Ukuba khona futhi ngokuyisisekelo abantu. Ingqikithi yefilosofi umuntu

Ingqikithi indoda - kuba nomqondo wefilosofi ebonisa izici zemvelo kanye nezici eziwumgogodla ukuthi esivela kuzo zonke abantu ngandlela-thile, ukuhlukanisa kubo kusukela nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila kanye nokuzalwa. Ungahlangana zokubuka ezihlukahlukene ngalolu daba. Kwabaningi, lo mbono ibonakala isobala, futhi ngokuvamile ngakho, akekho ecabanga. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kukhona inhlangano ethile, noma, okungenani, ke akaqondakali. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kuba knowable, wafaka phambili ezihlukahlukene imiqondo. Elinye iphuzu ezivamile umbono - ukuthi okushiwo abantu sihlobene ngokuqondile umuntu, okuyinto eduze zithandelana psyche, okusho ukwazi yakamuva, kungenzeka ukuba baqonde uhlobo indoda.

Amaphuzu amqoka

The main predpossylkoy khona kwanoma lomuntu liwumsebenzi ukusebenza emzimbeni wakhe. Kuyinto - ingxenye endalweni esizungezile. Kule umbono, indoda uyinto phakathi kwezinye izinto futhi yenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nendalo. Kodwa le ncazelo sincane kantsi oyithatha kalula indima ukuphila okumatasa futhi abazi ngabanye, hhayi ukuba eqele ngalé yokwenziwa-ucabangisisa amehlo nobuntu izinto ezibonakalayo 17-18 eminyaka.

Ngo isethulo lanamuhla lomuntu - hhayi nje okuyingxenye yobuntu, kodwa futhi umkhiqizo eliphakeme sokuthuthuka, ukusekela ifomu social ukuvela ndaba. Futhi hhayi nje "umkhiqizo", kodwa futhi umdali. Kuyinto isidalwa asebenzayo, wanika amandla okuphila ngesimo amakhono nokuthambekela. Ngokusebenzisa bayazi, isinyathelo okunenjongo, ke ngenkuthalo kushintsha imvelo ngokuhamba lezi zinguquko kuyahlukahluka uqobo. ngokoqobo Inhloso, nomshikashika siguqulwe, uba ngokoqobo abantu, "yizenzo", "izwe yomuntu." Ngakho, lesi sici ukuphila kwesimo sobunye kanye nolwazi ezingokomoya umenzi, okungukuthi, umlingisi zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando. Inqubo yokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe futhi umkhakha liyincwadi evulekile amandla ebalulekile esintwini. Ukufunda ke, ungakwazi ukuza kuvisisa elithi "isimo sobuntu" ku objectified, ifomu yokuthengisa, njengenhlangano umqondo abstract hhayi kuphela. It kungatholakala uhlobo lomsebenzi omkhulu, lapho kukhona ukuxhumana dialectical ngezinto zemvelo, lokudala amandla yomuntu nge isakhiwo ethile yomphakathi kanye nomnotho.

Isigaba "khona"

Le nkulumo ibhekisela determinate kokuba umuntu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Labe kuboniswe okushiwo yizenzo zabantu, ukuhlanganisa enamandla zonke izinhlobo ukuziphatha kwabantu, amakhono ayo futhi ukuba khona ukuziphendukela mpilo esintu. Ukuba khona imvelo acebile kakhulu futhi, njengoba ifomu yokukhuluma yayo, zihlanganisa, ngaphezu ukubonakaliswa kwamandla omuntu, njengoba ukuhlukahluka izimfanelo kwesimiso sezenhlalo, sokuziphatha begazi nezingokwengqondo. ubunye kokubili imiqondo le kuphela yakha ngokoqobo womuntu.

Isigaba "isimo sobuntu"

Ekhulwini leminyaka eledlule, indlela yokuphila kwabantu ezabonakala, kanye nesidingo umqondo ahlukene iye ngemibuzo. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa biology, ukutadisha inhlangano yezinzwa ebuchosheni futhi kubangela ufuzo ukubheka lokhu ubuhlobo ngendlela entsha. Umbuzo oyinhloko ingabe kukhona njalo, nemvelo olwakhiwe yomuntu ezimele wonke amathonya, noma kungaba plastic nokushintsha imvelo.

Isazi sefilosofi F. Fukuyama United States ukholelwa ukuthi kukhona omunye, futhi kuqinisekisa ngokuqhubeka nokuzinza wempilo yethu njengoba oluthile lwento ephilayo, kanye ne inkolo yamanani ethu eyisisekelo kunazo ayingqalasizinda. Omunye usosayensi kusukela Melika S.Pinker, ichaza ukwakheka kwabantu njengoba iqoqo imizwa, amakhono lolwazi nezisusa zivamile enkolweni abantu ngokuvamile isebenze isimiso sezinzwa. Kulezi zincazelo kusobala ukuthi izici yabantu zichazwe izakhiwo eziphila ngofuzo. Nokho, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubuchopho inquma kuphela kungenzeka ukwakheka amakhono, kodwa hhayi nezimbangela zabo.

"Nasi isihluthulelo a"

Akuwona wonke umuntu okholelwa welithi "ngokuyisisekelo abantu" esisemthethweni. Ngokusho isiqondiso ezifana existentialism, omunye akanayo ethile zinhlobo nenhlalakahle, njengalokhu yena uqobo "kumhlali wase ngokwayo." Karl Jaspers, enkulu kunazo zonke nommeleli wayo bakholwa ukuthi onjalo wesayensi njengoba kwabantu, izitho zomzimba, kanye nabanye anikeza ulwazi ezinye izici ezithile okuba khona komuntu, kodwa awukwazi ukungena essence yayo, okuyinto ekuphileni (khona). Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ungakwazi ukuhlola ngabanye ezicini ezihlukahlukene - e izitho zomzimba njengoba umzimba, e kwabantu - isidalwa nomphakathi, in kwengqondo - umphefumulo, nokunye, kodwa ukuphendula umbuzo yini ubuntu babantu hhayi ngoba njalo okuncane ngaphezu kwakhe zingaba nomthelela. Vala lo mbono, futhi neo-positivists. Baphika ukuthi umuntu angathola kunokuthile abafana ngakho.

Buka yomuntu

ENtshonalanga Yurophu bakholelwa ukuthi ishicilelwe ngo-1928 umsebenzi zefilosofi German Scheller ( "isikhundla Elomuntu Yonke Endaweni Yonke"), kanye Plessner "Izinyathelo Organic Nabantu" kwasho ukuqala a anthropology zefilosofi. Inani zefilosofi A.Gelen, N. Henstenberg (1904), E. Rothaker, O. Bollnov (1913) (1904-1976 GG.) (1888-1965 GG.) - igxile kuphela wakhe. Ongqondongqondo isikhathi wenza imibono ababaningi abahlakaniphileyo ngendoda namanje akalilahlile UKUCHAZISISA yayo amagugu. Ngokwesibonelo, uSocrates ngokuthi wesimanje ukwazi ngokwabo. Ingqikithi yefilosofi enjabulweni yabantu futhi iyini injongo yokuphila eyayigujwa kuvisisa okushiwo indoda. Ikholi USocrates kwaqhubeka ethi: "Yazi wena - futhi uzoba ujabule!" Protagoras wagomela ngokuthi indoda - iyona elithile zonke izinto.

EGrisi lasendulo, okokuqala yaphakamisa umbuzo ngemvelaphi abantu, kodwa ngokuvamile lapho nesibindi zokucabangela. Syracuse sefilosofi Empedocles lokuqala wasikisela ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umsuka engokwemvelo yomuntu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi konke emhlabeni ihamba ubutha futhi ubungani (inzondo nothando). Ngokusho nezimfundiso zikaPlato, umphefumulo, uhlala empyrean emhlabeni. Wafanisa le human umphefumulo inqola, okuyinto umphathi we Will, futhi usetshenziswe ukuze sijabulise izinzwa zakhe engqondweni. Imizwa ukudonsa phansi - ukuze indawo impahla nekucitsa Isizathu - up, ukuze uqaphele le postulates ezingokomoya. Lona umnyombo yokuphila komuntu.

Aristotle ngibona abantu umphefumulo 3: ezinengqondo, isilwane nemifino. umphefumulo vegetative unesibopho ukukhula, ukukhula kanye osekhulile umzimba, isilwane - sokuzibusa ukunyakaza futhi imizwa yakhe ehlukahlukene ezingokwengqondo, ezinengqondo - I-iSilekeleli Sokwazisa ukuphila okungokomoya futhi ukucabanga. Aristotle siqale siqonde ukuthi umnyombo oyinhloko yomuntu ekuphileni kwakhe umphakathi, alichaze ngokuthi umuntu uyisilwane esihlala emphakathini.

NamaStoyiku ezikhonjwe isimilo nengokomoya, ekubekeni isisekelo esiqinile of izethulo sakhe njengomuntu zokuziphatha. Singakhumbula uDiogenes, owayehlala emgqonyeni, okuyinto lantern elikhanyayo emini ngifuna e isixuku womuntu. NgeNkathi Ephakathi the ukubukwa lasendulo zazibhekwa futhi ishabalale. Renaissance abameleli olusha ukubukeka Antique, sibeka umuntu emhlabeni liyisikhungo, aphawula ukuqala zobuntu.

On okushiwo umuntu

Dostoyevsky ukuthi okushiwo indoda kuyimfihlakalo ukuthi kumele sicacise, nimyeke ngubani sizakwenza ke bese usisebenzisa konke ukuphila kwakhe, akusho ukuthi akukho lutho saba nesikhathi enkulu. Engels wayekholelwa ukuthi izinkinga zokuphila kwethu ziyoxazululwa kuphela uma ngokugcwele aziwa abantu ukunikela izindlela ukufeza lokhu.

Frolov lithi kwakuyidili isihloko inqubo zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando, njengoba biosocial kokuba zofuzo exhumene nezinye izinhlobo Nokho, ahlukaniswe ngenxa ikhono lokwenza amathuluzi, kokuba inkulumo futhi ukwazi. Umsuka nemvelo yomuntu usukela kahle zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo bemvelo nezilwane. Ngokungafani yokugcina, abantu bavele nezidalwa ngubani abe nezici ezilandelayo esemqoka: ukwazi, ukuziqaphela, umsebenzi kanye nokuphila emphakathini.

Onomusa, ekulinganisweni umbuso isilwane, kuhlanganise abantu phakathi kwezilwane, kodwa wawubuyisela, kanye nezinkawu omkhulu, esigabeni hominids. Homo sapiens Itholakala kwi phezulu wokwehlayo yabo. Man - kwesilwane okungukuthi esivela ukwazi. Kuyinto Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba lamukele inkulumo. Ngosizo amazwi kwenzekani ukwazi komuntu yedwa, kanye ngokoqobo ezizungezile. Bona - esiyinhloko iseli abathwali kokuphila okungokomoya olwenza abantu ukwabelana okuqukethwe ukuphila kwawo kwangaphakathi ngosizo imisindo, izithombe noma izinhlamvu. Esivela esigabeni 'essence khona yomuntu "kungokwalabo Labor. Ngibhale ngalokhu umnotho zakudala zezombusazwe ka u-Adam Smith, Marx no predshestvenik umfundi Hume. Yena kuchazwe mlisa ngokuthi "isisebenzi isilwane."

zabasebenzi

Ekunqumeni ngokucacile we Empeleni ukuphazamisa komuntu Marxism kufanele kunikeza umsebenzi ukubaluleka okukhulu. Engels uthe yena wazi ngokwazi asheshisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bemvelo begazi. Indoda emsebenzini wakhe nhlobo, ngokungafani nezilwane, ngubani basebenza kanzima bebhala ngendlela eyimfihlo. Abasebenzisi ongenza umsebenzi ohlukile kunalowo oqashelwe ngokuphelele futhi yilowo nalowo. Sikhululekile kube sikhulule labo kube sezingeni emsebenzini sikwazi ngisho ... Angazi ukusebenza. Ingqikithi kwamalungelo wobuntu itholakala lokuthi nokuthi ngaphandle kwezibopho bamukeleke umphakathi, kukhona kwamalungelo anikwe ngabanye futhi iyithuluzi zokuvikeleka komphakathi. Ukuziphatha kwabantu emphakathini kubuswa umphakathi obabheka ngayo. Thina, kanye nezilwane, bezwa ubuhlungu, ukoma, indlala isifiso sobulili, ibhalansi, njll, kodwa bonke imizwelo yethu zilawulwa umphakathi. Ngakho, zabasebenzi - kuyinto umsebenzi bayazi, kugaywe emphakathini wesintu. kwamiswa Okuqukethwe ukwazi ngenxa yethonya lakhe, bese ilungiswe inqubo iqhaza phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi.

ubunjalo babantu nomphakathi

Komphakathi yinqubo ekuzuzeni izakhi zokuphila emphakathini. Kuphela umphakathi amuncwa ukuziphatha akabuswa imizwelo, kodwa umbono weningi, ukulawula isilwane imizwelo engokwemvelo, ulimi walamukela, amasiko. Lapha abantu beyithatha isipiliyoni kubudlelwano phakathi kwabaqashi nabasebenzi dlule zukulwane. Kusukela u-Aristotle, kwakubhekwa njengento main imvelo yezenhlalakahle isakhiwo ubuntu. Marx, eqinisweni, wabona okushiwo umuntu kuphela imvelo umphakathi.

Personality akusho ukukhetha izimo zezwe ngaphandle, kumane nje sihlala sikhona. Komphakathi kungenxa ukumuncwa imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle, izindima, ukuthola isimo sabo emphakathini, lithathelwe izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izenzakalo zokuphila yezenhlalakahle zingenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa isinyathelo ngabanye. Njengoba isibonelo, ubuciko, lapho abaculi, abenzi mafilimu, izimbongi kanye Okugweda ukudala emshikashikeni wakhe siqu. Umphakathi ubeka definition yezenhlalakahle nemingcele ngazinye, ngokuvumelana uhlelo yefa kwezenhlalo, igcina ibhalansi kulesi simiso eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Le ndoda emhlabeni zenkolo

izwe sezenkolo - kuba ifilosofi, okuyinto esekelwe bokukholelwa ka okungaphezu kwemvelo (imimoya, onkulunkulu, izimangaliso). Ngakho-ke, inkinga yomuntu kubhekwa ekukhanyeni yaphezulu. Ngokwe-izimfundiso zeBhayibheli, ngesisekelo ubuKristu, uNkulunkulu wadala umuntu ngomfanekiso waKhe futhi umfuzile. Ake ukuhlala kulokhu imfundiso.

UNkulunkulu wadala umuntu odakeni zomhlaba. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezingamaProthestani Modern Catholic bathi ukudalwa laphezulu babizwa izenzo ezimbili: eyokuqala - ekudalweni kwezwe (yonke) kanti eyesibili - ukudalwa umphefumulo. Emibhalweni lasendulo kweBhayibheli maJuda azisholo ukuthi umphefumulo - umoya womuntu, lokho okuphefumulayo. Ngakho-ke, umphefumulo kaNkulunkulu ashaye ngokusebenzisa amakhala. Kuyinto efanayo ukuthi besikhumba saleso silwane. Ngemva kokufa kwezimila liyaphela, umzimba liphenduka uthuli, futhi siphela ngigeza emoyeni. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amaJuda aqala ukubona umphefumulo ngegazi umuntu noma isilwane.

IBhayibheli liyisipho indima enkulu e essence esingokomoya yomuntu kususa inhliziyo yakhe. Ngokusho abalobi Old and New Testament, ukucabanga alikho ikhanda kodwa inhliziyo. Iphinde kuba ukuhlakanipha enikezwa nguNkulunkulu ukuba indoda. Futhi kukhona ikhanda kuphela izinwele zakhe ezikhulayo. IBhayibheli alikhulumi nanokukhuluma gudlisela kwa yokuthi abantu bayakwazi ucabanga ukuthi ikhanda. Lo mbono yaba nethonya elikhulu emasikweni European. Isazi omkhulu kwekhulu XVIII, umcwaningi isimiso sezinzwa Buffon wayeqiniseka ngokuthi umuntu ezishaya inhliziyo yakhe. Ubuchopho, ngokombono wakhe - umzimba kwamandla isimiso sezinzwa. Zabalobi beTestamente Elisha bavume ukuba khona ukuthi umphefumulo imfuyo, ezimele emzimbeni. Kodwa lo mqondo yokungaqiniseki. OFakazi BakaJehova Modern ukuhumusha imibhalo eTestamenteni Elisha emoyeni Omdala futhi asilazi ukungafi komphefumulo womuntu, bekholelwa ukuthi khona iyeke ngemva kokufa.

I ezingokomoya yomuntu. Umqondo ubuntu

Yomuntu ngakho wenza ukuthi izimo zenhlalo zokuphila uyakwazi aguqule zibe Indoda engokomoya olwenzeka ngaphakathi kumuntu. Esikhathini izincwadi ungathola izincazelo eziningi zobuntu, izici zayo futhi izimfanelo. Lokhu, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokuba izinqumo bayazi futhi kube sengathi nguye obangela konke ukuziphatha kwabo nezenzo.

I ezingokomoya yomuntu - okuqukethwe ngamunye. Central lapha isimo. It is ekhiqizwa kuleli inqubo ingqondo, okuyinto Kwehlukanisa titfo ezintathu: kuzokwenza, ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese engqondweni. Ezweni ezingokomoya akukho okunye ngaphandle umqondo, imizwa volitional izisusa umsebenzi. Ubuhlobo babo kuyadida, zingabantu ubuhlobo dialectical. Phakathi imizwa, intando ingqondo, kukhona okuthile. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezi izingxenye psyche futhi kokuphila okungokomoya yomuntu.

Personality - uhlale umkhiqizo futhi isihloko ukuphila komuntu. Kumiswa It is hhayi kuphela ngesisekelo khona ayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa ithonya kwabanye abantu, ozokusebenza ngezi contact. umnyombo wenkinga yomuntu ayikwazi kubhekwa eyodwa emaceleni. Othisha nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo bakholelwa ukuthi inkulumo mayelana individualization siqu kungenzeka kusukela esikhathini lapho umuntu ububonisa bezibona self kuphela, kwakheka ungubani yomuntu, lapho uqala otdelayat ngokwakho kusuka kwabanye abantu. Personality "yakha" umugqa yakhe yokuphila nokuziphatha emphakathini. Ngolimi zefilosofi, le nqubo njengoba individualization ezaziwayo.

Injongo nencazelo yokuphila

Umqondo injongo yokuphila - ngabanye, ngoba lokhu inkinga isixazululekile hhayi amakilasi, hhayi zabasebenzi kukahulumeni engenasisekelo, ayiyona isayensi, kanye nabantu, ngabanye. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga - kusho ukuba zibone indawo yazo emhlabeni, yakhe siqu lokuzibusa. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izihlakaniphi nezazi zefilosofi baye bafuna ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani umuntu ophila, ngokuyisisekelo welithi "injongo yokuphila", kungani weza emhlabeni futhi kwenzekani kithi uma sesifile. Ikholi ngoba ukuzazi umshini ezinkulu esiyinhloko sesiko-mpilo ngesiGreki.

"Yazi uzithanda wena '- okuthiwa USocrates. Ukuze lesi sazi injongo yokuphila komuntu itholakala philosophizing, ekutholeni ngokwakhe unqobe nokulingwa nokungazi (ukucinga ukuthi kusho ukuthini okuhle nokubi, kweqiniso namanga, enhle futhi ugly). UPlato wagomela ukuthi is attainable injabulo kuphela okukhona emva kokufa kwelizayo, umphefumulo - okushiwo indoda ekahle - imahhala ekugqilazweni emzimbeni.

Ngokusho uPlato imvelo yomuntu kunqunywa ngomphefumulo wakhe, noma kunalokho nomphefumulo nomzimba, kodwa ungcono ngani saphezulu, ekuqaleni ongenakufa ukhoporali, ofayo. Umphefumulo womuntu, ngokusho lokhu sefilosofi, yakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu: eyokuqala - enengqondo ngokuphelele, futhi owesibili - vozhdelyayusche nginenhliziyo eyesithathu - the okungokwemvelo-ngokomzwelo. On yimuphi kubo has upper andla isiphetho somuntu incike injongo yokuphila, imisebenzi.

UbuKristu eRussia uthethe isikhathi ngendlela ehlukile. Isilinganiso oyinhloko zonke izinto iba ephakeme isimiso okokuqala ukuphiliswa okungokomoya. Ngu ukuqaphela nesono, nobuncane, ukungabi yilutho ngisho phambi ekahle, ekuphishekeleni yembulwe kunendoda nethemba uthuthuke ngokomoya, unembeza kuba iqondiswe ngcono zokuziphatha njalo. Isifiso ukwenza okuhle isiba umnyombo ubuntu, yisiboniso ukuthuthukiswa yayo emphakathini.

Phakathi Ukukhanyiselwa, le materialists French Wawenqaba umqondo ngokujulile ukwakheka komuntu njengoba isiqalo nesigcino impahla, imfuyo yezinto kanye nokungafi komphefumulo. UVoltaire ngimphikile ukungafi komphefumulo, futhi umbuzo ukuthi kukhona ubulungisa bukaNkulunkulu ngemva kokufa, ayethanda ukugcina "kwathula enenhlonipho." Yena akazange avumelane Pascal lowo muntu - ". Ngomhlanga ukucabanga" uyisidalwa esibuthaka ezingasho lutho nemvelo, Isazi sefilosofi ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu abazona dabukisa futhi ethukuthele, njengoba Pascal wacabanga. UVoltaire ichaza umuntu njengomuntu kwezenhlalo, ivame ukuba ukwakhiwa 'amasiko ".

Ngakho, ifilosofi ephatha okushiwo abantu umongo izici jikelele lokuba. Lokhu izizathu kwezenhlalo kanye siqu, zomlando wemvelo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe, ezingokwenkolo nezokuziphatha, ngokomoya nangezindlela ezingokoqobo. Ingqikithi indoda ifilosofi kubhekwe ngokucophelela, njengoba ephelele, uhlelo oluhlangene. Uma uphuthelwe kunoma yisiphi isici sokuphila, ifofobaliswa wonke amaqiniso. Inhloso yalesi isayensi izama ukuthola ukuzazi yomuntu, njalo entsha bese okuphakade ukusiqonda kubo imvelo abazalwa, isiphetho sakhe futhi baqonde okushiwo khona. Ingqikithi indoda ifilosofi, ngakho - umqondo ukuthi wenziwa efinyelelwe, futhi ososayensi yesimanje, kokuvula ubuso bayo entsha.