Tar - kuyini. Ukwakheka kanye Isicelo

Ukudala ikhwalithi isiqondiso ebusweni kukhona ezahlukene ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo izinto. Omunye wabo yomsizi netiyela. Kuyini lokhu izidakamizwa, yini izakhiwo ke anazo nalapho kusebenza, it is kahle owaziwayo lokuqala endaweni abakhi abasebenzi komgwaqo. Abantu asebebadala, owakhulela eSoviet Union, uzokhumbula ukuthi kwaba wabo wokuqala ushingamu - yomsizi netiyela. Ngaphandle kwakhiwa izidakamizwa anenhlaka is ngeposi ukucutshungulwa uwoyela kokuba isakhiwo viscous futhi esashiwo abamnyama. Ukuhoxa kodaka lobu-8 kuya ku-45 amaphesenti ngesisindo sezinti uwoyela.

Tar - kuyini

Ngesisekelo le nto kukhona imikhiqizo uwoyela, ngakho ukubunjwa itiyela kuyafana kuziwa emafutheni. Ziyakwazi izingxenye saziso:

- Petroleum resin ehlanganisa hydrocarbon ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi azidlulisele itiyela viscosity futhi stringiness.

- Asphalt - ukudla okuqinile ukwandisa ukuzinza ezishisayo.

- Asphalt acid kanye anhydrides yabo kokuba ukungaguquguquki anenhlaka futhi ahlobene polinaftenovym acid.

- Futhi ingxenye esiyisibopho kuyinto itiyela wokuqukethwe lelisetulu metal ukungcola ekhona amafutha.

izakhiwo itiyela

Agabe ikakhulu izakhiwo amafutha, kanye ukuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ukucutshungulwa yayo. Nature petroleum amafraktjhini abathintekayo kanti ezinye izici kodaka, ezifana ukuminyana, ukuma kanye flash coking. A itiyela kangcono eyatholakala kusukela uwoyela esindayo ne resin imayelana 8% yesisindo sayo.

Ukusetshenziswa itiyela

Emagatsheni ahlukahlukene kodaka isicelo. Lokho iyisici esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni komgwaqo nokwakhiwa itiyela, eyaziwa, mhlawumbe, konke. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, itiyela iyadingeka futhi womshini motor fuel, amafutha fuel kanye amagesi ezivuthayo. Ngo ukwakhiwa iraba le umkhakha isetshenziswa njengenhlangano emollient. Tar nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu inhlaka zingahlungwa zibe udizili usebenzisa indlela hydrogenation futhi ngokuhlaziya.

Ukuze ususe izingxenye anenhlaka-asphaltene futhi polycyclic hydrocarbon elimnandi okuyinto abe ongaphakeme viscosity Inkomba futhi ngezinga eliphezulu coking isicelo kodaka deasphalting. I kuphela, njengoba umthetho, kuba-propane. Kodwa kanye ke, uma ufuna ukuthola eluhlaza hydrocracking iyunithi noma kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba angasetshenziswa pentane futhi butane. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-deasphalting ezimbili isigaba Kwenziwa lapho esigabeni sokuqala asphalt okuholela inike ingxenye viscous ngaphezulu - Dao 2.

Lapho efeza umgwaqo usebenza kodaka kulethwa ifomu okuqinile, futhi kakade ngqo phambi ukuyisebenzisa uyabaselwa esimweni liquid.

izinsiza yesibili

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa insipho, amafutha ukukhanya, paraffins nezinye izinqubo uhlanzekile lapho reagent isetshenziswa njengoba sulfuric acid, yakheke leyavela ngokuthi kodaka acid. Lena mthombo wosizo yesibili ezimnyama Gummy mass equkethe ikakhulu sulfuric acid kanye organic compounds. Ton acid kodaka ivumela ukuthola 600 kg uwoyela fuel, 230 kg Gypsum 110 kg 60 kg coke noma hydrocarbon gaseous.

Ingozi acid tars ngoba ngemvelo

Naphezu inani layo njengoba impahla eluhlaza for asphalt binders, ngisho omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuzenza usongo imvelo, kuba sludge acid. Lokho ketshezi liwumthombo izingozi izimila nezilwane, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi izinto ngeke, uma ukhumbula ngezithako zawo - izidakamizwa anenhlaka kanye khulula sulfuric acid, okuqukethwe okungaba kufika ku-70% we isisindo ingqikithi.

Ubungozi indlela ukugcina kanye acid tars. Ngenxa yokuthi namuhla azikho izindlela ephumelelayo kabusha, imfucuza omane elahliwe echibini isitoreji ebambe ngezinye izikhathi izindawo ukuba mikhulu. Ngenxa yalokho izinqubo redox ezenzeka angesabi phezu isitoreji, semali sulphur dioxide. Ngemva kwezimvula ezinkulu noma encibilika iqhwa entwasahlobo omuncu amanzi ageleza emachibini emikhukhwini eminyene, acidifies enhlabathini bese komhlaba.

Konke lokhu kunomthelela omubi isimo emvelweni eduze indawo lezi amachibi, Uphatha kabi impilo kubantu abahlala endaweni ezungezile. Izigidi zamathani acid tars warehoused kusitoreji evulekile Echibini ensimini ka-Russia. Cishe bonke zokuwuhluza kuwukudlala ezinjalo. Omunye kuphela esifundeni zanqwabelana amathani zabo ezingaphezu kuka-250.

Ukuchithwa kokungcola kuyalawulwa

Ngo isakhiwo ukuthuthukiswa yesimanje lukhula isidingo imikhiqizo efana itiyela, itiyela, itiyela mastic asphalt. Ngakho, futhi elandayo eziningi abakhiqizi. Abaningi babo ozama ukuxazulula le nkinga imfucuza acid tars, usebenzisa sulfuric ukwelashwa acid indlela, kodwa namanje lokungakeneli esikalini, t. Ukuze. Akuve inkiyankiya yenkinga. Kudinga izinto ezibizayo acid nemithi, ukuthuthukiswa amasu akhethekile nemibandela isitoreji. Namuhla, ithuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe ngempumelelo kakhulu imfucuza acid kodaka.

Cishe zonke ongoti abasebenza ukwakhiwa komgwaqo, itiyela kubhekwe kufanele material esiyingqayizivele. remelting yakhe ikuvumela ukudala ezihlukahlukene compounds eziye zasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukwakha imigwaqo. Futhi ukusetshenziswa kodaka e ukufulela nokwakha imisebenzi uwoyela fuel, amafutha lubricating ekuqhumeni kwezintaba uketshezi ngokwengeziwe ithuthukisa ukubaluleka kwayo.