Ugesi Physics: ukuzimisela, isipiliyoni, iyunithi

Ugesi Physics - yinto ngawo ezibhekene ngamunye wethu. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola nemiqondo eyisisekelo ephathelene nayo.

Kuyini ugesi? Ngoba umuntu engaqaliwe lihlotshaniswa ukukhanya kombani noma ugesi TV futhi umshini wokuwasha. Uyazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa i ugesi kagesi. Yini okunye amtshele? Mayelana sinciké ugesi ukukhunjuzwa nezintambo zikagesi. Othile kungaba zilandise ezinye izibonelo ezimbalwa.

Nokho, ngenxa kagesi kukhona nezinye, kancane esobala, kodwa nsuku zonke izenzakalo eziningi. Nabo bonke ngayo yonke sethula physics. Ugesi (imisebenzi, izincazelo kanye namafomula) siqala ukufunda esikoleni. Futhi sifunda izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo. It kuvela, eceleni kwenhliziyo eshayayo, egijima umsubathi, elele nengane nenhlanzi elintantayo - konke ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi.

Electron nama-proton

Sichaza nemiqondo eyisisekelo. Ngokombono walaba usosayensi, i-physics ugesi elihlobene ne ukuhamba electron kanye nezinye izinhlayiya icala ku izinto ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda isayensi yemvelo lomkhuba kufanele sibe nesithakazelo incike ezingeni lolwazi mayelana ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana zabo abamelwe subatomic. Isihluthulelo lokhu kuqonda electron amancane. Atoms kwanoma iyiphi ikhemikhali ehlanganisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-electron ezihambayo omise ezahlukene emhlabeni core, njengoba nje uzungeza iplanethi ezungeza ilanga. Ngokuvamile, inani electron athomu ilingana nenani proton nucleus. Nokho, ama-proton, ngokuba kakhulu ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho electron kubhekwe njengento uma eqalwe isikhungo ye-athomu. Le modeli lula kakhulu kuyi-athomu ye kwanele ukuchaza izinto eziyisisekelo ezinjengokungcoliswa ugesi physics.

Yini enye okudingeka ukwazi? Amaelectrons nama-proton unezimiso esikhulu kunazo zonke kagesi (kodwa sophawu okuphambene), ukuze basuke bakhangane. ophethe i-proton uhilela electron - ezingezinhle. Atom kokuba electron mkhulu noma ngaphansi kunokujwayelekile, ngokuthi ion. Uma i-athomu akwanele, ubizwa ngokuthi ion omuhle. Uma liqukethe ngokweqile kubo, ubizwa ngokuthi ion ezimbi.

Lapho ama-electron ukushiya athomu ukuthi izuza abanye omuhle. Electron elingenalo okuphambene layo - proton noma uhamba kwenye athomu, noma kubuyela odlule.

Kungani ama-electron eshiya i-athomu?

Lokhu kungenxa yezizathu eziningana. Okuvame kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi ngaphansi muzwa ukukhanya noma yimuphi electron zangaphandle i-athomu ezihambayo electron kungenziwa ukhiphe kusuka ngaphakathi wo orbit. Heat kubangela athomu kuya oscillate ngokushesha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-electron kungenziwa asebenza ezintweni ezivela athomu yayo. Ngo zamakhemikhali, nabo bahamba ngezinyawo besuka athomu athomu.

Isibonelo esihle ngobuhlobo umsebenzi chemical kagesi kanye kwemisipha ukusinika. Imicu yotshani yabo inkontileka lapho isignali kagesi kusukela isimiso sezinzwa. zamanje Electric kuvusa zamakhemikhali. Futhi kuholele nokuncipha kwemisipha. amasignali sangaphandle kagesi avame ukusetshenziswa ukuze eyayenziwe kubekhona kwemisipha.

conductivity

Kwezinye izinto electron bedle sangaphandle ensimini kagesi uhamba ixoxe kunakwezinye. Bathi izinto ezinjalo kufanele conductivity ezinhle. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi babashayeli. Lezi zihlanganisa izinsimbi kakhulu, amagesi esishisayo futhi abanye uketshezi. Air, injoloba kanye namafutha, polyethylene ne ingilazi musa ukuqhuba ugesi. Zibizwa ngokuthi insulators nama asetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa of babashayeli ezinhle. insulators Ideal (ngokuphelele hhayi uqhuba lamanje) ayikho. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ama-electron kungaba zisuswe kusukela kunoma yimaphi athomu. Nokho, ngokuvamile le mibandela ikhona kunzima kangaka ukufeza ukuthi kusukela iphuzu eliwusizo umbono, into enjalo kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento non-conductive.

Ukuqalisa bajwayelane isayensi njengoba physics (esigabeni "Ugesi"), sifunda ukuthi kukhona iqembu elikhethekile izinto. It Semiconductors. Benza ngokwengxenye Kwe-dielectric Heating, futhi ngokwengxenye - njengoba babashayeli. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa: germanium, i-silicon zethusi oxide. Ngenxa izakhiwo yayo Semiconductors uthola izinto eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube umphini kagesi: efana ibhayisikili isondo umphini lwenza amacala ukuhambisa isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela. Amadivayisi anjalo abizwa ngokuthi rectifiers. Zisetshenziswa miniature umsakazo abamukelayo, futhi izitshalo ezinkulu amandla ukuguqula AC ukuze DC.

Heat kuyindlela esingalawuleki ukunyakaza zishintshe noma kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana lokushisa - elithile ukushuba ukunyakaza (at izinsimbi kakhulu ukunyakaza ezansi lokushisa electron iba esinophawu lwesehluleki). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukumelana ukunyakaza mahhala electron incipha nge nokuncipha lokushisa. Ngamanye amazwi, lo conductivity ukwanda metal.

umumo wokwakha

Kwezinye izinto kwamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, ukumelana flow of electron ngokuphelele ubalekela futhi electron uqale ukunyakaza kuqhubeka kuze kube phakade. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi umumo wokwakha. At lokushisa a degrees ambalwa ngaphezu zero ngokuphelele (- 273 ° C) it is ebonwe izinsimbi ezifana ithini nomthofu kuphela, aluminium, futhi niobium.

Van De Graaff generator

Ikharikhulamu kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo nge ugesi. Kube mozhestvo ugesi zilwane, enye yazo singathanda ukuchaza. I Van De Graaff namafutha isetshenziswa ukuthola voltage superhigh. Uma into equkethe ngokweqile ion omuhle, ukubeka emgqonyeni ke phezu ngaphakathi yokugcina iyoba electron, futhi ngaphandle - esilinganayo ion omuhle. Uma manje uthinte engaphakathi into icala, kuyobe kudlule bonke electron khulula. Ngaphandle kwalawo macala omuhle ukuhlala.

Esikhathini Van De Graaff ion omuhle emthonjeni zisetshenziswa ibhande elihambayo kuyoshaya ngaphakathi sphere metal. Tape exhunywe kwi-surface engaphakathi sphere ngumuntu umqhubi ngesimo ugema. Amaelectrons ageleze ebusweni engaphakathi sithombe. Ohlangothini olungaphandle yalo avele ion omuhle. Umthelela bungathuthukiswa usebenzisa ugesi ezimbili.

Amandla kagesi

Ngo-physics esikoleni Yiqiniso sifaka into efana kagesi. Kuyini lokhu? Kagesi ngenxa ukunyakaza amacala kagesi. Lapho Isibani sikagesi exhunywe kwi ibhethri, kuvuliwe, notshwala zamanje kanye wire komunye isigxobo sebhetri ukuze isibani ke ngokusebenzisa izinwele zalo, wabangela ukuba kuvuthe, bese ibuyisela emuva wire yesibili ezinye isigxobo sebhetri. Uma ushintshele kuzovula wesifunda - kwamanje uyama futhi ukukhanya uyaphuma.

I motion electron

Yamanje ezimweni eziningi kuyinto ezinyakazayo ngaphambilini we electron metal silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi umqhubi. Zonke babashayeli kanye ezinye nezinye izinto njalo zenzeka ezinye okungahleliwe ukunyakaza kwabo, ngisho noma samanje akusho agobhoze. I electron ketshezi kungaba bakhululeke, ngokuqinile noma sasondelana. babashayeli Good babe electron khulula bakwazi ukuhambisa. Kodwa ngo babashayeli abampofu noma insulators, iningi lalezi zinhlobo ngokwanele ngokuqinile exhunywe ne-athomu okuyinto kuvimbela ukuhamba kwabo.

Ngezinye izikhathi zemvelo noma eyayenziwe wadala ku ezinyakazayo umbhidisi electron indlela ethile. Lokhu kuhamba libizwa futhi umuntu abanjwe ugesi. It is kulinganiswa ngo amperes (A). abathwali yamanje futhi zingaba ion (wamagesi noma izixazululo) kanye "umgodi" (ukuntuleka electron uhlobo oluthile Semiconductors. kwakamuva abathwali sokuziphatha njengomncane kahle icala of kagesi. Ukuze ukuphoqelela electron ukuhambisa kwelinye direction noma kwenye, kwakudinga amandla. Emvelweni, umthombo waso kungaba: elangeni, imiphumela kazibuthe kanye zamakhemikhali Ezinye zazo zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza kagesi Ngokuvamile le njongo yilezi: .. generator usebenzisa imiphumela kazibuthe, futhi isici (ibhethri), umphumela okuyinto ngenxa zamakhemikhali. Kokubili amadivaysi, ukudala i force electromotive (EMF) imbangela electron ukuhambisa kwelinye direction kanye iketanga. Ubukhulu we EMF ulinganiswa volts (V). Lawa amayunithi eziyisisekelo amandla nesilinganiso.

Ubukhulu bale EMF futhi kwamanje oxhumene njengoba ingcindezi kanye flow in the ketshezi. Amapayipi njalo wawugcwalisa ngamanzi kwengcindezi ethile, kodwa amanzi uqala ukugeleza kuphela uma valve ivulekile.

Ngokufanayo, circuit kagesi kungase ixhunywe umthombo amandla electromotive, kodwa okuphakathi zamanje akusho flow nje hhayi kakhulu amiswa indlela okuhamba kuyo electron Ungahambisa. Zingaba, isibonelo, i kagesi isibani noma cleaner wezindlu, inkinobho lapha udlala indima crane, 'okuthela "zamanje.

Lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama wamanje kanye voltage

Njengoba ukwanda voltage ukukhula samanje wesifunda. Ukutadisha physics Yiqiniso, siyazi ukuthi izifunda kagesi akhiwe izigaba eziningana ezahlukene: ngokuvamile ushintshele izintambo futhi apharathasi - umthengi kukagesi. Basuke bonke exhunywe ndawonye, ekwazi ukumelana kagesi, okuyinto (sicabangela lokushisa njalo) akashintshi njengoba isikhathi, kodwa ngamunye wabo ihlukile kulezi zingxenye. Ngakho-ke, uma voltage efanayo lisetshenzisiwe isibani ukuze insimbi, ukugeleza electron ngamunye amadivayisi kuzohluka ngenxa ukumelana yabo ehlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, lamanje egeleza ngokusebenzisa ikakhulukazi wesifunda ingxenye uzimisele kuphela voltage, kodwa ukumelana babashayeli kanye namadivayisi.

Umthetho Ohm sika

I ukumelana kagesi ulinganiswa ohms (Ohm) e isayensi ezifana physics. Ugesi (ifomula izincazelo ucwaningo) - sihloko ezibanzi. Ngeke saphinda amafomula ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukwazana lokuqala ne ngokwanele isihloko kushiwo ngenhla. Nokho, ifomula kuwufanele ukuletha. Kuyinto ngokuphazima kweso. Ngoba noma yisiphi umqhubi noma isimiso babashayeli kanye namadivayisi ubudlelwano phakathi voltage, zamanje kanye ukumelana enikezwa: voltage = zamanje x ukumelana. Lena isibalo sezibalo umthetho Ohm sika, ogama lakhe behlonipha Georg Ohm (1787-1854 GG.), Iyiphi lokuqala ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi lezi nemingcele ezintathu.

Ugesi Physics - igatsha okuthakazelisa kakhulu isayensi. Sesihlole kuphela nemiqondo eyisisekelo ephathelene nayo. Uyazi yini ugesi, kwakhiwa kanjani it is. Sithemba lolu lwazi libe lusizo kakhulu kuwe.