Sikhona yini isidingo sokuba ukulwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali? Kuyini izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ngolimi olulula

Zezomnotho uqonde ukuthini igama elithi "izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali" kwenyuka kwemtfwalo jikelele ezingeni amanani izimpahla nezinkonzo. Lokhu kuholela ukwehla amandla wokuthenga umthengi. Kodwa umbuzo ngabe kudingeka silwe kwamandla emali, abakwazi ukunikeza impendulo ngokuphamazela sobala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaphesenti athile ukwanda intengo ngisho ewusizo emnothweni, ngoba ikuvumela ukuba "bashayela" ke. Kuleli nezinye izinto eziningi sixoxa kulesi sihloko.

kafushane

Uma sikhuluma lokho izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuba, ngamazwi alula singathi, kubalulekile ukuba ubheke zonke izinto kwasicacela - imali. Kwenzekani kubo ngenkathi okwandisa izinga jikelele amanani? Ake sithi ube iholo $ 100. Phambi emali, njalo ngenyanga singakwazi uyithenga zonke isethi encane imikhiqizo. Noma ake sibheke esinye isibonelo. Ake iphakethe ushingamu ngo-2016 kuwufanele dollar elilodwa US. Uma yonyaka izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali rate kuyinto 2%, kuzodingeka akhokhe 1.02 zamadola kakade 2017 ngenxa yakhe. US. Ngakho, lesi simanga kuholela ukwehla kwentengo iyunithi yemali yezwe.

izinhlobo

On umbuzo yini izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuba, baphendule kanje: kuba lenyukile jikelele intengo ezingeni. Nokho, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izibalo kule Inkomba kuyinto generalized futhi akusho ngenxa yazo zonke izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo. Sikhona yini isidingo sokuba ukulwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali? Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule lo mbuzo, kumelwe siqonde ukuthi yini eyabangela ke. Hlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo emali:

• Deflation. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa emnothweni, okuyinto lubonakaliswa ukuwa jikelele kwamanani.
• Ayehle kakhulu amandla emali. Lokhu ukwanda okusheshayo kakhulu kwamanani. Kungase kuholele ngisho nasezinkingeni ngokuwa uhlelo lwezimali lukazwelonke. Esinye sezibonelo ezaziwayo ayehle kakhulu amandla emali elihlobene ne eJalimane ngo-1923. Khona-ke amanani wavuka 2500% enyangeni edlule.
• Stagflation. Kuyinto inhlanganisela eliphakeme labantu abangasebenzi, yokujama tsi ekukhiqizeni kwamandla emali. Stagflation kwaba isici emazweni athuthukile-1970, lapho amanani kawoyela rose.

Siyini isizathu ukhulisa izinga jikelele amanani?

Izimbangela imiphumela emali yiwona impikiswano phakathi izikole kwezomnotho ezahlukene iminyaka eminingi. Noma kunjalo, namanje abakazi ukuvumelana. Nokho, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zingahlukaniswa zibe ukusakaza ezimbili:

• Befuna kwamandla emali. Ixhumeke nge yokuthi izimpahla kancane, futhi eziningi zemali in kwegazi. Ingabe kufanele ngingene ukubhekana lolu hlobo emali? Indlela ukukwenza? Indlela eyinhloko kuyoba ukunyuka kwezinga zenzalo. Lokhu kuzokwehlisa imali ejikelezayo. Demand izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ngokuvamile sici esafufusa.
• inikeza izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Ixhumeke neqiniso ukuthi abakhiqizi yokwanda izindleko. Kule ndaba, baphoqekile ukukhulisa amanani ukuze ugcine izinga inzuzo yebhizinisi. Izindleko zibandakanya hhayi kuphela imali echithwa izinsiza zokukhiqiza. inikeza izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kungenzeka ukuthi umataniswe nge ukwanda intela noma amaholo.

imiphumela

Uma ucela engumshumayeli ngale ndaba, cishe wonke umuntu uzokuphendula ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla - lena into ezimbi, okuyinto uthululela wallets elilulaza lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila. Kodwa eqinisweni, ithinta ehlukile imiphakathi ehlukene. Isici esibalulekile okungukuthi, ulindele noma cha. Ingabe ngidinga ukulwa kwamandla emali, uma konke okukuwo, futhi uzilungiselele ngakho? Ukulindela isinxephezelo ekunyuseni amanani. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amabhange isikhathi ukushintsha zenzalo, nabantu ukuthola umsebenzi okhokhela kangcono noma ukuxoxa neziphathimandla akhokhe ukwanda. kuphakama izinkinga ezingathi sína lapho ukwehla kwamandla emali aqondene ayilindelekile:

• Ababolekisi ulahlekelwa imali, futhi ababoleka bayazuza. Uma izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali siphakeme ngokwanele, bese kungase nxephezela kahle abantu abaningi ababebonisa isithakazelo ukuze kukhokhelwe yokugcina.
• ukungaqiniseki esizayo uphika izinkampani ukulondoloza futhi izimali ukuthuthukiswa. It kuletha ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ibhizinisi kanye wonke umnotho kazwelonke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Abantu abanale iholo esinqunyiwe, ezifana impesheni, uhlangabezana neziwohlokayo ophilayo elihlobene ne ukwehla kwentengo imali.
• Uma izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuleli zwe kunakwezinye, ke ekhiqizwa izimpahla babe ukuncintisana kancane emakethe emhlabeni.

Abantu ngokuvamile akhononde kwemali, kodwa eqinisweni kungenzeka ukuthi kunenkinga. Uma amaholo bayanda ngezinga elifanayo noma ngokushesha, bese konke kuhamba kahle. Asikho isidingo ucabange indlela ukubhekana kwamandla emali, uma ezingeni 2-3%. Lokhu kuyinkomba yokuthi umnotho ukhula. Uma izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kwakungeyona ngempela, bekuyoba kube inkomba yokuthi izimo emakethe eziwohlokayo.

ukulinganisela izibalo

Manje njengoba sike sakhuluma ngalokho izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuba, ngamazwi alula singathi, ake sibone ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani kulinganiswa. kokuhlaziywa Statistical lomkhuba kuseyinselelo enkulu kakhulu. Izingxabano ngokuvamile singaxoxi yini izimpahla namasevisi ziyabhekelelwa e isethi ummeleli. Ngemva sokunquma "ubhasikidi" emali kukalwa ngesisekelo ukubaluleka kwalo nyaka uma kuqhathaniswa eside. Izinkomba elandelayo amabili asetshenziswa e-United States:

• Inkomba intengo umthengi. Yena ilinganisela kwamanani ezimpahla iphuzu umthengi umbono. Omele setha lapha zihlanganisa ukudla, izingubo zokugqoka, uphethiloli, izimoto.
• Inkomba amanani umkhiqizi. Yena ilinganisela kwamanani ezimpahla umbono ibhizinisi. Kulolu hlu kuthatha bangeniswa izinguquko akhawunti amanani emakethe yezimpahla nezinkonzo kuleli zwe.

Rosstat: Inflation

Ngo-November 2016 amanani eRussia kuqhathaniswa rose 5.8% ngonyaka odlule. Lokhu kungaphansi kunokulindelekile. Le nkomba ucubungula Rosstat. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali amaqembu ahlukahlukene simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• Ukudla. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - 5%.
• Isithuthi - 5.4%.
• Izingubo nezicathulo - 7.6%.
• Nezokungcebeleka namasiko - 6%.
• Ifenisha kanye zasendlini - 5.6%.
• Utshwala nogwayi - 8.7%.

Kuqhathaniswa Okthoba, ngo-November, amanani kukhuphuke ngo 0.4%. Izinga isilinganiso emali eRussia kwaba 133,5% enkathini esukela ku-1991 kuya ku-2016. Izinga eliphakeme sabhalwa ngo-December 1992. Wabe wayebuye 2333,3%. I ephansi - ngo-Ephreli 2012. Phakathi nale nkathi, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali eRussia zaba% 3.6 kuphela.

Control nekulawulwa

Kunezindlela eziningi lapho uhulumeni nobunzima kwamandla emali. Abakwazi ahlukaniswe abe amaqembu amaningana:

• Izindlela komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali kanye nezezimali.
• Ukusungulwa esinqunyiwe exchange rate.
• standard Gold.
• isiqondiso ngqo neholo namanani.
• Ukugqugquzela ukukhula komnotho.
• Nokunikezelwa kwemali kanye nosizo ukuze engenayo ephansi izingxenye sabantu.

Funda okwengeziwe ngezindlela ezahlukene

Eyodwa yezindlela yokulwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuyinto esibophezelayo lokuhwebelana lwemali kazwelonke komunye, okuyinto uzinze ngokwengeziwe. Nokho, lokhu kuholela yokuthi ezingeni intengo kwelinye izwe liba kuncike isimo kwenye State Member. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndaba, ibhange central futhi uhulumeni awukwazi ukusebenzisa imigomo ephathelene nezezimali ukwenza ukulawula izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali.

Le ndlela iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu esikhathini kohlelo Bretton Woods. Khona-ke zezimali zamazwe amaningi pegged kuya dollar. Ngemva 1970 isimo yayiswa elintantayo exchange rate. Isimo siyefana ne control emali kwenzeka uma lwemali kazwelonke exhumene igolide.

Enye indlela yokulwa kwamanani kungumnikelo inkokhelo kanye namanani. It is kabanzi ngesikhathi sempi siye saba. isilawuli Direct isici kweminotho okuhleliwe. Ezimweni emakethe intengo zokulawula amaqembu ezibalulekile imikhiqizo ingase ibe eyesikhashana. Noma yimuphi State elifuna ukwakha ukukhula komnotho. Kuze kube yimanje, ke otshala imali ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, ingqalasizinda, ezempilo kanye nezemfundo izinhlelo. Uma ukukhula komnotho zivumelana ukwanda supply zemali in kwegazi, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali asivelanga. Ngesikhathi lapho isimo ayisekho nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, uqala xhasa izakhamuzi engenayo ephansi.

Wemali nezinqubomgomo kwezimali

Izinqubo kwalesi sigaba ezisetshenziswa ohulumeni amabhange amakhulu kaningi. Ukuze unqobe izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, kwakhulisa isithakazelo amazinga, supply imali incipha. amabhange Central uzame ukugcina ukwanda jikelele intengo ezingeni ku uhla 2-3%. Kukholakala ukuthi deflation kuyingozi emnothweni. Ephakeme zenzalo ukunciphisa inani lemali ejikelezayo. Lokhu kuholela ukwehla kwamanani. Le ndlela monetarists. Keynesians bakholwe wokwehla funa aggregate ngokusebenzisa inqubomgomo yezezimali, okungukuthi, ukwandisa intela kanye nokwehla utshalomali yomphakathi.