Moscow isikhungo zezimali zomhlaba. Isilinganiso izikhungo sezwe sezimali

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi iningi exchange angaphandle ukuthengiselana emhlabeni kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ebhange ekhethekile kanye nezinye izikhungo ezehlukene commercial. Kuyinto ngabo zinkulu nokuphuma kwemali ukuze kube nesiqiniseko sokuthi hhayi kuphela States iyonke, kodwa futhi ukuba abantu ngokukhethekile. Noma yimuphi isikhungo global yesimanje zezimali - yindawo lapho ukuthenga eyenziwa ezigidini. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe zonke izici lezi "emithanjeni igolide".

definition

Okokuqala, siphawula ukuthi eWorld Financial Center - iphuzu lokuhlushwa amabhange, izinhlangano zezimali kanye credit ukuthi afeze ngamazwe zezimali, credit, exchange angaphandle ukuthengiselana, kanye ukusebenza ngegolide izibambiso.

Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ayebhekwa isikhungo esiqine wezimali yaseLondon, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyinhloko-Mecca capitalism European. Nokho, ngemva kwempi entendeni ingavimbelwa-United States of America, futhi kakade kusukela 1960 isikhundla US iye omnene kusukela izikhungo ezintsha kwakheka Japan naseNtshonalanga Yurophu.

eminye imininingwane

Ngamunye eWorld Financial Center yiyona indlela emakethe kubaluleke international, ngenkuthalo ukulawula notshwala zezimali. Kuze kube manje, i-European Union ezimbalwa lukhuni isikhundla salo futhi babe lencike kancane e-United States, lapho kuvunyelwe London aphinde isikhundla evelele ezwekazini laseYurophu.

Zonke notshwala sezwe sezimali udlulele okuthiwa iziteshi, kuhlanganise:

• yokulungisa nokugcinwa kwamathimba okugcina yokuthengisa kanye nezinsizakalo imisebenzi;
• amasevisi Monetary futhi credit;
• ukumnika lekusisa dolobha esinqunyiwe nokusebenza;
• Sebenza kwamatayitela;
• ekuguquleni ingxenye ethile imali kazwelonke ngokusebenzisa isabelomali ngendlela usizo emazweni ahlukahlukene asathuthuka.

Okuhle Kuhle

Isilinganiso izikhungo sezwe sezimali ngo-2016 simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. London.
2. I-New York.
3. Singapore.
4. Hong Kong.
5. Tokyo.
6. Zurich.
7. Washington.
8. San Francisco.
9. Boston.
10. Toronto.

Ngayinye yalezi imidondoshiya of isakhiwo zezimali zomhlaba ukuzicabangela ngokwehlukile.

isimangaliso Canadian

Toronto yiyona idolobha elikhulu kunawo eCanada futhi, kanyekanye, isikhungo sokuqondisa yesifundazwe sase-Ontario. Isifunda zezimali yezwe ngokomzimba kakhulu ezinabantu eyakhelwe zamabhizinisi, lapho "ezine" amabhange eziningi, emahhovisi inhloko yalawa yezinkampani ezinkulu, Accounting ayizona izinkampani zomthetho, Brokerage amafemu.

Idolobha elikhulu e Massachusetts

Boston - komnikazi esikhulu kunazo zonke e-United States ngo-esifundeni, ukubizwa ngokuthi New England, idolobha endala futhi elicebe kakhulu ezweni.

Phakathi imikhakha eyinhloko umnotho Boston kuzomele sifake nomshuwalense, ezezimali kanye ezezimali. Umuzi Fidelity Investments indlunkulu, EnguMbusi Bank kanye State Street Corporation.

Lapho kwazalelwa Silicon Valley

San Francisco - idolobha nemnotfo lokhulako ngokushesha, okuyizona kuqinisekiswa khona isikhungo emhlabeni ubuhle hhayi kuphela emhlabeni ezezimali, kodwa futhi imboni ye-biotechnology kanye Biomedicine.

Small edolobheni ibhizinisi, uKhomishane asekelwe umkhankaso silondoloze isabelo ibhizinisi elincane. Ngenxa yalokhu, umkhandlu-dolobha waphoqeleka ukuba zibeka imingcele ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka ukwakha ezinkulu. Lelisu osekelwa labantu a Megacity, ukuvotela ukungena force kwezithibelo.

Iphuzu elibalulekile: izinkampani ezincane, uMbuso ingeqi abantu abayishumi bakha mayelana 85% wonke amabhizinisi ekhona edolobheni.

inhlokodolobha American

Washington - kuyinto wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke endaweni lapho bagxila yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze abaphathi isimo nabasebenzi abathintekayo emkhakheni wemisebenzi.

Izinkampani eziningi, bezinkontileka abazimele, izinhlangano ezingenzi inzuzo, amaqembu ukuhweba zivame ukuhlala eduze Washington, noma ngqo kuwo siyolwela zokuyisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuze izithakazelo zabo, nokuba eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze likahulumeni.

E-Washington, ekhaya bezinkampani ezimbili zikaMandela esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngokuya imali yabo: ejensi enikeza mortgage - Fannie Mae (imali yonyaka $ 29 bhiliyoni, indawo 270-th emhlabeni usezingeni), kanye US Postal Service (68 amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-92 th indawo).

isikhungo European

Zurich - umuzi lapho abathintekayo abantu mayelana 208.000 emkhakheni wezezimali. Lesi sibalo akusona isimanga, ngoba izimali - cishe main inzuzo emkhakheni wezomnotho kulo Switzerland. Oyedwa imisebenzi emihlanu kuleli zwe ngenxa imithombo yemali.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi 2008 esibucayi , i-ukwa kohlelo yasebhange kuleli lizwe elincane European akwenzekanga. Zurich wakwazi komzamo kudlule bonke isiphepho isiphepho global kwezomnotho, okuyinto nakanjani usibeka ukukhanya elihle kunawo phezu izimbangi zayo enkundleni yomhlaba.

Inhlokodolobha Japanese

Tokyo - idolobha lapho exchange isitokwe lavulwa ngo-1878. Nokho, iminyaka eyikhulu, lo muzi omkhulukazi kwakungeyona ingxenye elicembu izikhungo zezimali zomhlaba. Le ndaba ibaluleke ukuthi kwaba nje izizathu ezimbalwa:

• izimakethe zezimali Japan akuzona sincike ezentengiselwano ngenqubomgomo kahulumeni, okuyinto ubulokhu igxile isinqumo izinkinga ngokushiya ngaphandle emnothweni wezwe.
• Esikhathini esiyiminyaka 1950-60-yalolucwaningo Japan imatasa dolobha amazwe.
• izikhungo Foreign zezimali akazange alwele ukukhulisa imisebenzi yabo kule makethe ngenxa kahulumeni esiqinile isiqondiso.

Okubizwa ngokuthi "amafutha ukushaqeka" ka 1974 kwavusa uhulumeni waseJapane ukwandisa Kubiza ukuletha umnotho isimo sika crisis. Inani izinyathelo ubuholi wezwe kuye kwaholela yokuthi eJapane yakhoselisa amabhange angaphandle kanye namafemu ngidayisa e izibambiso. Lokhu kube nesandla ekuthutheleni ukwethulwa uhlelo lwekhompuyutha zokukhokhelwa ngo-1983, njengoba izimakethe yasebhange sogu lolwandle ziye zadalwa, futhi ngo-1987 waqala isiphelo sesimiso amalungiselelo ngezimali ihlandla ethize.

Ngenxa yalokho okwakushiwo yilesi simangaliso kwezomnotho kwaholela Tokyo namuhla - isikhungo sezimali emhlabeni, esesikhundleni ukuncintisana eliphakeme.

UMholi inkululeko kwezomnotho

Hong Kong, njengabanye izikhungo zezimali ezweni elisha - edolobheni izici esiyingqayizivele. Abezindaba awazange asinakekele kakhulu kuye, kodwa uma bethi, kumane ngendlela enhle, embiza ngokuthi hhayi kuphela njengoba iparele eMpumalanga, emzini esizayo, emzini legend, nokunye. D.

EHong Kong iminyaka engu-18 elandelanayo, ungumholi e inkululeko kwezomnotho. Nge-GDP capita ka 36.796 zamaRandi ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo kuyinto umholi inani abayiziqumama - abantu 40.

Hong Kong iyona amabhange kanye zimali ahlukahlukene kwezimo ezifanele kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa ukuthi yenziwe yaba khona:

• amazinga samanje umthetho evikela impahla ebhaliwe yengqondo, izimpahla kanye nemikhiqizo pirated kusukela mbumbulu;
• imikhawulo ingane imisebenzi yezimali kanye yasebhange;
• esiseHholo zikahulumeni ezingeni iziqinisekiso;
• ukuzinza imali yayo;
• kusezingeni abangelutho emali;
• Ukuba siqu ukulamula umbango bethu bomhlaba wonke;
• ukusondela ku-Asia, amazwe asafufusa kanye nezimakethe;
• ukutholakala izisebenzi ezinekhono kakhulu abakhuluma isiNgisi.

titan Asian

Singapore phakathi 1968 no-1985 ayinazo mncintiswano abalulekile esifundeni yayo esibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni yayo ngezindlela eziningi. Namuhla, izikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni zezimali zomhlaba kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle ngalesi simo.

Singapore - izwe nge ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nomnotho onamandla. Ukuthuthukiswa isikhungo sezimali akuyona indima yokugcina idlalwa ngu ezixhaphaza abantu emhlabeni. Futhi e Singapore, elinye eliphakeme umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene emhlabeni.

Leli zwe ezikhangayo ukuze zimali ngenxa eliphansi kakhulu entela. In the state izintela ezinhlanu nje kuphela, kuhlanganise imali futhi kwabasebenzi intela.

Kwezimpahla amazwe kukhona zikhokhe intela ngesikhathi ukungeniswa ezine kuphela: Noma yimuphi oludakayo, imikhiqizo kagwayi, izimoto, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli.

US capital emakethe isikhungo

New York - yesibili kule simo emhlabeni izikhungo zezimali. Isikhathi eyinhloko lasungulwa esenzeka eminyakeni 1914-1945. Daily isilinganiso exchange angaphandle emakethe yedolobha imayelana $ 200 billion.

New York capital emakethe ine izici ezilandelayo:

• Nazi zonke ezinkulu izikhungo utshalomali iplanethi: Salomon Bazalwane, ka Merrill Linch, Goldmen Sacns, Shearson ka Lehman, Boston Okokuqala, Morgan Stanley, okuyinto isiqiniseko nokubekwa izibambiso ahlukahlukene emakethe eyinhloko.
• Ezimakethe yesibili kubaluleke kakhulu Ukuhweba okulula ngamasheya umuntu ngenxa yobukhulu bawo omkhulu.
• Amazwe asathuthuka ukufinyelela ephansi kuya New York capital emakethe, ngenxa yezimfuneko okuqinile SEC.

dominants olungenamkhawulo

Zonke izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali emhlabeni zisale ngemuva umholi wabo - London. Inhlokodolobha British unqobile impi isikhundla sokuqala kubangelwe emthethweni ovulekile.

Cishe u-80% imisebenzi Banking ukutshalwa kwezimali, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ogeleza udlule e-London, ngakho umuzi ubizwa kufanele zibalwa kuqala phakathi kwazo zonke izikhungo zezimali emhlabeni.

City of London ungumnikazi 70% wemakethe yesibili izibopho futhi cishe 50% we-derivatives emakethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuzi omkhulu wabantu Albion ngenkuthalo ngidayisa zezimali angaphandle. Lokhu ingxenye emakethe ukhula minyaka yonke ngo-30%. Mayelana 80% uthango izimali yaseYurophu ziphethwe waseLondon.

Ngokuvamile, izikhungo zezimali zomhlaba (London - iyathinteka) kuthiwa onolwazi we international bebhange utshalomali, eziphambili ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele kunalokho ovulekile.

insika Russian

Namuhla eMoscow - eWorld Financial Center, okuyinto ongaphakeme ngokwanele ukuthi amazinga emhlabeni e (indawo 75th). Zonke iphutha lahlukene izinkinga ukuvimbela ezimhlophe itshe enyukela ngetulu, okuyinto uthukuthele:

• Ukungabi imithambo egcwele. Into wukuthi amajaji Russian akuzona fully aware of izikimu zezimali kanye yokuhweba Exchange, futhi abanalo ilungelo bawuqhube nezindaba yamacala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwemali exchange aliveli imithetho Russian Federation.
• izintela Kakhulu. Esikhathini sethu e-New York, London, Singapore, kukhona ekhethekile entela kwi inzuzo e inani 16.5%. Russia kule uhlala kuphela iphupho.
• Ukungabi khona insimbi wezimali ukuvikela abatshalizimali ngokumelene iconsi elibukhali ukubaluleka ukwabelana esikhathini sezinsuku ezingu-amathathu emva kokuthenga.
• Inani elikhulu manipulations edingekayo kanye nokuntuleka bezimali abaqeqeshiwe.

Noma kunjalo, ubuholi wezwe walungiselela izinhlelo ukususwa laseMoscow ezingeni langempela isikhungo enamandla wezimali ngo-2020, kube ukuncintisana ngempela endaweni yazo yemvelo.