Izinhlobo emali. amafomu yokukhuluma

Ngo inqubo kugucukela emnotfweni emakethe ikhuphuke kakhulu ukubaluleka imali. Imibuzo mayelana ekujikelezeni kwazo kuleli zwe, ngokuba namuhla ukuhlobana kanye nemisebenti lephatsekako okuhloswe ngaso ukuvuselelwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho kazwelonke futhi ngo-aspect theory. Njengoba ngamazwe nakho okungenhla kubonisa, kwathatha emakethe libhekene kuyanda olunzulu kwamanani futhi khona ukukhuluma ngethonya elandayo izici inflation. Esimweni esinjalo, kubalulekile ukunikeza ukuhlolwa efanele okwenzekayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuba. Izindlela ukubonakaliswa, izimbangela, nomphakathi kanye nemiphumela kwezomnotho zalesi simo kuxoxwa ngochwepheshe ehlukahlukene on emazingeni ehlukene. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe nalefanele izindlela emakethe ukuba sihlale silinganisela ezezimali nezomnotho. Ake sicabangele eminye kuyini izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali: izimbangela, ukubonakaliswa, nemiphumela.

Ukuhlobana umbuzo

Esikhathini kugucukela emnotfweni emakethe kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi senza le nqubo kuyimbangela emali kukhula noma ngokusebenzisa ubudlelwano obusha yazuza esikhathini esedlule, amandla wavezwa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kakhulu ziyancipha kungenzeka ukuzibamba yokufakelwa. Ngezinye ukungalandelani efanayo ekwenzeni izinqumo, izinyathelo kabi kubhekwe kakhulu babhebhethekisa ngobunzima, yokukhulisa izwi imiphumela emali. Izindlela ukubonakaliswa zalesi simo zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Khonamanjalo, uba engumngane ongenakugwenywa ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside izinhlelo zebhizinisi nge zamanani nezimo. izindlela okungafanele ukubhekana naso - umphumela ukuqonda okukha phezulu zezici kwamandla emali. Letinhlobo lomkhuba kufanele zihlolwe ngokucophelela ukukhiqiza zonke izindlela ezingakhona sokuthatha isinyathelo ukuze aqede ke. UHulumeni kufanele afeze ukuhlaziywa ezijulile isimo, ukuqhathanise ne okwenzeka ngaphambili, ukufunda Dynamics izenzakalo, ukubikezela izinkinga oluzayo.

Essence, izimbangela kanye ukubonakaliswa kwamandla emali

Kukholakala ukuthi lo mkhuba e Usesembozweni cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge ukuvela imali, ngoba kuhlobene inqubo yabo ukwelashwa. Umqondo emali kanye izinhlobo ukubonakaliswa yayo ngokokuqala waqala ukuba zihlolwe ngesikhathi kulwiwa eNyakatho Melika ngo-1861-1865 GG. Igama elithi lisetshenziswa ukuze libhekisele "ukuvuvukala" kwegazi yemali. Incazelo liyasetshenziswa eFrance eNgilandi. Ekhulwini lama-20, isimo kanye namafomu emali, izinhlobo emali ziye ngenkuthalo uphenyo ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngo isayensi lamaSoviet laqala ukufunda lo mkhuba kusukela 20s maphakathi. Esikhathini yasekhaya izincwadi bemvelo, kubangela futhi ukubonakaliswa kwamandla emali, ngokuvamile likhonjwa ekwakhekeni yakhoibrium entsha phakathi kwaneliswe isidingo ngokuhambisana nemibandela kokushintsha. Ngokuvamile, mkhuba lapho kubhekwa senziwa sincike izigaba owaziwa. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, ikakhulukazi, cabanga inani eleqile zemali in kwegazi isihlobo ukuba izindleko izimpahla kanye namasevisi, okuholela ukwehla kwentengo amafa. Esikhathini izincwadi, kukhona ukutolika ahlukene yencazelo. Ngakho, cabanga izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali:

1. Ukwehla kwentengo amayunithi imali, ukunciphisa amandla ayo okuthenga.
2. mkhuba wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho - umphumela ukungalingani ukukhiqizwa kabusha.
3. Ukwanda jikelele intengo izinga esimweni. It kuvela ngenxa ukungalingani isikhathi eside ezimakethe kakhulu ohlangothini funa.

Kuyadingeka ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki inani ukutolika yencazelo emali, amafomu lomkhuba babehlale kubonakala kancane kuphela. Ngiphakathi definition abakwazi ukuhlanganisa wonke okuqukethwe kuyo.

Ngokucacile emali

Letinhlobo lomkhuba ungaboniswa:

1. Ukwephula imithetho esebenzayo elawula imali kwegazi. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukubhujiswa udumo isimo kanye neluhlelo lwetimali.
2. Hidden noma esobala amanani ukwenyuka.
3. Naturalization izinqubo zokwenana.
4. Nqaba e izinga lempilo yezakhamuzi.

Imvelo kanye namafomu emali namhlanje ube inombolo yezici. Kwangaphambilini imvelo wendawo lomkhuba lutho iye yashintshwa yaba obandakanya wonke jikelele. I PERIODICITY nesenzakalo salo sesibe okungamahlalakhona, njengoba ithonya izici isinyathelo manje, hhayi kuphela imali, kodwa futhi nezinye izimo. Namuhla kungase eceleni ageleze izinqubo ezifana amanani ukwenyuka ngenxa ezahlukene, ezingahlobene nomunye izimo. Nokho, kungakapheli evamile amafomu uhlelo emakethe emali ziyancipha ngokuyinhloko ukwanda ukubaluleka kwezimpahla namasevisi. Kuyadingeka ukuba ngokushesha ukwenza ukubhuka ukuthi kufanele kukhunjulwe izinga imikhiqizo lapho ucabangela amanani. Sibonelo e intengo izimpahla ngenxa izakhiwo umthengi ngcono has a uhlamvu ezahlukene. Amanani kuphela yezimbangela ezithinta imvelo kanye namafomu emali.

isinyathelo yangaphandle

Kukhona 2 izigaba eziyinhloko yezinto ezibangela kwamandla emali. Ubangela futhi ukubonakaliswa lomkhuba kuncike, ikakhulukazi, ethonyeni zangaphandle. It yena, kubangela ukwenyuka ukubaluleka imikhiqizo ezingena ezweni neziphumayo, exchange of currency angaphandle le nhlekelele zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi sakamuva, ngokukhethekile, faka kwemvelo, amandla kanye lezimpahla nezindaba. Basuke ephelezelwa kokwenyuka kwezinga izindleko zokwakha, uwoyela ukungeniswa okwaholela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi le ayitholwa intengo, imikhiqizo zazo, yena, ekhiqizwa emazweni angaphandle. Esimeni esenana amabhange angaphandle natsvalyuty kudingeka okwengeziwe kuyi imali yamaphepha. Lokhu, unezela ukuze sikhokhele iziteshi ukwelashwa kanye kuholela ukwehla kwamandla emali.

izici yangaphakathi

On ukubonakaliswa kwamandla emali kuthonywa:

1. Ngokweqile izindleko zempi. Lokhu kunomthelela ekulahlekelweni kwamaJuda Umcebo kazwelonke, lidale kuzikhandle zezimali ezihlobene ne ukwabiwa ukuzivikela ngaphandle kokuthola umkhiqizo kwegazi, ukwanda izikweletu zomphakathi kanye isabelomali kusilela.
2. Overinvestment.
3. Inkinga izimali isimo.
4. ukwanda ongenangqondo, bengangesabi mina kanye namanani.
5. Credit ukunwetshwa. Kuyinto ezinwetshiwe ivolumu imali ebhange okweqa izidingo yasendlini etholakalayo. Lokhu kuholela cashless ekushayweni yemali, kuyashesha kwegazi izindlela.

Isimo e-Russian Federation

mkhuba olucutshungulwayo enezinto eziningi izici ezithile ohlelweni kwezomnotho kazwelonke. Izindlela ukubonakaliswa kwamandla emali eRussia kuzoncika:

1. Capital kahle. umthelela wabo ayizwakali ngokukhula komnotho.
2. Standing Isimo sezomnotho kazwelonke. Ezweni kukhona lag esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni kwezinye imikhakha abanye.
3. Ubunjalo indlela kwezomnotho. Encwadini umnotho eyodwa akukho iziyisikhombisa ngempumelelo lokulawula isilinganiso lezimpahla nemali supply.
4. Isimo emakethe umthengi. Lapho ukungalingani yakhe, kusilela Isiyonke imali ushona kunezinkinga zemali lwembula ukushiyeka okungathi ukuhlela, inzuzo yezimali indlela.

Lezi zici ezihlobene yangaphakathi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali eRussia wathonya futhi yizimo zangaphandle:

• Ukwehla imali yentela kusuka namanye amazwe.
• Ekushintshashintsheni amandla kanye lezimpahla amanani emakethe ngamazwe.
• kwezimo ezingezinhle kumuntu ukuhweba izibuya zomhlaba nokunye.

ngezigaba

Uma ucabangela uhlobo, ukubonakaliswa, izinhlobo, izimbangela emali, kubalulekile ukuba uhlole eceleni izinhlobo mkhuba. Ukwahlukaniswa wenziwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho, kuye ngokuthi isimiso sezomnotho wezwe isehlane:

1. Vula kwamandla emali. Lapho ukuhamba isihlobo kanye nezimo of isiginali intengo, ukwandisa ziphoqa aggregate phezu supply lubonakaliswa ukwanda inani izimpahla.
2. Uma becindezelwa (kufihlwe) kwehla amandla emali. Kuyinto isici indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho amanani ngokomthetho. Izindlela ukubonakaliswa kwamandla emali ukuyiveza:

• Oqala ukungezwa aze agcine izinga kwezimpahla;
• ukushoda imikhiqizo;
• ekuqongeleleni eyenga kwezimali;
• ukuthuthukiswa emthunzini umkhakha wezomnotho
• ukwanda enana ukuthengiselana.

Kukhona ngezigaba kuye izinga kumiswa. Ngokusho lokhu umbandela zihlukaniswa:

1. Crawling (esiphakathi nendawo) kwehla amandla emali. Izinga 10% ngonyaka. He kubhekwa kube kuncane kakhulu. Ngalesi ngesilinganiso ukwehla kwentengo amafa uphansi ngokwanele, futhi ukuthengiselana kwenziwa ngamanani bokuzisholo.
2. Agijima kwamandla emali. amazinga yakhe yemfanelo ehlukahlukene 10-100%. Kulokhu, ukwehla kwentengo imali kwenzeka ngokushesha ngokwanele. Kule ndaba, izintengo ukuthengiselana lwemali ezinzile, noma izindleko acabangele amazinga kulindeleke ngesikhathi sokukhokha.
3. Ayehle kakhulu amandla emali. Izinga idlula 100% isimiso sezomnotho eziphambili. Emazweni nge iminotho engazinzile siphezulu. Njengoba ukusebenza lemali ayehle kakhulu amandla emali zezomnotho eziningi ukuthatha ukubaluleka 1000%.

Okulandelayo, sibheke izinhlobo eziyisisekelo kanye namafomu emali.

funa crisis

Kuyinto isimo lapho abathengi bavame ukuthenga imikhiqizo ezingaphezu kuka zingenza ibhizinisi. Indlela ukubonakaliswa kwamandla emali kuleli cala ngokweqile imali supply isihlobo yenqwaba izimpahla. Ngenxa kwamanani. Ukuze uthole imiphumela enjalo isimo e ezicini eziningana:

1. abangasebenzi okuphansi.
2. sverhemissiya Wemali.
3. Bank of Inqubomgomo eziyinselele.
4. Ukwehla kwentengo lwemali kazwelonke.

abangasebenzi ongaphakeme

Uma kuphezulu ke ukwandisa ziphoqa aggregate isimiso sezomnotho ihlangabezana umthamo production. Kulokhu abathintekayo impahla ngasebenzi nasengcebweni yabantu ngokuhambisana namanani zamanje. Ngokuhamba ukwanda okwalandela ziphoqa umnotho kuyeza emisebentini legcwele kanye Onqobayo alolu. Kwezinye izimboni, amandla ukukhiqizwa iyasetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Kule ndaba, abakwazi ukuqhubeka ukuba baphendule lo Ukuqhubeka nokukhula imikhiqizo yayo ifuneka kangakanani ekukhiqizeni ukunwetshwa. Lokhu kubangela rise in amanani.

sverhemissiya yemali

Ukwandisa solvency kungaba ngenxa ezingadingekile udaba olwengeziwe amanothi. Lesi senzo ikakhulu ezihlobene ne- ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali nezindlela ukuqeda ke:

1. Ukuze izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kubangela ukunwetshwa engxenyeni kahulumeni, okuyinto kuhambisana ukwanda inkokhelo ukuze ahehe bakahulumeni.
2. Zimali ukukhokha izinkontileka lempi neqhaza ekwandeni supply imali, ayisekelwa yi ivolumu ukuhweba njengoba imikhiqizo MIC ngeke benze njengoba into zabathengi isidingo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-kwabangela ukukhuphuka kwamanani phezulu.
3. ukwanda ngokweqile kwezinkokhelo yokudlulisa. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa izibonelelo, nezinzuzo, impesheni nokunye.

Bank of Inqubomgomo eziyinselele

Kunenkolelo ukudayisa izibopho emakethe evulekile. Izinga lenzalo yemali mboleko kuyehla ngokwandisa supply imali. Ngakho amaphrojekthi utshalomali ngokusebenzisa isikhathi esithile lag. I yokwanda izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kungenzeka ngaphakathi kuwo.

Ukwehla kwentengo lwemali kazwelonke

Kwenzeka maqondana currency angaphandle esitebeleni. Lesi simo kwenzeka uma ingxenye aggregate yemali M2 isabelo mali angaphandle impela high. Lapho kuwa lwemali kazwelonke, lokhu isici usebenza nesimo esifanayo ezengeziwe. Ngakho, kungaba liyochukuluza izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali funa.

inikeza crisis

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali okunjalo kubangelwa nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza 1 iyunithi. imikhiqizo. Izizathu eziyinhloko isimo yilezi:

1. Yandisa amaholo.
2. izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali okungenisiwe.
3. izinkampani monopoly.
4. isiqondiso Administrative kohlelo kwezomnotho.

iholo

Ngo izimo oshintshashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile kukhona ingcindezi Izinyunyana eziqinile osomabhizinisi kanye nesidingo ukwandisa inkokhelo. Ngenxa anda izindleko zebhizinisi namasevisi ahlobene. Sibonelo e intengo ukukhiqiza kwenza kube ukunwetshwa ezingenanzuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla supply aggregate, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo noma ngisho okwandisa funa.

Ithonya izinsiza amazwe

Uma ekukhiqizeni asetshenziswa kabanzi ubuchwepheshe angaphandle, izinto, izinto zokusetshenziswa, njll, Futhi ukwazisa kwabo kuzoholela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi izindleko kuleli zwe. Nakuba amanani ekuthuthukiseni ezimweni ezinjalo kuyoba nokwehlisa ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane. Ngakho, supply encishisiwe.

monopolization zebhizinisi

Zonke oligopoly kanye esinakho ukubambelela amanani ngenxa underproduction kwezimpahla uma ziqhathaniswa yokuncintisana ukukhiqizwa umthamo. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona overestimation kwezidingongqangi ezikhona isihlobo ukuba umkhiqizo wabo oseceleni kwekhasi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani ukwanda ku izimpahla. Ngu usabalalisa yonke imikhakha, izindleko amasignali ezixutshiwe emjikeletweni ngamunye ukukhiqizwa Kumiswa i anda ukuthambekela zamanani kuqhathaniswa nalokho okufanele kube ngayo ngokuhambisana ezingeni lamanje ubuchwepheshe.

isilawuli zokuphatha

Lapho imithetho yangasese ekushintsheni, le vagueness omthetho, kushuba ukulungiswa we inqubo yokubala kanye nokubhaliswa izinkampani, eqinisa ukulawulwa sphere bhizinisi, kwehlukana nokwehlisa isikhathi amalayisense kanye nezinye izenzakalo anda izindleko. Lokhu kukhula kusebenza kokubili izindleko zokuphatha ngokukhethekile, futhi okwenzayo iyonke. Lokhu, kungase kube nomthelela amanani ephakeme kuleli zwe futhi ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa zomthetho.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Ekusebenteni, kunzima ngempela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo emali. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sicabanga ukuthi izindleko zokunakekela ezempilo baye imba eqolo kuleli zwe. Ngenxa yalokho, anda izindleko jikelele, nokucupha funa kwehla amandla emali. Ezimweni lapho imithombo kanye eziya izimakethe ukusebenza nendlela yokukhuthaza, kubangelwa ukwanda funa kuphela, amabhizinisi athile bathola ukukhula izindleko zabo ukuba uqedwe, izinto zokwakha kanye namaholo. Ukugcina ekukhiqizeni, banayo ukukhulisa intengo yemikhiqizo yabo. Kulokhu, kukhona izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ngokufunwa, kodwa uchazwa ngokuthi esimweni esibucayi isiphakamiso izinkampani eziningi.

okutholakele

Ukuze abadlali kwezomnotho kubalulekile ukuba ningabi nje kuphela ngendlela efanele futhi icubungulisise ukukala izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, kodwa futhi ukuhlola umthelela waso. Kulesi indiza ayizikhombisi ebalulekile ngokuyinhloko isakhi amanani nokunyakaza. Lapho ukulinganisela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, lezimpahla izintengo enyuka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubudlelwane odlule phakathi kwazo. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa kokusele ukwanda Imininingwane ukuba izindleko amasevisi emkhakheni wezabasebenzi. Kulokhu, awusebenzi wehlise imali yangempela sabantu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imali zanqwabelana ngaphambilini kahle. Lapho izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ongenakulinganisela zenzeka ukuhanjiswa engenayo, izinguquko ezihlelekile inqubo ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Lokhu kungenxa iyehla iyenyuka njalo amanani imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene isihlobo komunye nomunye. Ngakho olinganise zingase zihluke. Ikakhulukazi uye wakwenza amanani ku imikhiqizo yansuku zonke. Ngokuvamile, lag ekukhuleni yemali ebonwe emakethe yezabasebenzi. Lokhu kubangela Ukuwohloka izinga lokuphila futhi ngakhula kahle kutenhlalo. Abanye osomnotho abakholelwa ukuthi ukukhula nesizotha (3-4% / year) rise in amanani kusukumisa ukukhululwa kwezimpahla, kuyilapho ukukhula supply imali. amabhizinisi Inwebisa kuyoba kulokhu okukhulu, kuba ilapho zithola okwengeziwe izici etholakalayo ukukhiqizwa. Ukwanda imali kwegazi ukuphuthumisa kuthengiselana lokukhokha. Lokhu, uyokwenza ukwanda utshalomali. Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kuzoqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa yakhoibrium phakathi nenqwaba imali nezimpahla ngokumelene isizinda ezingeni intengo ephakeme.

imiphumela engemihle

Naphezu abanye, Uma unganakile, imiphumela emihle emali, ngisho ngejubane ongaphakeme, ine phezu ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi imiphumela emibi kakhulu. Endaweni yokuqala kunciphisa ugqozi emsebenzini, ngoba kubukela phansi kungenzeka ukuqaliswa ngendlela efanele nomholo intengo. Endaweni ye-inflation, le babhekane nezinga elikhulu namandla yezenhlalakahle sabantu. Omunye yi negative kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi izakhamizi ziyancipha ekuqongeleleni kungenzeka. ukonga Liquid ziyancipha futhi babe inxenye zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakhulu buthakathaka isikhundla namandla. Uyokwanelisa isifiso sabo ejensi kahulumeni ukuthola ngezimali ezengeziwe ngenxa ekushayweni ngokweqile kwenza abantu bakuphathe ukunyuka kwezinga ingcindezi phezu ingxenye namaqembu omphakathi iqophelo nesanda amaholo, izibonelelo kanye nezibonelelo.