Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site: umlando, ukuhlolwa nemithelela

Semipalatinsk yenuzi test site ingenye izahluko emnyama emlandweni udweshu phakathi amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali - eU.SSR USA. Kukholakala ukuthi kudalwa izikhali ezinjalo ephezulu sikagesi futhi ebulalayo ngoba eSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi esinzima kwakudingeka ngokuphuthumayo. Kodwa ososayensi esondela enuzi ayekutholile, umbuzo uphuthuma ngokwengeziwe njengoba lapho ukuzwa lokhu ukuthuthukiswa yakamuva. Futhi ikhambi lale nkinga etholakele.

Umlando sokudalwa

Kufanele ukuthi zenuzi test site wawuyingxenye project ukwakha ibhomu le-athomu. Ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba uthole indawo efanelekayo ukuze uzame izikhali ezintsha. Waqala emaqeleni Kazakhstan, okuyinto baguqulelwa Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site. Uphi le ndawo, esikhathini sethu, bambalwa bayazi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokhu asemaqeleni ngebhange kwesokudla eMfuleni Irtysh, nje km 130 kusukela Semipalatinsk.

Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi nesimo sendawo kwendawo iyona engcono ukuhanjwa ukuqhuma komhlaba ku izimbobo kanye imigudu. I ethile kuphela kwakuwukuthi amaShayina Ihhovisi elalikuyo, kodwa ngokushesha ke yavalwa Semipalatinsk.

Agasti 21, 1947 yakhipha isimemezelo esishoyo ukuthi ukwakhiwa ngaphambili waqala we gulag manje idluliselwe eMnyango Wezokuvikela ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Isibalo ukuqeqeshwa phansi 2 MBC USSR (e / h 52605)." Umqashi wakhe waqokwa uLieutenant General P. Rozhanovicha futhi umphathi ngokwesayensi - M. A. Sadovskogo, kamuva owaba academician.

ukuhlolwa

Ngokokuqala ngqá sikhona yini isikhali senuzi e-USSR ihlolwe ngo-August 1949. Amandla amabhomu ke yamila kwaba 22 kilotons. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi silungiselela it ngokugcwele. Lokhu kwakudingekile ukuze aqinisekise lemali ulwazi umthelela nemiphumela isicelo sale isikhali entsha.

ipholigoni Semipalatinsk zenuzi labetibambile endaweni enkulu ayizinkulungwane 18. 500 sq. km. Kule sayithi zokuhlola ngenhloso ububanzi ka-10 km kanti ihlukaniswe yaba imikhakha ke kwabelwe. Kule ndawo, sakha sekulingisa Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo ezivikelweni, futhi bahambisa izimoto ezisetshenziswa umphakathi nezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi imikhakha babe engaphezu kweyodwa nengxenye ayizinkulungwane izilwane futhi ibekwe emhlabeni azungezwe we yokulinganisa imishini wezithombe ekuhleleka kwesinema.

Lapho-ke kwaba okuhleliwe test usuku, futhi kwaba ngo-August 29, maphakathi endaweni ezingeni ukuphakama 37 m yasha icala RDS-1. Kufika ukuphakama enkulu rose mushroom efwini. Waqala kanjalo-ke umsebenzi wabo olubulalayo Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site. Umlando test nezakhamuzi abavamile abaye baba abathunjwa kwenkathi nokubuka le show, zicishe: ibhomu - kokubili umbukwane grand nelesabekayo.

ukuqhuma Izibalo

Ngakho, Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site, umlando okuyinto ngempela mnyama futhi omubi, baba ebulalayo kubantu abaphila eseduze. It eziqhutshwa kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1989. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuhlolwa abangaphezu kuka-450 Kwakuseshwa, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iqhume azungeze 600, kokubili zenuzi kanye iArmagedoni. Kulaba, abangu-30 bathole kutsho futhi okungenani 85 izindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izivivinyo yayiqhutshelwa, ezazihlanganisa ucwaningo hydrodynamic futhi hydronuclear.

It is ukuthi inani umthamo amacala kwehla phezu Semipalatinsk zenuzi yokuhlola indawo kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1963 eyaziwa, ayizinkulungwane 2.2. Times mkhulu kunezinhliziyo osikweni ngebhomu le-athomu, ukuba Chip US ngo-1945 ku-Hiroshima.

imiphumela

Landfill, ise-Kazakh emaqeleni, kwaba ekhethekile. Waziwa hhayi kuphela insimu yalo enkulu usiphephethe le sezikhali eziphambili kakhulu ezibulalayo yenyukliye, kodwa futhi ekutheni izwe lakhe kwaba njalo bendawo. Lena kwakungeyona ikuphi emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuthi le ambalwa amacala kuqala yenuzi babengaphelele, 64 amakhilogramu esetshenziswa uranium chain reaction abathintekayo mayelana 700 kuphela g, futhi okusele aguqulwa kuya okuthiwa uthuli radioactive, luhlala phansi ngemva ukuqhuma.

Ngoba imiphumela osabekayo Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site. ukuhloniphana labonisa ngokugcwele bendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, ukuqhuma, okwenzeka ekupheleni-November 1953. It Kwakuyicala elingathí iArmagedoni RDS-abhalwe 37. Wajikijelwa kusukela indiza, futhi liqhuma endaweni ethile endaweni engamamitha 1550 amamitha. Ngenxa yalokho ifu mushroom, eyayintula ububanzi 30 km kanti ukuphakama 13-14 km. Yena kungabonwa ku 59 zasemakhaya. Ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili esuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu wonke amafasitela izindlu kwakufanele eziphukile. Edolobhaneni wabulala intombazane encane, km 36 zigoqiwe phansi, elinye isosha wabulala nezakhamuzi kuka-500 balimala. On amandla ukuqhuma kungenziwa abahlulela lokuthi kule Semipalatinsk, elise 130 km kusuka kusayithi, e 3 abantu waloba abangele ukulimala ebuchosheni.

Akekho owaziyo ukuthi angabangela okwengeziwe ukuhlolwa zenuzi, uma kungekhona isivumelwano mthetho zabo emanzini, umoya isikhala, esisayinwe imibuso emikhulu kule ndawo ngo-1963.

Fields of kwesicelo

Phakathi neminyaka engu-zokuhlola zenuzi ababekuqongelele eningi ukwaziswa okuwusizo. Iningi idatha, futhi kuze kube namuhla iphawulwe "oluthathwa." Bambalwa bayazi ukuthi Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site elasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa, hhayi kuphela ngenxa kanembeza, kodwa futhi ngezinhloso ezimbonini. Kukhona futhi imibhalo ukuthi bathi eSoviet Union okungaphezu 120 ukuqhuma hhayi ezempi ngezizathu ezithile.

Nezikhali Zenuzi asetshenziswe ukudala izimbotshana komhlaba angadingeki uwoyela negesi umkhakha, kanye nomthelela omkhulu ngo isiqala kakade ukuba uphelelwa izinkambu namaminerali. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa Semipalatinsk zenuzi yokuhlola indawo kwaba zithuthukisa ekuqongeleleni nakho okukhulu e ukusetshenziswa ukuqhuma ezifana izinjongo zokuthula.

lokuvala

1989 waba unyaka engasayi ukuhlolwa zenuzi. Kanye emva kweminyaka engu-42 ngemva kokuqhuma ibhomu lokuqala - 29 August 1991 - isimemezelo esikhethekile esasayinwa Kazakh uMongameli Nursultan Nazarbayev okuhloswe ngaso ukuba kuvalwe Semipalatinsk zenuzi test site. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, wonke nendawo yokugcina izikhali ezinjalo likhishiwe kusuka indawo yalowo State.

Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka 2 nke ikhefu lwebutho khona, kodwa uyasala ngisezweni yangishiya nginezibazi ezimbi umhlaba ngesimo asemigodini, imihubhe izinkulungwane amakhilomitha inhlabathi anobuthi izinhlayiya enemisebe.

Kurchatov

Sekuphele iminyaka engu-24 ngemuva kokuthi uvale Semipalatinsk test site. Kodwa Kurchatov - okubizwa ngokuthi uma idolobha avaliwe - namanje uyawuthanda ukuthandwa okungavamile kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba abaningi iphupho ukubona ukuthi hlobo luni amandla seliphelile ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu ngokuthi iSoviet Union. I izivakashi abeza lapha, omunye umzila: Kurchatov - inkambu zokuhlola - ichibi engavamile, okubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi Atomic.

Okokuqala, idolobha entsha ebizwa nge-Moscow-400. Izihlobo ukusebenza kwafika izazi enhloko-dolobha futhi kukhona ngifuna nabathandekayo babo. Abekho ngisho bazi ukuthi manje siphila phezu 3 ayizinkulungwane. Km eMoscow. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1960, lonke idolobha lase uqambe kabusha ku Semipalatinsk-21, futhi kamuva wakhonza Kurchatov. Igama yokugcina kunikezwa yokudumisa kunjiniyela owaziwa lohlelo yenuzi-USSR Igor Kurchatov, owayehlala futhi esebenzela lapha.

Lo muzi wakhiwa kabusha cishe 2 iminyaka. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa izindlu kwakubhekwa ukuthi la maphoyisa nososayensi nemikhaya yabo uzobe ehleli lapha. Ngakho-ke Kurchatov sasithola by esigabeni esiphezulu. Izihlobo ababefika bezombona nabathandekayo babo, babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila cishe ezulwini. Nakuba eMoscow abantu kwadingeka bame amahora ethubeni ukudla nge amakhuphoni ngezandla Kurchatov emashalofini ezitolo okuncane nje inala engavamile kwezimpahla.

-athomu echibini

Kwakubonakala ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu ekhiqizwa phakathi Januwari 1965 ngesikhathi confluence imifula emibili ezinkulu esifundeni - futhi Ashchisu isinyathelo. Amandla icala le-athomu kwaba kilotons 140. Ngemva ukuqhuma, kwakukhona ndawo ububanzi 400 m kanye angaphezu 100 m ukujula. Ukungcoliswa Radionuclide bezwe azungeze ichibi kwaba mayelana 3-4 km. Nangu ifa yenuzi we Semipalatinsk test site.

landfill isisulu

Ngemva konyaka, ngemva lokuqala kwatholwa kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya, usana bebeletha liye landa ngamaphesenti cishe izikhathi ezingu-5, futhi isikhathi sokuphila abantu abadala Sehle ngo 3-4 iminyaka. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ukuthuthukiswa kombungu esizalweni labantu esifundeni sakhula kuphela, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-12 safinyelela irekhodi 21.2% esikhathini ayizinkulungwane 1. Newborn. Bonke - izisulu Semipalatinsk inhlolakuvumelana indawo.

Ezindaweni eziyingozi, lokhu radioactivity isayithi 2009 kwaba 15-20 Mr ngehora. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, lapho namanje uhlala abantu. Kuze 2006, le ndawo akagcinanga, kodwa engakaze kumephu. Bendawo le ndawo yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo nedlelo izinkomo.

Muva nje, uMongameli Kazakhstan uye kuchazwe isimo olukhethekile abantu ababehlala phakathi kuka-1949 kuya ku-1990 eduze into, okuyinto yayibizwa ngokuthi "Semipalatinsk yenuzi yokuvivinya." Izinzuzo for labantu zabiwa esekelwe ibanga izindawo zokuhlala kusuka endaweni yokuvivinya. Endaweni ethintekile ihlukaniswe 5 esishintshashintshayo. Kuye lokhu isinxephezelo olulodwa ebalisisiwe zezimali, kanye iholo Izithako. Futhi inqobo futhi ukuthola izinsuku ezengeziwe kuya sekhefu lonyaka. Esimweni lapho kwafika umuntu kwelinye esishintshashintshayo emva 1991, izinzuzo azisebenzi ke.