Territory, labantu, futhi endaweni ingqikithi Switzerland. Switzerland: incazelo kanye nomlando

Le ndawo yeSwitzerland mncane impela ngisho ngezindinganiso yaseYurophu. Noma kunjalo, kuleli zwe elincane kudlala indima sasivumela okuphawulekayo izinqubo global. isimiso sezombangazwe nomgomo wezangaphandle we State, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, ukuhlinzeka ukuzinza engakaze ibonwe, angabhekwa esiyingqayizivele. Ake sihlole kafushane umlando, Yazi indawo kanye labantu Switzerland, kanye eminye imininingwane ezihlobene kulelo zwe.

I ezindawo indawo Switzerland

Ngaphambi kokucabangela indawo Switzerland, kanye ezinye imibuzo, ake sibone lapho State itholakala.

Switzerland itholakala inhliziyo naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, zokhahlamba ngokuthi Alps. Empumalanga it is izungezwe Austria futhi Liechtenstein, eningizimu - ne Italy, entshonalanga - neFrance, nasenyakatho nabo eJalimane.

Ubunjalo iningi Switzerland wumumo sezintaba. Entshonalanga yezwe mikhulu Lake Geneva.

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Switzerland - Bern.

Umlando ngaphambi kumiswa geqe

Manje ake sihlole kafushane umlando Switzerland. Imizana kulezi zindawo zaziwa kusukela Paleolithic Age. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Neolithic lapho yayikhona umphakathi kwamasiko, eyakha izindlu zabo ezisekelweni zezingodo.

Endulo endaweni entabeni empumalanga yezwe lalakhiwe ngezizwe Retov, ababebhekwa njengezibonelo lifana Italian Etruscans. It kushiyelwa abamele Romanized isizwe wathatha ngelinye lamadolobha esimanjemanje yobuhlanga amaqembu Switzerland - romani.

Futhi, njengoba BC XIII leminyaka. e., lapha waqala ukungena izizwe Celtic. Ngaphambi ukunqoba ongumRoma entshonalanga Switzerland yesimanje lalakhiwe ngezizwe keltoyazychnye Helvetii kanye Allobroges, nasempumalanga - vindelici.

58 BC. e. Helvetii kanye Allobroges zanqotshwa omkhulu waseRoma Yuliem Tsezarem, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe, lapho u-Octavian Awugustu eminyakeni 15-13 BC. e. engakhanyi abantu Rhaetian futhi vindelici.

Izindawo abanjwe ngalokhu lithathwa uMbuso WaseRoma. Insimu Switzerland yesimanje lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona izifundazwe - Rhaetia futhi Upper eJalimane, futhi endaweni encane eduze Geneva wawuyingxenye Narbonne eGaul. Kamuva, kusukela uketshezi yasenyakatho ke wahlukaniselwa sifundazwe eyodwa ngaphezulu - Vindelitsiya. Isifunda baba kancane kancane Romanized, ezakhiwa lapho izakhiwo ezibalulekile Roman, imigwaqo, amadolobha, lapho amandla umbuso ukuwela ukwehla, lapha waqala ukungena ubuKristu.

Kakade 264 AD ensimini ka yesimanje entshonalanga Switzerland yahlasela isizwe zamaJalimane Alamanni. Ekuqaleni V leminyaka, benza ekugcineni athumba mpumalanga yezwe. Ngo-470, entshonalanga Switzerland baba ingxenye yombuso lesinye isizwe zamaJalimane - the Burgundians, okuyinto Nokho, bengamakholwa. Uma Alemans insimu yayo asibhubhise ngokuphelele iminonjana ukuphendula, abhubhise, befunda, exosha abantu balapha, le Burgundians, kunalokho, it fanele kuze wendawo kuhle abaqotho, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo kuya predominance sabantu Roman emazweni ezithoba kubo. Lesi sigaba kubonakala ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla: entshonalanga ye abakhuluma isiFulentshi Switzerland - kungcono ikakhulukazi inzalo ka abakhileyo ezweni kusukela kwenkathi yamaRoma, kwase kanye labantu empumalanga abakhuluma isiJalimane - Inzalo Alamanni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma ngonyaka 478, eningizimu Switzerland kwaba zilandelana sekubusa imibuso zamaJalimane we Ostrogoths futhi amaLombard, maphakathi elalisendlini Italy. Kodwa Ostrogoths futhi asizange siveze enobudlova Germanization sabantu, ngakho kule ngxenye yezwe manje siphila romani futhi Italian.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nokuvimbela ukuxuba amaqembu abantu bendabuko ezibalwe ngenhla kanye ehlasela lempi kuvimbe division engokwemvelo Okhahlamba LwaseSwitzerland endaweni kuqhathaniswa angawodwa.

Ekhulwini VIII, endaweni ingqikithi Switzerland kwaphinde united ngaphansi Frankish isimo. Kodwa kakade ekhulwini IX, yawa. Switzerland kwaphinde zahlukaniselwa ezifundazweni eziningana: Upper Burgundy, Italy neJalimane. Kodwa ekhulwini XI yinkosi German wakwazi ukwakha uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, ezazihlanganisa yonke indawo Switzerland. Nokho, ngokushesha kombuso buthaka, nala mazwe ngempela waqala ukuphatha amakhosi endawo izinduna we izizukulwane Tserengenov, Kyburg, Habsburg nabanye, wasizakala bendawo. Ikakhulukazi kwaqina abakwaHabsburg ngemva kokuphela kwekhulu XIII e lidlule ubunikazi isihloko Emperor of njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma izandla zabo.

Ukulwela ukukhipha ukuzimela

Kuyinto silwa lezi abadala, ikakhulukazi Habsburg, futhi kwaba ukuqala kokuhlanganisa izifunda disparate Swiss kwisimo esisodwa ezimele. Ngo-1291 yena yanikezelwa umfelandawonye lempi "phakade" phakathi abamele cantons ezintathu (izifunda) of Switzerland - Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden. Kusukela ngalolo suku lidlule igcine irekhodi lazo isimo Swiss. Kusukela kulo mzuzwana waqala umzabalazo esebenzayo kubantu ngokumelene abakwaHabsburg, ekuphathweni yasebukhosini kanye nabamele izinduna. Ukuze esigabeni sokuqala sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi zihlanganisa nganekwane odumile Vilgelme Telle.

Ngo 1315 kwakukhona Ukungqubuzana yokuqala enkulu phakathi Swiss kanye Habsburg ibutho. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Battle of Morgarten. Khona-ke Okhahlamba wakwazi ukunqoba, okuyinto anda mkhulu kunezinhliziyo nazo izikhathi ezimbalwa ibutho lesitha, ngaphandle ehlanganisa Knights. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso lo mcimbi kukhulunywa okokuqala kwegama "Switzerland". Lokhu kwakubangelwa igama eyiphutha ezivamile Canton of Schwyz e lonke Union. Ngokushesha ngemva kokunqoba yesivumelwano azihlanganisa ibuyekeziwe.

Esikhathini esizayo, i-Union kwaqhubeka ziphumelele ngokumelene abakwaHabsburg. Lokhu bakhangwa isifiso nezinye izindawo ukuze ujoyine. Ngu 1353 e-Union lalinabashumayeli cantons eziyisishiyagalombili, njengoba ingezwe yokuqala emithathu Zurich, Bern, Zug, Lucerne futhi Glarus.

Eminyakeni 1386 futhi 1388 Okhahlamba wamshaya ezimbili ukunqotshwa abalulekile abakwaHabsburg e izimpi Sempach futhi Näfels. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni iqiniso lokuthi 1389 ukuthula sasayinwa iminyaka 5. Khona-ke wanwetshelwa 20 nengu-50. empeleni abakwaHabsburg sazilahla amalungelo abadala ngokuhlobene cantons ahlangene eziyisishiyagalombili, nakuba baqhubeka ukuba yingxenye njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Lokhu eziyimbangela wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu 1481, okungukuthi cishe iminyaka engu-100 ubudala.

Eminyakeni 1474-1477, Switzerland kwakuhilela impi Burgundy e umfelandawonye France ne-Austria. Ngo 1477 e impi ewumnqamula-juqu ye Nancy, Okhahlamba wahlulwa Duke uCharles the Bold amabutho Burgundy, yena wabulawa kule mpi. Lokhu kunqoba anda kakhulu udumo lomhlaba wonke Switzerland. kwamaqhawe alo, aphele phathelana aziswa njengezinto Amasosha esihle, okuyinto kwaba nomphumela omuhle emnothweni. Ngenxa yalokho, uyiNkosi ka-France, uMbusi Milan, upapa nabanye izikhulu. Esikhathini Vatican ewuqapha Holy See namanje ukubuthwa Okhahlamba. Sekuthanda ezweni kakhulu, abafisa ukujoyina iNhlangano, kodwa cantons ubudala akuzona zasizakala kakhulu ibenze imingcele.

Ekugcineni, isivumelwano olusha esayinwe 1481. Solothurn futhi Fribourg - kwezinye cantons emibili baye bamukela njengoba amalungu Union. Le ndawo yeSwitzerland yandile futhi inani cantons wayekhuliswe engaze ibe yishumi. Ngo-1499, wahlulwa empini ngokumelene Swabian League, asekelwe kumbusi. Ngemva kwalesi sivumelwano sasayinwa, empeleni imakwe uphume Switzerland kusukela njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Kodwa lo mbusi akuyona sazilahla ngokomthetho izimangalo zawo. Ngo-1501, njengoba cantons ku Union ezamukelwe ngu Basel futhi Schaffhausen, futhi ngo-1513 - Appenntsel. Inani umhlaba ifinyelele nantathu.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, XV ekhulwini Europe yimpandla ububanzi onyathela Yezinguquko - iqembu ezimfundisweni zenkolo Christian inqatshelwe ubukhulu uPapa emhlabeni engokomoya. Sekuyisikhathi eside Umuzi Geneva baphila futhi bafa umsunguli omunye Amathrendi ehola ngeNkathi Yezinguquko - Zhan Kalvin. Enye wezinguquko abavelele Ulrih Tsvingli wazalwa ngo-St Gallen. Reform kuthatha sovereigns amaningi aseYurophu nezikhulu. Kodwa wamelana, uMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngo 1618 ke kwaqubuka pan-European War Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu. Ngo-1648, i-Ode to Sokuthula SaseWestphalia sasayinwa, lapho uMbusi wavuma ukunqotshwa yakhe futhi ilungelo izikhulu ukukhetha inkolo izwe lakhe, futhi kwaba fixed ngokomthetho ophumayo Switzerland kusukela njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Manje sekuwumkhuba nombuso ozimele ngokugcwele.

ezimele Switzerland

Nokho, Switzerland ngaleso sikhathi kuphela isihlobo engathathwa njengoba isimo esisodwa. Canton ngamunye has imithetho yayo siqu, division indawo, ilungelo izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Kwakungesona like ubuhlobo bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa kuka isimo agcwele.

Ngo 1795, Switzerland waqala inguquko, kusekelwa ngaphandle kaNapoleon France. The French alithatha izwe, futhi 1798 kwakukhona kwakha inarha ebumbeneko - Helvetic Republic. Nokho, Emva Allied ukumehlula Napoleon e 1815 e-Switzerland wabuya idivayisi sangaphambilini izinguquko ezimbalwa, inani cantons senyuselwa 22 futhi kamuva - ku-26. Kodwa leli zwe ekuphumeni ukunyakaza kuya endzaweni yinye kwamandla. Umthethosisekelo omusha wamukelwa ngonyaka ka 1848. Ngokusho kwakhe, Switzerland, nakuba baqhubeka bebizwa ngokuthi yi-Confederation, empeleni yaphenduka isimo sikahulumeni nge uhulumeni agcwele. Khona-ke isimo hlangothi Izigayo umiselwe. It kwakuyisiqinisekiso sokuthi idatha has Switzerland zaba ngomunye wemikhakha emakhoneni abanokuthula kunabo bonke futhi kuthule umhlaba. Ukuba elaseYurophu, lapho kubhujiswa lesi wokuQala nowesiBili Umhlaba Izimpi, ngalesi simo cishe yodwa alizange phakathi nezenzakalo ezibuhlungu. Ngempela, mahhala empini eYurophu kwakuyi neSweden kanye neSwitzerland kuphela. Le ndawo yezwe hhayi uye wahlupheka amabhomu isitha noma Ukuhlasela wamabutho angaphandle.

Izwe ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni le mboni kanye komkhakha wamabhange. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuletha Switzerland ku abahlinzeki omhlaba anothile kwezinkonzo ezingokwezimali, futhi izinga lokuphila izakhamuzi Alpine isimo isibe omunye aphakeme emhlabeni.

endaweni Switzerland

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yini endaweni Switzerland. Lesi sibalo kuyinto umbandela eziyisisekelo ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya kamuva. Okwamanje, Switzerland indawo ayizinkulungwane 41,3 sq. M. km. It izinga 133rd phakathi wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Ukuze uqhathanise, endaweni eyodwa endaweni Volgograd kuphela 112,9 sq. M. km.

Izingxenyana yeSwitzerland

Ngo imigomo zokuphatha-indawo, Switzerland sehlukaniswe cantons 20 6 nengxenye ukuthi ngokwejwayelekileyo ilingane izinhlangano 26 ukuhlanganyela.

Le ndawo ezinkulu Graubünden (ayizinkulungwane 7.1 sq. Km.), Bern (6.0 th. Sq. Km.) Futhi Vale (ayizinkulungwane 5.2 sq. Km.).

labantu

Inani labantu kuleli zwe abantu abangaba izigidi ezingu-8. Lona wama-95 emhlabeni.

Kodwa lokho kwabantu bakhona Switzerland? Le ndawo yezwe kanye labantu, siye usethe, kulula ukunikeza futhi abale le nkomba. Kuyinto elilingana abantu 188. / Sq. km.

ukwakheka yobuhlanga

On insimu yezwe 94% abantu bakuleli batholakale bazibheke Swiss yobuhlanga. Lokhu akuvimbeli ngokushesha bakhulume izilimi ezihlukahlukene kubo. Ngakho, u-65% labantu ekhuluma isiJalimane, 18% - French abakhuluma futhi 10% - ekhuluma isi-Italian.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe i-1% abantu bakuleli batholakale romani.

inkolo

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla, Switzerland isibe enkundleni wangempela umzabalazo phakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika. Manje izinkanuko baye kudamba futhi akukho ngxabano zenkolo ezweni kanti akunjalo. Mayelana 50% sabantu kwabane bangamaProthestani, futhi 44% - amaKatolika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Switzerland kukhona imiphakathi emincane bamaJuda kanye Muslim.

izici Jikelele

Safunda endaweni Switzerland sikwele. km, labantu nomlando kuleli zwe. Njengoba ubona, yawa ibanga elide kusukela umfelandawonye wahlukana ka cantons esimweni enobunye. Umlando Switzerland uyisibonelo kanjani ngamasiko, inkolo, imiphakathi zinhlanga futhi kube yinto isehlane kungenziwa united ibe isizwe esisodwa.

Impumelelo ye-Swiss imodeli ukuthuthukiswa uqinisekise izinkomba kwezomnotho kanye eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-150 ukuletha ukuthula kuleliya lizwe.