The esiphezulu igunya kobufundisi ngaphansi uPetru 1. Izinguquko kaPetru 1 kafushane

Peter Ngahlala emlandweni wezwe lakithi njengoba wezinguquko olukhulu ubani zivulelwe evele vula ukuphila yeRussia. Kuleli qhaza lethu naye ifaniswe kuphela uVladimir Lenin futhi u-Alexander II. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-36 ka ukuzibusa isimo autocrat hhayi kuphela washintsha isimo sabo umbuso Empire. Kushintshwe yonke imikhakha yempilo kazwelonke. Izinguquko abathintekayo wonke umuntu - kusuka abangenamakhaya ukuba umnumzana kusukela Petersburg kuyakhiwa.

Angazi uhlale eceleni kanye neBandla. Ngegunya elingapheli phakathi kwabantu, le nhlangano imakwe ngu conservatism kanye nokungakwazi ukushintsha futhi aphazamise amandla elikhulayo uPetru. Conservatism futhi ukunamathela emasikweni abapristi akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa umbusi ukwenza izinguquko emibuthanweni yenkolo. Eyokuqala, yebo, esiGungwini Orthodox. Kodwa kungaba iphutha ukusho ukuthi lokhu ishintshe ngokuhamba.

State of the Church ngaphambi izinguquko

Izinguquko kaPetru 1, ngamafuphi, zazibangelwa ezihlukahlukene izinkinga zomphakathi. Lokhu kusebenza futhi iSonto igama elihle. XVII ekhulwini kwaphawulwa olwathatha njalo, kuhlanganise ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo. Ubaba Peter - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - wabhekana ne Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Nikon, owachitha omningi yezinguquko ezithinta abanye rites yobuKristu. Lokhu kwavusa intukuthelo abantu. Abaningi abafuni baphonse ukholo wawoyise futhi zagcina asolwe ngokuhlubuka. Splittism isasekhona namuhla, kodwa ngekhulu XVIII inkinga wazizwa babazi ikakhulukazi.

Udaba yokhiye ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla naphakathi kwenkosi inzalamizi. Lokhu kwakuyiqiniso, isibonelo, amazwe sezindela nokuhleleka igama elifanayo (ie zezinkonzo), okuyinto Uzame alawule ukuphathwa abefundisi. ukuphazamiseka kwamandla wokuziphilisa kwabathukuthelisa inzalamizi, futhi kule mpi futhi lisavuliwe ngesikhathi ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi indodana yakhe u-Alexis.

isimo sengqondo sikaPetru eSontweni

Eqinisweni, phakathi nesikhathi Petru 1 ezindabeni zenkolo Waqhubeka nenqubo kayise. Iphuzu Ngenxa autocrat entsha kakhulu kwakhiwa bedle kokungabi nemfundo yezwe, kanye nabapristi Kyïv Metropolis, okwakubekelwa lebhalwe YaseMoscow Sabefundisi e 1688. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba zikude izimiso impilo yobuKristu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukuhamba Europe YamaProthestani, lapho ubuhlobo abefundisi ayehlelwe ngokuvumelana amaphethini omusha owadalwa ngemva kweNkathi Yezinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi senkosi esencane abukelwa isithakazelo ngendaba umqhele English, lapho le nkosi iyinhloko nayo yonke lendawo yeSonto LaseSheshi.

The esiphezulu igunya kobufundisi ngaphansi Petru 1 ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe - ngebulili, okuyinto kwakusadingeka eziningi amandla okuzimela. Monarch Yiqiniso, akakuthandanga futhi ufunani ukuba ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze nginqobe bonke abefundisi ephakeme ngqo ngokwayo, kodwa ngakolunye - ubhekwe distaste nethemba ngokuvakashela eMoscow ku uPapa sakhe. Guardian sesihlalo sobukhosi St Paul akusho bayavuma kwamandla a yomunye. Futhi bafuna, isibonelo, Nikon nge-Alexis.

Isinyathelo sokuqala yenkosi abasha e elala abefundisi bama-Orthodox, kuvinjelwe ukwakhiwa zezindela entsha eSiberia. Isinqumo kuyinto eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1699. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, iMpi Northern Sweden, okuyinto njalo thikazisa ucela uPetru elala Lobu-Orthodox.

Ukudala tenens isihloko locum

Lapho uMphathi weSonto Adrian eseshonile, inkosi yabamisela tenens locum sesihlalo sobukhosi kwesilisa 1700. Zaba Metropolitan of Ryazan Stefan Yavorsky. It wavunyelwa idili owalandela uHadrian nje nge "ezindabeni zokholo". Lokho ukwenza baqede nokukhulekela. Zonke ezinye amandla yahlukaniswa phakathi kwamabutho oda Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto. Lokhu kusebenza ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi kwezomnotho emazweni Church. Nempi Sweden uthembisa ukuba eside, isimo edingekayo imithombo, futhi inkosi ngeke ushiye 'njengabapristi' imali ethe xaxa. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi kamuva, kwakuyisinyathelo esidinga ukhaliphile. Ngokushesha izinsimbi parish waqala ukuthumela smelter ngoba izibhamu entsha. The esiphezulu igunya kobufundisi ngaphansi Petru 1 zange ajamelane.

Locum Tenens babengenalo igunya ezimele. Kuzo zonke izindaba ezibalulekile wayefanele uthintane nezinye ababhishobhi, nayo yonke imibiko zithunyelwe ngqo kulesi umbusi. Ngesikhathi ekutjhugululweni ziye simisiwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lenyuka ukubaluleka oda Izigodlo. Ikakhulukazi, wayefundiswe ukulawula isiko Russian lasendulo - inxiba. Fools futhi inxiba babanjwa futhi ayiswe oda. Njengoba ijeziswa nalabo abela abantu abampofu izipho, kungakhathaliseki nesikhundla emphakathini. Njengomthetho, umuntu onjalo uthola isigwebo.

Ukudala esiGungwini

Ekugcineni, ngo-1721 i-Holy Ebusayo esiGungwini yadalwa. Enkabeni yalo, lokhu kwaba yisenzakalo Analogue iSigele of the Empire, isiRashiya, elaba nesandla amandla okuphatha, ekubeni sakhiwo esiphezulu esithatha izinqumo isimo, ngqo ongaphansi kumbusi.

EsiGungwini eRussia kwakusho izikhundla ezifana umongameli owayeyisekela likamengameli. Nakuba ngokushesha base kukhanselwe, kodwa uthathe leso sinyathelo alikwazanga imibukiso kangcono umkhuba kaPetru ngasebenzisa umkhuba usezingeni, okungukuthi, ukwakha ezinhlwini entsha, engenalutho olubi ukwenzani esikhathini esidlule. Umengameli wokuqala kwaba Stefan Yarovskaya. Kwalona igunya namandla akasebenzisanga. Umsekeli kamongameli welizwe, ukwengamela umsebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, kwaba kumele uMcwaningi maBhuku Jikele, ngubani unolwazi inkosi yakwa konke okwakwenzeka emnyangweni.

nezinye izikhundla

Kwakukhona futhi isikhundla Umshushisi omkhulu, okuyinto ezilungisiwe ubuhlobo isakhiwo esisha umphakathi, futhi kwadingeka ilungelo lokuvota kanye Wagqugquzela izithakazelo umqhele.

Njengoba e zezinkonzo wokuziphilisa, esiGungwini babe fiscals sabo esingokomoya. sphere yabo ithonya kwaba yonke imisebenzi engokomoya kuleli zwe. Babona ukugcwaliseka kwezinkambiso zenkolo, nokunye. D.

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, esiGungwini edalwa njengendodana Analogue iSigele, ngakho-ke njalo ngo naye. Isixhumanisi phakathi izinhlangano ezimbili isibe umphenyi okhethekile abahambisa lezi imibiko kanye icala ubuhlobo.

Nginomthwalo wemfanelo ngalokho esiGungwini

EsiGungwini zemithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa kokubili izinto abefundisi nezindaba ezihlobene abantu abavamile. Ikakhulukazi, aphakeme igunya kobufundisi ngaphansi Petru 1 kwadingeka ukuphoqelela rites yobuKristu, futhi ukuze kuqedwe inkolelo-ze. Kuwufanele ukusho mayelana nemfundo. EsiGungwini ngaphansi Petru 1 kwaba linegunya ophethe izincwadi etikhungweni letahlukahlukene zemfundo.

abefundisi wokuziphilisa

Ngesiphakamiso sokuba uPetru abefundisi yezwe ukuba ithuluzi isimo, okuyinto kuzothinta uquqaba bese ulandela isimo sakhe esingokomoya. Ngamanye amazwi, it kwatholwa ekilasini efanayo ecacile futhi ngokomthetho njengoba izikhulu kanye ekilasini umthengisi, ne izinhloso zayo kanye nemisebenzi.

abefundisi Russian kuwo wonke umlando langaphambilini zihlukaniswa ukufinyeleleka yayo emphakathini. Kwakungeyona lombhalo sabapristi abangamakhosi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ungase uqale cishe wonke umuntu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuleli zwe kwakukhona babutha abapristi, eziningi zazo ayekile ukukhonza epherishi futhi baba vagrants. Lezi zinceku iSonto ngokuthi "sacral". Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ukulawulwa imvelo, yebo, kwaba into ongavamile phakathi nesikhathi Petru 1.

Ingena futhi esiqinile iziqondiso, owawuthi inkonzo umpristi kuphela badumise inkosi entsha izinguquko. EsiGungwini ngaphansi Petru 1 isikhipha umyalo sicindezela uhulumeni ukwazisa umambuli, uma umuntu ungeniswe isivumo ubugebengu isimo, noma ukuhlambalaza umqhele. Okungenakudanjiswa kujeziswa ngesigwebo sentambo.

imfundo isonto

ukubalwa kwezimali eziningi ziye kwenziwe, ukwakheka Checkers abefundisi. yi wazo wawudlula uyaphika omkhulu kwesithunzi nokwehlisa ekilasini. The esiphezulu igunya kobufundisi ngaphansi Petru 1 ukwethula nokuphetha eyabekwa imithetho emisha ethola ubupristi. Futhi, manje sesifunda ngalunye lwalungaba kuphela inombolo ethile namadiyakoni, futhi akayena umuntu oyedwa ngaphezulu. Parallel kule kwaba inqubo lula ehhovisi yabo.

Ekhuluma kumiswa ibandla kwikota yokuqala yekhulu XVIII, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuvulwa asebenzayo we ishabhu 20s. izikhungo okusha zemfundo avele Nizhny Novgorod, laseKharkov, Tver, Kazan, Kolomna, Pskov neminye imizi kombuso omusha. Uhlelo siqukethe i-8 amakilasi. abafana Kukhona athathwa nefomu kokuqala.

abefundisi njalo

abefundisi Black naye waba into, okuyinto ayeqondiswe kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru 1. Kafushane, ukuphila kushintsha zezindela sehliselwe amagoli amathathu. Okokuqala, inani labo liye landa kancane kancane sehle. Okwesibili, kuvimbela ukufinyelela isithunzi. Okwesithathu, izindela asele kwakumelwe athole ezikwenzayo okuwusizo.

Isizathu salokhu kwaba nobuhlobo bomuntu siqu we ukungathandi nkosi ngoba izindela. Lokhu kubangelwe nakho sezingane lapho sasingabahlubuki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-emperor bekuyindlela kude unkom 'idlayodwa zokuphila. Ukuzila nokuthandaza wayekhetha abakuyo. Akumangazi ukuthi emtshelile kwathi ngesikhathi akha imikhumbi, esebenza njengomdwebi umbazi, zezindela kungukuthi ithandiwe.

Abafisa ukuthi lezi zinhlangano ziye zaletha ethile engatholakala isimo, uPetru wayala uzenze nabo izibhedlela, izimboni, izikole nokunye. D. Kodwa ukuphila izindela luyindida kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, babenqatshelwe ukushiya izindonga usendaweni lwakubo. Usuke ungekho ukulahlwa okukhulu.

Imiphumela kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni futhi nomgomo okwengeziwe

Peter Ngangiyisihambi sikahulumeni okuqina futhi, ngokusho le nkolelo akazange le kwesondo abefundisi ohlelweni jikelele. Uma ucabangela yena obapha ematheni amandla kuleli zwe, lapho wayencisha Sabefundisi kwanoma yimaphi amandla, futhi ekugcineni phansi ngokuphelele isakhiwo.

Kakade eziningi ukweqisa wezinguquko ngemva kokufa le nkosi abangu amiswe, kodwa wabuka jikelele kohlelo ayaqhubeka ekhona kuze 1917 futhi eza emandleni amaBolshevik. Labo ngenhlanhla inkulumo-ze yakhe anti-Catholic futhi bekholelwa kulokho umfanekiso kaPetru mina, bedumisa ukuzimisela kwakhe kucabangela isimo Orthodox.