Ubufakazi ayidingekile: isibonelo Axiom

Yini ebangela izwi engaqondakali "Axiom", kusukela lavelaphi futhi nokuthi sisho ukuthini? Schoolboy ukuphendula 7-8 grade kalula lo mbuzo ngoba muva nje, ukuthuthukiswa inkambo eyisisekelo indiza geometry, ebhekene umsebenzi: ". Yikuphi izitatimende abizwa ngokuthi axioms, ukunikeza izibonelo" A umbuzo ofanayo omdala kungenzeka kuholele ukuphoxeka. Isikhathi more lidlula kusukela cwaningo, kuya kuba nzima nakakhulu ukukhumbula izinto eziyisisekelo zesayensi. Nokho, igama elithi "Axiom" livame ukusetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke.

Inchazelo

Ngakho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama axioms zokuvunywa? Izibonelo axioms zahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi akupheleli kuloku endaweni eyodwa yesayensi. Wathi gama livela ngolimi lwesiGreki kanye nezwi lisho "ukuma kuthathwe".

A definition esiqinile kwegama elithi uthi Axiom - mqondo oyinhloko noma iyiphi inkolelo yokuthi akudingi ubufakazi. Kukhona umbono okwandile izibalo (ikakhulukazi i-geometry), logic, nefilosofi.

NgesiGreki Okuningi lasendulo-Aristotle wathi ukuthi amaqiniso asobala, ubufakazi ayidingeki. Ngokwesibonelo, akekho ophikayo ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga okungena iyabonakala nje emini. Ngaba lo mbono ngamanye zezibalo - Euclid. Isibonelo Axiom mayelana imigqa parallel ukuthi ungalokothi uwele wakhe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ncazelo washintsha. Manje Axiom beqonda hhayi kuphela njengoba ekuqaleni isayensi, kanye Lesisemkhatsini okuholela ngenxa ezithile, esebenza njengesikhali yekucala theory olwengeziwe.

Ukuvunyelwa enkambweni esikoleni

Abafundi bathulelwe postulates angadingi yokuqinisekisa izifundo wezibalo. Ngakho-ke, lapho abafundi abasanda kuphothula umatikuletsheni unikezwe isabelo: "Nikeza izibonelo axioms", ngokuvamile abaningi bacabanga izifundo geometry ne-Aljibhra. Nazi izibonelo izimpendulo ezijwayelekile:

• iphuzu ngqo lapho, ukuthi iphathwa (ie amanga emgceni locondzile) futhi asisebenzi (ungahlali emgceni locondzile);
• ungakwazi ukudweba umugqa oqondile ngokusebenzisa amaphuzu amabili;
• ukuze ngiphule um-indiza ezimbili nengxenye-indiza, kubalulekile ukuba ubambe umugqa oqondile.

Algebra futhi izibalo ngendlela ecacile ukugomela okunjalo akuyona iqondiswa, kodwa isibonelo Axiom ingatholakala kula wesayensi:

• iyiphi inombolo elingana uqobo;
• iyunithi ekulandulayo zonke izinombolo yemvelo;
• uma k = l ke l = k.

Ngakho, ngokusebenzisa iziphakamiso elula yethulwe imiqondo okuthuthukile, wenza uphenyo futhi isuswe theorem.

Ukwakha umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa esekelwe axioms

Ukwakha umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni ucwaningo okukhulunywa), isisekelo okudingekayo - amabhlogo wokwakha okuyindawo kuzovela. Ingqikithi indlela axiomatic: ukudala uhlu imigomo, isibonelo Axiom is washayelwa ngesisekelo okuyinto ubonisa postulates asele.

lwamagama Scientific kufanele ibe imiqondo eyisisekelo, okungukuthi labo alikwazi kuchazwe nge ezinye:

• Ngokulandelana echaza kenye nenye ithemu, ethula inani layo, sokufinyelela noma yimiphi elisekela isayensi.
• Isinyathelo esilandelayo - ukuhlonza isethi core izimangalo, okufanele okwanele lolo ubufakazi ukugomela esele okuvela kuyo le mfundiso. Sami postulates eliyisisekelo elifanayo zamukelwa hlanguzo.
• Isinyathelo sokugcina - ukwakhiwa kanye ube esefika esiphethweni esinengqondo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela.

Postulates of sciences ahlukahlukene

Isengezo ethile ngaphandle kobufakazi hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wesayensi ngqo, kodwa futhi lezo ngokuvamile chasiselwe humanities. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - ifilosofi yokuthi ichaza i Axiom njengoba isitatimende ukuthi ungafunda ngaphandle kolwazi esisebenzayo.

Isibonelo Axiom naye wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo: "ungakwazi ahlulele ekuziphatheni kwakho." Kususelwa kule ukwamukelwa, okukhipha emthethweni civil - ukungakhethi zokwahlulela, okungukuthi, umahluleli awukwazi ukuzwa icala uma unentshisekelo kuba ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile.

Akubona bonke siluthathe kalula

Ukuze siqonde umahluko phakathi axioms kweqiniso namazwi elula, owamisa iqiniso, kubalulekile ukuba sihlaziye sengqondo maqondana nabo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuziwa enkolweni, lapho konke esithathwa kancane, kukhona isimiso okwandile uqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi okuthile kuyiqiniso ngoba akunakwenzeka ukufakazela. Futhi iningi lososayensi uthi akunakwenzeka ukuhlola kuze endaweni ethile, ngokulandelana, kuzoba i Axiom. Ukuzimisela okomkhiwane kuphela, uphinde uhlole - yilokho ihlukanisa usosayensi kweqiniso.