U-Ivan Fedorov - iphayona: Biography of indoda enkulu

Umcimbi abalulekile emlandweni Russian futhi izwe UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa. Ngo Russia le emisha ifikile kule ndawo kwekhulu le-16. Omunye izishoshovu, ogama lakhe lihlotshaniswa obhekwe wokunyathelisa izikhathi Ivana Groznogo, eyayithandwa abaningi abadumile Ivan Fedorov. Ajwayelekile hhayi kuphela abantu abadala kanye nabantu ukukhanyiselwa indaba eyayisenhliziyweni yale ndoda. Biography Ivana Fedorova - iphayona - izingane iyatholakala cwaningo esikoleni.

Indlela Bonke baqala?

Umuntu ngamunye emlandweni ine umugqa ezithakazelisayo futhi eyingqayizivele ikusasa yabo. Life ngezinye izikhathi anike labanye litfuba ezingalindelekile. Njalo wabhekana nalokhu. Futhi-ke, iyathinteka - nephayona emkhakheni nemidwebo Russian.

Biography Ivana Fedorova - iphayona - oqala isiko. Uhlaka iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo ezalwa basukela 1510 iminyaka engu-1530. Okuxakayo nje ke zazifile ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana lapho wazalwa wachitha iphayona zakhe zasebuntwaneni. Kodwa, zonke okungenzeka, lokhu kwenzeka ngo esifundazweni Kaluga. Londoloza ulwazi mayelana ukuthi, wakhonza njengephayona leSonto isonto Nikoly Gostunskogo. Anakho tekufundza letifundziswe nokubhala, kanye nabapristi abaningi emabandleni. Kakade 1532 ephothula Krakow University. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi leli phayona kwadingeka iziqu ze-bachelor.

enkonzweni

Ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wahlangana Metropolitan Macarius iphayona Ivan Fyodorov. Biography emfushane uthi, mhlawumbe, yilokhu emenza Eqinisweni ukuthi maduzane Tsar wokuqala Russian ukuthi Fedorov ukuphathisa endabeni ebalulekile ezifana ukushicilela incwadi yokuqala - ". Umphostoli"

Njengoba yaziwa, kaMakarios kwakuthandeka Ivan le Kubi, futhi ngaphawula uyakwazi nsizwa, kungaba nomthelela wokukhula okuthe isiphelo sayo.

Ngu umyalo wenkosi kule 1550s ke waqala umsebenzi ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wokunyathelisa indlu kwaqala eMoscow. Ngokukhethekile abakhethiwe amafonti kanye nezinye izinto ezidingekayo for ukusebenza yokunyathelisa. Ekuqaleni, amabhizinisi babe engaziwa. Kodwa-ke le nto kwaba into evamile ukuthola.

Ukuzalwa izincwadi zokuqala Russian - "Umphostoli"

Biography Ivana Fedorova, iphayona, izingane okulungiselelwe ikakhulu isitshela indaba ukudalwa izincwadi zokuqala ezinyathelisiwe. Ngo 1564 wanyathelisa incwadi yokuqala Russian ephrintiwe ngolimi Slavic - ". Umphostoli" Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukubukeka kwayo wathatha Ivan Fyodorov nomsizi wakhe - Peter Mstislavets futhi Marusha Nerefev. Amalungiselelo kulo mcimbi wenziwa isikhathi esingangonyaka. Ukuphelelisa impumelelo ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba lesi senzakalo kwaba ingcono kakhulu izincwadi lwangaphambilini izimfanelo zabo. Lo msebenzi isibusiso Metropolitan Macarius, kodwa ngeshwa, Macarius engakaze ahlale kuze kube yileso sikhathi, lapho ngiphuma, "Umphostoli."
Yilokho Ivan abadumile Fedorov - iphayona. Biography izingane, kwenzeka kuphela ulola ukunaka lokhu.

Kodwa-ke, zonke encwadini eyodwa akagcini lapho. Lubhalomagama lithole ngokuya kabanzi. Ngo 1565, ngomyalo wabaholi Ivana Groznogo kwadingeka ukukhulula enye incwadi yesonto ngokuthi "Incwadi ka Amahora". Lezi ukwenza uPetru Mstislavets futhi Ivan Fedorov (iphayona). Biography ubonisa ukuthi amakhophi amabili ayenziwa. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba inzuzo kakhulu umphakathi. Kube kwatywinwa ishumi imithandazo ezihlukahlukene nezingoma. Ngaye ukwenza inkonzo esontweni iqhubeka nsuku zonke. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi kwaba ngenxa yakhe waqala ukufundisa ukufunda.

Ukushushiswa amaphrinta lokuqala

Kodwa isimo empeleni yimbi nakakhulu. Ayemaningi hhayi ukuthuthukiswa inzuzo kokunyathelisa. Okokuqala, yokubala abantu abanazo ngubani, eqinisweni, waphelelwa umsebenzi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imali yabo ngezimali. Edumazekile babe kwezakhi engenhla sabantu, banovalo lokuthi ngcono imfundo yomphakathi kamuva kungaholela yokuthi uzolahlekelwa amalungelo abo. I abantu abadela avele imibono ezazizosiza ukuhlela ivukela izikhulu zikahulumeni, abanikazi bamazwe, abefundisi njalo njalo. Kukhona umbono ukuthi emibhalweni, njengoba lokhu kuyinto umsebenzi onzima owenziwa umuntu othile, umphefumulo waba etshaliwe. A ukuphrinta emishinini akazange athwale izakhiwo ezinjalo, futhi kuthathwe njengoba okuthile okungahlanzekile. Biography Ivan Fedorov -pervopechatnika - liyakhuluma ngokuphela isikhundla nzima lomholi.

Eyaphumela umlilo elafika ngo-1566 endlini zokunyathelisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi ukuphayona ngo nemidwebo kwabonakala uyimbuka. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, kwanqunywa ukuthi iphrinta kuqala, kuhlanganise noPetru Mstislavets no-Ivan Fyodorov, kumele uye Lithuania.

Imisebenzi e Lithuania

Ngo Zabludovo, izindlu Hetman Chodkiewicz, yokunyathelisa lahlelwa. Incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo ekukhanyeni lokhu wokunyathelisa, kwaba "ukufundisa ivangeli." Ngemva kwalokho, lencwadi yayibizwa okuthiwa Zabludovskii. Lokhu isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando kwenzeka ngo 1568-1569, ngokulandelana. Nalapha futhi, umsebenzi kwaholela zonke efanayo iphrinta kuqala. Kodwa eminye imisebenzi laba bantu ikhishwe. Njengoba sachaza Biography emfushane ka-Ivan Fedorov, iphrinta kuqala, luhlala futhi uyaqhubeka ukusebenza Zabludovo. Peter Mstislavets futhi ethunyelwe Vilna. Ngenxa umsebenzi Zabludovo Ivanom Fedorovym wadala incwadi "Psalter nge Chasoslovtsem".

Kodwa lapha isiphetho Wethule kwenzeka esinye isimanga ezingemnandi, elalibheke Ivan Fedorov (iphayona). Biography ofunda. Khodasevich ngenxa yokuguga, zokungazimiseli iqhaza inhlangano Mint, ukuntuleka semali banquma ukuyeka wokunyathelisa. Khodasevich inikeza ukwenza kwezolimo Ivan Fedorov, kodwa yena enqaba, ngoba uyazicabangela ngokwayo lungadizayinelwe umsebenzi. Ushiya ngasemuva Zabludovo ukuba 1573.

Ukudlulela edolobheni

Biography emfushane Ivana Fedorova, iphrinta kuqala kubonisa ukuthi wedwa kwakudingeka bathwale wonke amathuluzi adingekayo for ukusebenza zokunyathelisa. Lapha le ndoda yakwazi ukuhlela siqu wokunyathelisa yayo. Umsebenzi okuphume futhi, futhi 1574 yashicilela incwadi ethi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa e-Ukraine - "Umphostoli", igama elifanayo ne Ngokwesibonelo eMoscow. Ngokusho okuqukethwe liphinde elifana ukuthi wakhululwa emuva 1564. Nokho, lapha yini into wanezela. Ngokwesibonelo, imibhalo ezethula ambalwa. Ekupheleni sasisuke lomatima postscript ezithakazelisayo ukuthi umuntu kwaba Ivan Fedorov-iphayona. Biography agcinwayo imigqa: "Le ndaba ibonisa ukuqala kuphi futhi kanjani ukwakha le ndlu wokunyathelisa." Kwaba njalo isihloko isiphetho sendaba. Ubunzima Ivan Fedorov wenza abangaba yinkulungwane edishini "Umphostoli". Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi yokunyathelisa yasungulwa hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa nakuyo yonke insimu Ukraine yesimanje.

Ngo 1574 wakhipha umqulu "ABC" ababenyathelisa Ivana Fedorova - ngowokuqala East Slavic ebhukwinitifundvo, esikuzwile. Lezi zincwadi yayincane futhi ziqukethe konke kuyadingeka lapho kutadishwa eKufundza neKubhala.

Lase-Ostrog iBhayibheli

Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona umcimbi olandelayo. Ngo-1575, wamukela isimemo esivela Konstantina Konstantinovicha Ostrozhskogo Ivan Fedorov-iphayona. Biography of Prince limbiza omunye wabantu abacebe kakhulu isimo Polish-Lithuanian. Kukhona isiphakamiso ukuhlela umshini omusha wokunyathelisa ejele naseVolyn, ie ifa Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Isikhulu yena anakekela inkonzo ukuthuthukiswa isayensi imfundo emazweni abo. Kukhona ngisho esikoleni Orthodox lahlelwa. Ngo 1578 wanyathelisa enye "ABC", ngoba ayezoba iphayona wemfanelo Ivan Fyodorov. Biography emfushane unezela ukuthi ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale umsebenzi phezu edumile "iBhayibheli", esanyatheliswa kuyi 1580
Umbuzo obaluleke nakakhulu-ke ukuthi lesi esokuqala eshicilelwe ngokugcwele IBhayibheli, lilotshwe isiSlavonic Esidala Sesonto.

ekwehleni zokuphila

Ngo-1582, iphayona Ivan Fedorov Lviv sibuyele emindenini yabo. Ufuna ukuba aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe. Nokho loluhlelo ngokuphelele uhlelo ehluleka. Ngo-1583, washiya leli zwe. Wembelwa lezindela eSt Onufrievskom, babeka phezu setshe ethuneni eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "drukar (t. E. Iphrinta) izincwadi ngaphambi esezintweni ezingabonwayo. ' Lona isihloko reserves le-Ivan Fedorov - iphayona.

Biography izingane kanye nabantu abadala iphelile. Imemori ye omkhulu ncwadi-iphrinta egcinwe emlandweni Russian unaphakade.