Ubuningi Physical - kungcono ... Ukumeda tintfo lucobo. lucobo uhlelo

Physics njengoba isayensi ukuthi etadisha imihlola bemvelo, usebenzisa izindlela zocwaningo ejwayelekile. Izigaba eziyinhloko: observation, ubunzima, ukuziphatha ucwaningo, ukufunda le mfundiso. Phakathi okwashiwo esungulwe izici ehlukile lomkhuba, inkambo zawo, ulubone izimbangela nemiphumela. Hypothesis ungakwazi ukuchaza inkambo imicimbi, ukumisa imithetho yayo. Ukuhlolwa kufakazela (noma kufakazela) conjecture. It ikuvumela ukusetha Ingxenye nenani ngokuhamba sokuhlola, okuholela ukusungulwa ukuncika ngqo. nakho kungase kutholakale ngokuhamba umbono iyona kwesisekelo umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa.

Ayikho theory Awukwazi ukumangalela ithembekile, uma kungekhona bethola isiqinisekiso okugcwele olungenamkhawulo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. I last lihlotshaniswa izilinganiso tintfo lucobo esibonisa inqubo. ubuningi Physical - oluyisisekelo nesilinganiso.

Yini lena

Njengoba for nesilinganiso lezo zimiso, okuyinto ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso umbono mayelana nemithetho. ubuningi Physical - incazelo ngokwesayensi lapho umzimba ufa, maqondana qualitative okuyinto okuvamile sebuningini emizimbeni efanayo. Ukuze umzimba isici okufana ambalwa of a luyingxenye ngamunye.

. Uma siphendukela izincwadi, inkomba M. Yudin et al (edition 1989) sifunda ukuthi ubuningi esingokwenyama "nobuntu omunye izakhiwo into ngokomzimba (uhlelo ngokomzimba, mkhuba noma inqubo), inani ngekhwalithi kwabaningi ngokomzimba izinto, kodwa ngokuya izinombolo ngayinye into umuntu. "

Ozhegov (edition 1990) uthi eliningi esingokwenyama - ". Ubukhulu, ububanzi, ubude into"

Ngokwesibonelo, ubude - ubuningi ngokomzimba. Mechanics awukudla njengoba ibanga elide, usebenzisa electrodynamics wire obuphelele e wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ubuningi fanekiso inquma ukushuba izindonga semithambo. Ingqikithi yalo umqondo akukatjhuguluki: ukubaluleka iyunithi kungenzeka okufanayo, futhi ukubaluleka - ezahlukene.

Isici evelela okukhishwa ngokomzimba, isibonelo, kusukela zezibalo, kuyinto ukutholakala amayunithi. Imitha, unyawo, ngamamitha - izibonelo amayunithi wobude.

amayunithi angakahleleki

Ukulinganisa ubukhulu ngokomzimba, kufanele siyithole ukubaluleka wathola per unit. Khumbula ikhathuni emangalisayo "Abangu-eziyisishiyagalombili zopholi." Ukusetha ubude boa, izinhlamvu Yalinganisa ubude balo e zopholi, izindlovu, izinkawu. Kulokhu, ubude boa kuqhathaniswa ngekukhula nezinye izinhlamvu ikhathuni. Umphumela kwakuxhomeke quantitatively nereferensi.

Iyunithi ubuningi ngokomzimba - ngezinga elithile nesilinganiso yayo uhlelo ezithile amayunithi. Ukudideka kulezi zinyathelo kuphakama hhayi kuphela ngenxa abangaphelele, ukwehluka izinyathelo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngenxa amayunithi isihlobo.

isilinganiso Russian ubude - amayadi angu - ibanga phakathi umunwe index kanye isithupha. Nokho, lezandla zabo bonke abantu abafani, futhi ngamamitha, kulinganiswa yesandla somuntu, yehlukile egcekeni esandleni ingane noma owesifazane. I iphutha elifanayo phakathi ubude izinyathelo siphathelene kungamafathomu (ibanga phakathi the amathiphu yeminwe yakhe esilinganayo ngaphandle izingalo) futhi bafike endololwaneni (ibanga ukusuka umunwe ophakathi nendawo ukuba ingalo indololwane).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi-shop stewards wathatha abantu abade ezincane. abathengisi Onobuqili ukulondolozwa izicubu usebenzisa eziningana ezincane Meryl: ngamamitha, indololwane sikuqonde.

up uhlelo

ezihlukahlukene okunjalo wezinyathelo akhona hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe. ngokuvamile Ukwethulwa amayunithi kwaba kabi amandla akhe, ngezinye izikhathi lezi amayunithi kwangena kuphela ngenxa lula izilinganiso zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, sokulinganisa umfutho womoya owethulwa mmHg. Akwaziwa isipiliyoni Torricelli, lapho tube isetshenziswa, kanjalo swamping mercury bavunyelwa ukuba bangene inani obungajwayelekile.

amandla Engine kuqhathaniswa amahhashi (okuyinto luqhutshwa esikhathini sethu).

Abahlukahlukene lucobo nesilinganiso tintfo lucobo ukwenza hhayi kuphela eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zazingeke zisebenze kahle, kodwa futhi nzima ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi.

Uhlelo umfaniswano izinyathelo

uhlelo Enobunye tintfo lucobo, ukhululekile futhi elungiselelwe wonke amazwe anezimboni, uye edingekayo. Isisekelo umqondo akhethwa njengosuku kukhethwa inombolo encane kunazo zonke kungenzeka amayunithi ngaso ubudlelwano zezibalo ungaboniswa, kanye naletinye tindlela tekuphila. lwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezinjalo kumele hhayi banamathele nomunye, value abo uzimisele oyingqayizivele futhi waqonda yiluphi uhlelo kwezomnotho.

Sazama ukuxazulula le nkinga emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ukudalwa elinobunye simiso izinyathelo (Metric, GHS, ISS, njll) baye okwenziwe okuphindaphindiwe, kodwa lezi zinhlelo esingesihle noma kusuka Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, noma kule lwasekhaya, izicelo ezimbonini.

Umsebenzi setha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, siye saba ukunquma kuphela ngo-1958. Emhlanganweni uhlelo esinobunye wethulwa iKomidi Legal Metrology International.

Uhlelo esinobunye izinyathelo

1960 kwaphawula mhlangano oyingqopha-mlando ka eNgqungqutheleni Kazwelonke ku izilinganiso. Uhlelo esiyingqayizivele, okuthiwa «Systeme internationale d'Unites» (esifushanisiwe SI) wamukelwa isinqumo kwale nhlangano ohloniphekile. In the version Russian kohlelo ngokuthi International System (SI isifinyezo).

Uphuzwe njengesisekelo yibo ezinkulu 7 no-2 ezengeziwe. Inani labo zezinombolo inqunywa ngokuthi lokuma

Ithebula tintfo lucobo ka SI

Igama lisisakhiwo	measurand	ukuqokwa
		internationalist	Russian
unit main
amakhilogramu	isisindo	kg	kg
imitha	obuphelele	m	m
yesibili	isikhathi	s	nge
ampere	zamanje	A	A
Kelvin	lokushisa	K	K
imvukuzane	yokuthi liphansi	Mol	imvukuzane
Candela	umfutho elikhanyayo	cd	cd
amayunithi ezengeziwe
radian	engela flat	rad	uyajabula
steradian	engela okuqinile	sr	qhathanisa

Uhlelo kungaba akunalo kuphela amayunithi eziyisikhombisa, njengoba ezihlukahlukene izinqubo zemvelo ngokwemvelo kudinga ukwethulwa ezingasho ukwamukela izindinganiso ezintsha. kakhulu isakhiwo inikeza hhayi kuphela ukwethulwa Emayunithi lamasha, kodwa futhi nobuhlobo babo ngesimo ubudlelwano zezibalo (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amafomula of Ubukhulu).

Iyunithi ubuningi ngokomzimba etholwe usebenzisa ukuphindaphinda, Exponentiation futhi sokuhlukanisa base amayunithi ikufomula Ubukhulu. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela okuza zezinombolo kulezi zibalo kwenza uhlelo elula nje kuphela ezicini zonke, kodwa futhi anokuhambisana (anokuhambisana).

amayunithi Etholakale

Amayunithi akhiwa ka main, nabizelwa nemikhiqizo eziyisikhombisa. Ngaphandle main units kanye etholakala, isidingo ukwethulwa ezengeziwe (radian futhi steradian). Ubukhulu yabo abhekwa zero. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela izinsimbi definition yabo kukwenza kungenzeki ukukala kwabo. isingeniso sabo kungenxa isicelo zocwaningo theory. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokomzimba ubuningi "amandla" ohlelweni ulinganiswa Newtons. Njengoba amandla - ngezinga elithile isenzo mutual zemizimba phezu komunye, isizathu obuhlukahlukene ijubane mass ezithile umzimba, bese ungakwazi bakuchaza ngokuthi umkhiqizo mass per unit iyunithi isilinganiso, zihlukaniswe iyunithi isikhathi:

F = k0M0v / T, lapho k - proportionality isici, M - iyunithi mass, v - isivinini iyunithi, T - isikhathi iyunithi.

SI Ubukhulu unika le ndlela elandelayo: n = kg0m / ^2, asetshenziswa lapho amayunithi ezintathu. Futhi kilogram kanye imitha, kanti eyesibili okukhulunywe uthishanhloko. Coefficient proportionality ilingana 1.

isingeniso olungenzeka amagugu dimensionless, okuyinto kuchazwa ngokuthi isilinganiso nenani iyunifomu. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa Coefficient friction, njengoba yaziwa, kuyinto isilinganiso amandla kokukhuhlana nebutho ingcindezi evamile.

ITHEBULA lucobo ethathwe eyisisekelo

igama iyunithi	measurand	ifomula ntathu
Joule	amandla	kg0m 2 0s -2
pascal	ingcindezi	kr0 m -1 -2 0C
tesla	lokungeniswa kazibuthe	0A 0C kg -1 -2
volt	voltage	2 kg amaminithi angu-0 0 amasekhondi 0 amasekhondi -1 -3
Ohm	ukumelana kagesi	2 kg amaminithi angu-0 0 amasekhondi 0 amasekhondi -3 -2
elengayo	kagesi	A0 ne
watt	amandla	2 kg 0s 0 amaminithi -3
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2
Joule ngayinye Kelvin	ukushisa umthamo	2 kg amaminithi angu-0 0 amasekhondi -1 -2 0K
Becquerel	Umsebenzi Radioactive	-1 C
Weber	ecucuza kazibuthe	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -1 -2
Henry	inductance	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -2 -2
hertz	imvamisa	-1
Mpunga	umthamo ugxile	2 m 0s -1
Sievert	Ilingana umthamo ngemisebe	2 m 0s -2
okunethezeka	ukukhanya	m -2 -2 0kd 0sr
Isikhala sayo esingaphakathi	ecucuza elikhanyayo	cd 0sr
Newton	Amandla, isisindo	0kg m 0s -2
Siemens	conductivity kagesi	0kg -1 m -2 0s 3 0A 2
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2

amayunithi Evamile

Ukusebenzisa amanani zomlando ka-non-SI noma kuhluke kuphela isici zezinombolo, singaphansi amagugu nesilinganiso. Lokhu Units Evamile. Ngokwesibonelo, mmHg, X-ray, kanye nabanye.

I okuza zezinombolo esetshenziselwa ukwethulwa eziningi eziningi futhi submultiple. Isiqalo zivumelana inombolo ethize. Izibonelo centi-, kilo-, Deca, mega- nabanye abaningi.

1 ikhilomitha = 1000 metres,

1 cm = 0.01 m.

typology yamanani

Masizame ucacise izici ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ezikuvumela ukusetha uhlobo lwenani.

1. Direction. Uma isenzo okukhishwa ngokomzimba kuhlobane ngokuqondile isiqondiso, ubizwa ngokuthi vector, nezinye - scalar.

2. Ukuba khona ubukhulu. Ukuba khona lucobo formula kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba abizwe ngokuthi izinhlangothi. Uma ku-formula, wonke amayunithi babe degree zero ke bebizwa dimensionless. Kungaba ngcono ukubiza izinto eziningi zazo ne ubukhulu ilingana 1. Ngemva umqondo ubuningi dimensionless kwakungenangqondo. Impahla main - ubukhulu - engakaze kukhanselwe!

3. Ngokufaka amathuba. Lengetiwe ubuningi, okuyinto ukubaluleka kungenziwa wanezela, sisuswe, iphindwe isici, njll (isib, isisindo) - .. Ubuningi ngokomzimba, okuyinto integrable.

4. Maqondana uhlelo ngokomzimba. Olubanzi - uma zingase zimiswe ukubaluleka kwalo kusukela abakuzuzile subsystem. Isibonelo endaweni ulinganiswa square metres. Fundzisisa - Inani, okuyinto ukubaluleka izimele kohlelo. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa lokushisa.