Wezigele kanye esiGungwini isakhiwo Petersburg: ukubuyekezwa, izincazelo, umlando and umklami

Omunye okumangalisayo endalweni ezakhiwo inhlokodolobha Northern ubhekwa isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini. Petersburg, izakhiwo eziningi ezimangalisayo, kodwa lolu hlelo zokugcina iphrojekthi enkulu umakhi abadumile Rossi sekuwuphawu ka classicism ngasekupheleni.

Uhlolojikelele

Eqinisweni, akuyona eyodwa, kodwa izakhiwo ezimbili, okuyinto manje munye ngaphansi igama elilodwa - isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini. Petersburg, phambi ezimbili isimo anegunya of the Empire, Russian babekhona kwakhiwe Amakolishi Nambili. Nokho, emva ukwakhiwa Admiralty ngo-1823 esakhiweni esidala ayisekho kwakulingana ekubukekeni okusha, okuyinto lithole indawo Senatorial. Kukhona isidingo esiphuthumayo yokuvuselela yayo. Yingakho ngo-1824 umncintiswano kwamenyezelwa yomsebenzi, lapho ihlela ukwakhela isakhiwo esisha Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye esiGungwini.

Petersburg, itshe lokuqala sabekwa ekwakhiweni 24 Agasti 1829. Ekuqaleni saqala ukwakha ukwakhiwa senzelwe iSigele, futhi kamuva ngonyaka waqala futhi esiGungwini isakhiwo. Ukwakha kwaphothulwa ngo-1834. Umklami isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini - Karl Ivanovich Rossi. umsebenzi Ukwakhiwa project yakhe eholwa Alexander Shtaubert.

prehistory

Ekuqaleni, le site iSigele futhi esiGungwini elise endlini isigamu-izingodo zamanje, enomnikazi u-Alexander Menshikov, futhi elilandelayo - mansion, ngubani elawulwa unkosikazi abathengisi Kusovnikova. Lapho Serene yakhe Highness Prince kwaba namahloni, impahla yakhe ku uMfula iNeva wadluliswa phakathi kwelifa loonyana likaShansela A. I. Ostermana. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngo-1744, isakhiwo wanikezwa Elizabeth A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Shansela kabusha ke, wathuma umakhi A. Vista ukwakha indlu isitayela Baroque.

Ngo 1763, lapho ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi uCatherine II, isakhiwo wayiswa Treasury. Ngo kulendlu cishe ngokushesha iyiswe iSigele. Kusukela 1780 kuya 1790 lapho kwakhiwa le Baroque Bestuzhev-Ryumin ke kwaphinde elilungisiwe: mbumbulu ithole ukwelashwa entsha yezakhiwo, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo classicism Russian.

Igama lombhali lokugcina iphrojekthi, lapho kuvuselelwa lesi sakhiwo kwenziwe, hhayi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile. Nokho, nahlulele kusukela ephila Academy of Fine Arts Imusiyemu iqoqo imidwebo lentshonalanga olungaphambili lwesonto, umakhi wachitha ekuthuthukiseni I.Starov.

Umlando sokudalwa

Lapho ngo-1823 umakhi Zakharov Uqede omkhulukazi isakhiwo Admiralty, kwakukhona isidingo zidlulisela ezindaweni ezintathu eyinhloko-dolobha Northern: iSigele (manje Decembrists), Palace futhi Admiralty, lapho u-Alexander Garden sabekwa aphume ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Ukwenza kakade ngaleso sikhathi ekhaya, kwaku Senate ayisekho ukuhlangabezana ke ukuziphilisa, futhi izakhiwo jikelele futhi ubuhle enkabeni yedolobha. Futhi ngoba kwakudinga ukuba umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo.

Ukuze wakhe kombusi, bese sobukhosi kwakukhona Nicholas mina, waqala ukwakha ikhaya elisha iSigele nesithombe esisodwa, ukuze isakhiwo Jikelele Abasebenzi weNyuvesi, Umkhandlu Wezigele, esiGungwini Petersburg kwenziwa e isixazululo olulodwa yezakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube sekugcineni kwendlu yomthengisi Kusovnikovoy yathengwa. Futhi endaweni yendlu Bestuzhev-Ryumin unqume ukwakha isakhiwo iSigele.

Ukukhethwa iphrojekthi

Ngo 1828 umncintiswano kwamenyezelwa. Kwaba khona abangu-Vasily Stasov, Pol Zhako, Smaragd Shustov, Vasily Glinka futhi, yebo, eRussia. Wezigele kanye esiGungwini isakhiwo imidwebo ababeqhudelana kwadingeka izingxube ezihlukahlukene zoketshezi. Ngokwesibonelo, uJaco ahlinzekwa ukwakha isakhiwo olulodwa, okuyinto kuyofana igalari Louvre, Stas babehlele kabusha kuphela emzini owayeyinhloko Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Rossi yasisenza iphrojekthi imibhoshongo ezimbili nokuxhuma kwamanye lwaleli design ngamunye. Futhi ngakho sibona isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini namuhla.

Ukuhlela ukwakheka kanye umqophi

Nesishiyagalombili Februwari 1829 iphrojekthi sivunyiwe ngu Rossi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko umakhi kwaba ukunikeza isakhiwo umlingisi elihambisana le ndawo enkulu phezu ngalo wema. Kakade ekupheleni Agasti kubekwa emisiwe ndlu kufanele ukusebenzisa iSigele. I isisekelo sesakhiwo wabeka uqwembe oluyisikhumbuzo ukuthi olungaphambili lwesonto umdwebo evunywe loMhlabathi, enomnikazi Carlo Rossi. Builder futhi wamiswa omunye wezakhiwo odumile - A. Shtaubert. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho iphrojekthi, lesi sakhiwo yisona organically kakhulu kufakwe udonga futhi kwalondolozwa ekhaya Bestuzhev-Rumin. Futhi ngo-August 1830, ngemva bakwazi ukuthenga Kusovnikovoy indlu endaweni yomcebo isimo, ukwakhiwa esiGungwini of isakhiwo saqala endaweni yayo

Ngo-July, 1831 uMbusi uNicholas mina ivume yephrojekthi umhlobiso sculptural. Kulokhu, liyisibonelo ahlukene wanikwa ukuthi lezi zibalo ukuboniswa hhayi "ukukhula", kanye nasezintweni okuhlalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwadingeka ukuba bafake izingubo Antique, isibonelo, in a Toga, uphinde ususe wonke Trophies kanye imibhalo izincwadi.

Ukubhalisa sculptural kuthatha abaculi ezimbalwa nje - S. Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky ne P. Sokolov esizwa N. Tokarev futhi P. phambili kanye nabanye. Ustinov sidalwe umqophi ezinze e-okuhlaba emthunzini kuqala ku esifanekisweni kwesokunxele "Ukholo." Sokolov ezibaziweyo "Ukuncipha Kokuzinikela Enkolweni" futhi Pimenov - elithi "uMthetho" futhi "Justice".

Osonhlamvukazi futhi ibhubesi buso, kanye nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa zenziwa ngesandla Torricelli. Ukwakheka sculptural itholakala ekamelweni elisophahleni, kanye "Geniuses" izincwadi imithetho ukusebenza Demuth-Malinovsky waphonsa zethusi ifektri Byrd.

ukwakhiwa

Beka phambi abaklami abakhi umsebenzi akunika isakhiwo umlingisi iSigele ngokuvumelana nobukhulu iSigele Square, ixazululiwe ngobuciko obukhulu futhi nge umqondo wala esikalini. Olungaphambili lwesonto ubude enkulu ngokwanele ukuze uthole Russia kumbhali yephrojekthi ukwandisa ukuphakama izakhiwo kuze kube kungamafathomu ayisishiyagalombili nengxenye. Mangisho ukuthi ezinye izakhiwo Admiralty aphansi edlula isakhiwo iSigele - by kakhulu ngendlela ezimbili neshumi ngamasentimitha. Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba 1832 imisebenzi nokwakhiwa kwavinjwa, futhi ngokushesha waqala ingaphakathi kuzo zombili lezi zakhiwo. NgoFebhuwari wonyaka ozayo icala kumbusi ngokwabo benze ukuhlolwa izindawo. Futhi ngo-1934, isakhiwo eliphelele lagcina liqedwe.

Izici

Maphakathi Ukwakheka olungaphambili lwesonto, ukubumba esikalini ezinkulu futhi ukubaluleka iSigele Square, Rossi banquma ukwenza lwaleli umbukwane, aphonswe phezu Galernaya emgwaqweni. It uhlobanisa izakhiwo ezimbili zibe eziyinkimbinkimbi olulodwa yezakhiwo. Ukuze ukubhaliswa kwaso Karl Ivanovich esetshenziswa omunye wabo njengoba ngaphambilini yasungulwa, kodwa hhayi zilandelwa ngu lwaleli ongakhetha anikezwa Jikelele Abasebenzi. Le isixazululo yezakhiwo kusetshenzwe wezakhiwo based ububanzi kakhulu ezincane ndlela. Kulokhu, isimo semvelo sawo ukubunjwa umakhi okunqobayo liyalondolozwa ngokugcwele.

lwaleli

It luhlanganisa isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini, futhi waqeda ebaziwe ise elisophahleni multi-esiteji. "Ubulungisa ukuzishaya", okungukuthi okuthiwa izingcweti Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky kanye AP Sokolov, elifanekisela ubunye imibuso emibili - esontweni futhi ayenemisebenzi yokuziphilisa. Ngenhla zithako Okugweda wasebenza isikhathi esingangonyaka. Ngaphezu kwakhe, phezu lwaleli, kanye sibalo namanje ifakiwe, kungukufanekisa kusho 'geniuses abagcina umthetho. "

Ngesikhathi elisophahleni efanayo ezintathu esiqoshiwe sase-- ". Umthetho wemvelo" "komthetho we-civil", "Umthetho kaNkulunkulu" kanye Very interesting ukuba indawo yabo. In the isikhungo, ngenhla nje lwaleli, anesithombe bas okuthiwa elithe ukuvuleka "komthetho we-civil." Phakathi yonke imifanekiso kuso, busts sikaPeter Omkhulu futhi uCatherine II abatelekile.

incazelo

Umklami Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye esiGungwini izakhiwo - Russia - uye zihlinzekwe maqondana ezintathu storey unxande nasemagcekeni ezakhiwo. Kokuvamile izitebhisi amahle zishanela nge ramps wenza egwadle, ukuhlobisa emnyango. Ngokumangalisayo ocebile ukukhanya nethunzi effect owadalwa alternation tu- izingxenye phezu odongeni lwendlu olungaphambili izakhiwo kanye niches. Lena eningi usizo, emaceleni eziningi.

EsiGungwini fronted isakhiwo ebhekene kokubili Promenade des Anglais nalowo iSigele Square. Ngokuvamile, ochwepheshe bakholelwa umklamo kakhulu ezakhiwo le ngxenye yokwakha. ekhoneni yayo oyindilinga. It lihlotshiswe emphemeni omkhulukazi, nezishiwo ngenhla phansi kuqala futhi eqoqwe eziyisishiyagalombili namakholomu oda laseKorinte, ijika mnene okuyinto usuphothuliwe, ngokuvumelana abalobi yephrojekthi wangenela ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Le isixazululo yezakhiwo ngokumangalisayo umugqa okucebisayo le Promenade des Anglais wasinikeza ukubukeka ocebile.

No kancane ezithakazelisayo design yayo kanye wangaphambili Indlu Yekubamba Umhlangano ekhatsi isakhiwo iSigele, izindonga zazo ehlotshiswe caryatids futhi pilasters ka stucco, kanye kombhede, okwenza imidwebo umculi B. Medici. Phakathi kwaba sobukhosi igcwele elikhanyayo njengegazi velvet.

emva kwempi

Ngo-1919, Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye esiGungwini uyekwa. Kusukela ngo-1925 i-Central zomlando Archives elise isakhiwo. Ngo-1936, isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini baqala ukubuyisela, kanye mbumbulu usubuyiselwe namatshe aqoshiwe, futhi kamuva ngonyaka aqala ubuyekeze isignesha ezitebhisini grand. Phakathi nempi, izakhiwo ezimbili ziye ahlasela ngesihluku. Bafika a wezikhali amagobolondo ezimbalwa ngenxa yomonakalo esindayo kwamabhilidi. Cishe isonto Synodal labhujiswa ngokuphelele.

Imisebenzi sokubuyiselwa waqala ehlobo lika-1944 - ngaphambi kokuphela kwempi. Ngo-2006, zomlando Ezinqolobaneni bethuthile, kanti isakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini wayebizwa iGceke Russian Federation yoMthethosisekelo. Namuhla, kukhona kaMongameli Library.

kumnandzi

Uma sibheka ukuphila kwethu imibhalo, ukuthengwa umthengisi inxuluma Kusovnikovoy abiza yengcebo yobukhosi bezinga elingakaze libonwe isikhathi - ngamakhulu omathandathu amawaka anawaka, ngesikhathi 1796-m icebo ukuthi uhlolwa nje eziyisikhombisa namakhulu nengxenye. Uwayehlalise, proznav ukuthi ukwakhiwa esiGungwini esikhundleni endlini yakhe Kuzokwakhiwa wanquma jack up intengo, ngaphezu isamba ukufunjathiswa futhi kuhlanganisa nezikhulu eziningi.

Nakuba abasebenza ingoma "Ubulungisa ehlonipha," umqophi lesi sakhiwo iSigele futhi esiGungwini Pimenov wafa. Umsebenzi wakhe waze waqedelwa indodana yakhe.