futhi kunciphise ukwanda kwezindleko eziningana zezinsizakalo nezimpahla, ikakhulukazi okungewona abahwebi. Noma kunjalo, lezi zenzo zodwa azikwazi ukunciphisa ukukhuphuka kwamanani emazingeni ahleliwe.

Izixazululo ezingenzeka

Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezihlelekile nezokutshala izimali, izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe emnothweni wasekhaya zilinganiswa yizintatheli njengemigomo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kuboniswa ngokuchithwa okusheshayo kwesakhiwo sezomnotho. Ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezomnotho kuye kwabathinta izimboni zanamuhla, ezenze "ukuphindaphinda" eminyakeni engu-15-20 edlule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubhekela kufanele kuqala kuqondiswe hhayi ekukhuleni kwemali, kepha ekukhuleni komnotho. Emkhakheni wangempela kukhona ukwehla okuqinile kwempahla ehleliwe. Ukusheshisa ukuvuselelwa kwabo, kuzodingeka izimali ezinkulu. Akunakwenzeka ukuthola inzuzo emalini yamabhizinisi. Esikhathini samanje, ukukhiqiza akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuboleka.