Ngenisa esikhundleni - loluhlelo yokungenisa esikhundleni ...

Umnotho Russian manje ibhekene akuzona izikhathi esitebeleni kunazo. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho ukwencika okusezingeni eliphezulu amagatsha ngazinye emnothweni kazwelonke kusuka nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe. Kule ndaba, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe iba sifaneleka ikakhulu yokungenisa esikhundleni. Kuyini lokhu inqubo? Yikuphi imikhakha yezomnotho Russia, kubalulekile ikakhulukazi?

definition

Ngenisa esikhundleni - okungukuthi, ngokuvumelana nencazelo ezivamile, inqubo ezingeni emnothweni kazwelonke, okuyinto Ilungiselelwe ngesikhathi kukhishwa adingekayo yasekhaya abakhiqizi ezidayiswayo amabutho, okuholela imisebenzi kuleli zwe. Le nqubo kungaba mathupha noma esisheshayo. Esimweni sokuqala ukungenisa izimpahla zikhishwa ukuze bangangeni ukuncintisana nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe zibe emakethe. In the yesibili, displacement zingxenye okuhambisanayo ngokuchema nabantu bakwamanye amazwe.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kokubili yokwahluka yokungenisa kungaba advantageously zisekelwe izindlela emakethe noma ukungenela zokuphatha nezakhiwo zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene. Endabeni wokuqala yimpumelelo yokungenisa esikhundleni - luwumphumela fair wokuncintisana. ngaleyo ndlela nomkhiqizi Domestic awube umthengi ukuthi izimpahla he khiqiza kangcono futhi ezishibhile umphakeli angaphandle. Ithuba Nokho, inketho inqubo oyokwenziwa ngaphansi okuyinto aphume ngenxa mthetho zokuphatha imisebenzi ebekelwe bezinye izizwe.

simo Russian

Isimo somnotho e-Russia namuhla ukuthi ezweni lethu, ukungenisa esikhundleni kuyadingeka, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi abaningi, emikhakheni embalwa eyinhloko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwezinye izingxenye yenqubo okuhambisanayo uqhubeke ngesikhathi izimo ucishe emakethe kwezinye abakhiqizi Russian kuyodingeka inzuzo ngenxa izici zokuphatha. Ngakho, ukungenisa esikhundleni eRussia kungenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ngaphansi kokubili zimo, kuncike umkhakha othize.

ezolimo

Ukudla ukuvimbela kwi abahlinzeki West European imikhiqizo yezolimo - umfutho asebenzayo sokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi wasemakhishini emkhakheni ofanele. abalimi Russian Uthole ithuba engakaze ibonwe ukuze lelisu emikhulu yokungenisa esikhundleni. Uhlu izimpahla zawa ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa yokungenisa, ebanzi kakhulu. imikhiqizo Lokhu yobisi, futhi nezithelo, inyama kanye namantongomane. umthamo Market ezinye izingxenye inzuzo kwezohwebo ophakathi eRussia kanye namazwe Western emkhakheni wezolimo balinganiselwa ku zezigidi zamaRandi wezazi.

Yiqiniso, kule ndawo kuyoba mncintiswano: ngokukhethekile, supply imikhiqizo evela e-Asia, eNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, kanye kusukela e-Customs Union esiyolandelwa eRussia khulula - azikho unswinyo maqondana nemisebenzi efanele lapho. Kodwa, naphezu khona i abahlinzeki okunye European imikhiqizo yezolimo ukungenisa Russia esikhundleni kwezolimo - phakathi eziza kuqala eliphezulu kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Umbuzo omkhulu, ochwepheshe bathi, siyasebenza indlela kuyoba ukuxhumana phakathi kwabalimi Izitolo umkhuba.

umkhakha

Ngokuphathelene kwenkululeko isidingo imikhiqizo ehlukile ukuze nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe nge abathengi Russian sekuvele ikakhulukazi ngenxa kuwa ruble. izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe baye baba ezibizayo. Ngo izingxenye eziningi umkhakha, futhi kunqunywe nesanda amanani imikhiqizo ngaphakathi ezweni. Ingenisa, bathi, umshini, noma ezinye izingxenye umsakazo-electronic, umkhiqizi Russian uye wabhekana izindleko kakhulu ukhulile, offset ezimweni eziningi kwakunokwenzeka ngenye indlela - ukwenyuka kwentengo abathengi yasekhaya.

Nokho, ukungenisa esikhundleni embonini lapho kuziwa simo isiRashiya, ungakwazi kuguge hhayi kuphela inkanuko yobulili. Ukuwa kwe-ruble odlale, ngokusho kongoti eziningi, ngezinga elithile indima eqakathekileko emnothweni. Iqiniso liwukuthi eqinisweni ukwehla kwentengo lwemali isiRashiya, izindleko eziningi ukukhiqizwa nenkokhelo e dollar imigomo, kanye, ngempela, correlative roomates nezinye zezimali kunazo zomhlaba ezinkulu, wawa kakhulu kakhulu. Imboni isiRashiya, ngenxa yalokho, kwaba inzuzo ukutshala.

Uma ubheka imibiko Ministry of Finance ngo-2014 mayelana izitayela emnothweni, singabona ukuthi kakhulu anda esikhathini Russian Federation , ukukhiqizwa yezimboni - ngo-1.4%. Ngenkathi i-GDP, ngokusho kombiko wokulungiselela, landa ngabantu 0.6% ngo-2014. Futhi, abanye ochwepheshe bathi ukudlala ngisho kwezinye uncharacteristic kakhulu, kubonakala, ngoba izingxenye zethu kazwelonke ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka yokungenisa esikhundleni. Uhlu imikhiqizo ngenkuthalo ekhiqizwa eRussia, ifomu, ngokukhethekile, izinto zasendlini, electronics, kuyilapho Iningi lezakhamuzi bajwayele, itholakala e-Asia. Nakuba kukhona inguqulo lezi zibalo zibangelwa yokwanda isimo e ukufunwa umkhiqizo othize. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi udinga ulinde ukuqinisekisa isimo esiyisisekelo lo mkhuba.

Ngenisa endaweni umkhakha isiRashiya, ngakho obonakaliswe ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, isifiso abathengi ukwazi ukufinyelela imikhiqizo eshibhile. Okwesibili, ukukhanga emnothweni Russian ngokuya izindleko zokukhiqiza.

Umkhakha: sphere oncikile

Kukuziphi izici imboni Russia isidingo ukungenisa zithinteka kakhulu? Phakathi engaphansi kakhulu ku izimpahla sangaphandle izimboni - umshini amathuluzi. Ngo asichitha sokungena, ngokusho kombiko we abanye abahlaziyi - 90%. I imishini esindayo akuyona ingasaphathwa - 80%. kwencika Heavy kwepahla futhi embonini ukukhanya - izibalo kwezinye izingxenye zayo kanye ukufinyelela 90%. Embonini eyenza imithi, ukwencika emadanisekako embonini yezokudla.

Ngokuphathelene ukukhiqizwa, ochwepheshe bathi, sidinga uhlelo emikhulu yokungenisa esikhundleni ngokuyinhloko kusekelwa isimo. Sebenza kulesi siqondiso baliklasi lonkhe nenhlalakahle. Uma ngempumelelo ukusebenza nge iziphathimandla abanekhono, kule minyaka embalwa ezayo kungenzeka ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi, abahlaziyi, anganciphisa ukusebenza kuye ngamunye izimboni ngo-30%, noma mhlawumbe nangaphezulu.

IT-umkhakha

Russian IT-umkhakha - omunye ezanda emnothweni. Ungase futhi uqaphele yokuthi abaningi IT-imikhiqizo Russian Federation Kuyaziwa phesheya. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi yethu IT-esikoleni yokuncintisana ngempela. Nokho, njengoba abanye abahlaziyi balinganisela ukwencika sphere Russian kolwazi nobuchwepheshe by entshonalanga ukwenza libalulekile. Mayelana 70% amasofutiwe asetshenziswa ngumsebenzisi, bobabili ezizimele kanye ezingeni corporate, wumnikezeli Onjiniyela angaphandle. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-izingxenye eziningi isofthiwe kukhona elinye ithuba isiRashiya, obhekwa ngochwepheshe eziningi, akukhona kunabayeni onobuhle angaphandle ukusebenza kanye izinga.

Omunye agumenti ukhiye esivuna usebenzisa yasekhaya IT-izixazululo, abahlaziyi bathi isidingo ukuzibandakanya kwe-software yezokuphepha in izingxenye kakhulu ibhizinisi. Umsebenzi wamabhizinisi eziningi ezihlobene imfihlo ukudluliswa kwedatha. Abaningi babaholi amafemu Russian bavame ukuba ukungabaza mayelana nokusetshenziswa isofthiwe angaphandle ezimweni ezinjalo. Futhi, umsebenzi izinkampani eziningi ezihlobene isidingo sokulondoloza ukusebenza ithatha abushelelezi iseva izinhlelo, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi anganikeza kuphela abahlinzeki ukuthi zitholakala ngqo WaseRussia.

Lunikeza uhlelo yokungenisa esikhundleni eRussia, izazi zikholelwa has zonke izinsiza kusetjentiswa ngemphumelelo. Ngisho e izingxenye nezobuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi we-IT-umkhakha, nokuthuthukiswa olusebenzisayo, program ezivela eRussia kungabazuzisa kakhulu esikhundleni abahlinzeki Western.

Ngakho, ukungenisa esikhundleni - inqubo ukuthi ingasho yimuphi umkhakha. Sikhombe ambalwa ayinhloko. Isimo somnotho e-Russia kudinga ekuseni yokungenisa esikhundleni izingxenye eziningi emnothweni kazwelonke, kodwa nekuwusebentisa practice akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kungani? Cabanga ezicashile eziyisisekelo elihlobene ne namaqiniso umsebenzi ofanele.

izinkinga

Ngenisa esikhundleni - kuyinto multifactorial, kunzima ngokuya ukusebenza nokusebenzisa inqubo. Impumelelo nokuqaliswa kwalo kuncike esinqumweni eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama eziyinkinga nobuntu emnothweni Russian. Yini, isibonelo?

Okokuqala, it sincane kakhulu, njengoba ochwepheshe abaningi abakukholelwayo, amabhizinisi Russian ukufinyelela ku-credit. Iqiniso lokuthi unswinyo ebekwa EU US ngokumelene izinkampani eziningi kusukela Russian Federation ungavumeli sokubolekwayo phesheya, okuyinto kakhulu babesiza esikhathini esidlule. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukubolekisa eRussia akuyona inzuzo kakhulu: Central Bank refinancing izinga manje - 15%, bese uthola imali ngaphandle kwenzalo ukuze inkampani, cishe, uzokwazi at iphesenti ukuthi ngeke esingaphansi kwaleli nani. Thuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nenzuzo, okuyinto izovala izinkokhelo loan ngaphansi kwemibandela engabe inqunywe kungaba yinkinga.

Yini kungaba inkinga kungenzeka nge ukutholakala ngesikweletu? Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi amabhizinisi amaningi Russian ungase uthole ukhululekile emakethe project ngezimali noma, isibonelo, emkhakheni ibhizinisi lokutshala izimali, ngaleyo ndlela ukuzuza ukufinyelela credit ngesikhathi isisekelo salokho, noma dolobha enikeziwe ezivuna phezu amasheya ephethwe yinkampani.

umbono okunjalo, yebo, unganelisekile wonke amabhizinisi, kodwa cishe ungcono elinde izindaba ekamu we Central Bank. Yokwahluka nesimo ngokuxhasa amaphrojekthi ezithile. Futhi, amabhizinisi amaningi ingaqala izindawo ezihlobene ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo emisha ngaphansi izinkontileka ngaphansi kwempahla yomphakathi.

Enye inkinga ukuthi esihambisana yokungenisa esikhundleni eRussia - bikho kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe eziningi izimboni. Ngo-1990, izakhamuzi eziningi Russian Federation, ngokukhetha umsebenzi, uholwe wemboni yobuntu, ezinsizakalweni. Engineering, abasebenzi okukhethekile kwakungafanele ethandwa kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-izingxenye eziningi namuhla ukushoda kwabasebenzi.

Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. I okungabizi kakhulu - ukuphinda uqeqesho. Ngenhlanhla, izikhungo Russian zemfundo sisonke ezahlala base athuthukile yesayensi nezezimboni, okungase isebenze sokuqeqesha ezihlukahlukene izimboni. Enye - ukuheha abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kodwa-ke, lapho, kungenzeka nzima ngenxa izinga eliphansi ruble: hhayi kuzo zonke izimo eRussia umuntu ukuba inzuzo more ukusebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni waseRussia uye wathatha izinyathelo zokukhuthaza abalulekile ekwenzeni lula wezifiki zingena ngokukhululekile kuleli zwe. Ikakhulukazi, kuvulwa uhlelo ukuthola yisakhamuzi lula ngabantu abanobuntu abalulekile nge Russia - ezihlobene, kwezilimi namasiko.

Ubukhulu bomhlaba wonke

Esinye isithiyo kokuphakelwa yimpumelelo yokungenisa esikhundleni - isibopho esiphathelene ne-Russian Federation kohlaka ubulungu WTO. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngenxa basayine izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe nezinye izifundazwe isakhiwo Russia akanayo ongakhetha eminingi kakhulu ukuphazamiseka izinqubo zezomnotho ejensi kahulumeni ukuthi ezingase zihileleke, isibonelo, ukuze kuvikelwe emakethe kazwelonke-aspect yohwebo nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe.

Ngakho-ke, kukho ukuze uthole amandla amaningi kusukela uhulumeni waseRussia akuyona kakhulu. Ziningi kakhulu olukhulu - ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni WTO. Nokho, njengoba kuphawulwe Ochwepheshe abathile, isimo ngaphansi imithetho zamanje, ebekiwe izivumelwano WTO, afakwa nomqulu abalulekile jikelele zomculo ukuze bavikele izithakazelo abakhiqizi yasekhaya. Umbuzo uwukuthi indlela yokusebenzisa kahle kule nsiza. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2015, i-Russia, njengoba kwaphawula u-abanye abahlaziyi, lingasebenzisa kwesokudla ukulungisa ukuzibophezela tariff ukuze indlela ephumelela kakhulu ukuvikela eziningana izingxenye emakethe yasekhaya futhi engenzi ziphazamisa WTO imithetho ekhona.

impumelelo

Inqubomgomo ukungenisa esikhundleni eRussia, naphezu yinkimbinkimbi ngokuphawulekayo, ine amathuba kakhulu okuphumelela. Lokhu kungenxa izinto eziningi. Okokuqala, izinkampani Russian, ezimweni eziningi ayikho inkinga nge ukufinyelela izinto ezidingekayo eluhlaza, inqwaba yezinto zemvelo. Okwesibili, izindleko zokukhiqiza ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa ukuvulwa eRussia ezimweni eziningi kungaphasi phesheya, eqinisweni, ngenxa cheapness isihlobo kwemithombo yemvelo ezithile. Futhi eRussia ugesi ngempela ezishibhile. On izinzuzo iholo ezivela ngokuhlobana kokuwa ruble, sitjhwile. Okwesithathu, Russia sinekhono abalulekile zobuchwepheshe. Kuyilapho bakwenze e inombolo encane izimboni - ikakhulukazi emkhakheni Imboni yezokuvikela, e ukuhlola umkhathi. Nokho, uma kunesidingo, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi abaningi, kuba njalo kungenzeka ukuhumushela lolu noma ukuthi intuthuko lempi wemboni civil.

indima isimo

Waphumelela kangakanani kuyoba uhlelo ukungenisa esikhundleni eRussia endaweni umkhakha othize, ixhomeke isikhundla isimo. Izinga lapho iziphathimandla zaseRussia zilungele afeze eyayidingeka kakhulu ngoba umsebenzi umnotho? Ngokuvamile, Russian uhulumeni indlela nempikiswano yokungenisa ngokwanele sina.

Ikakhulukazi, ngo-August 2014 Lesinqumo LoMkhandlu Uhulumeni waseRussia, owawuthi isakhiwo esisha sidalwe - embonini yesikhwama. Inselele ukhiye ejensi bazocula, - nje ukunikeza amabhizinisi kanye credit ezidingekayo. Kusolwa ukuthi izimo kulezi ukubolekisa kukhona inzuzo engaphezu kuka-izinkampani nebhange commercial oluvelele.

yokungenisa uhlelo esikhundleni, akhiwa isimo, futhi kuhlanganisa eziningi neminye imizamo ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-June 2014 Uhulumeni ususungule umthetho omusha "Ngo Inqubomgomo lezimboni Russian Federation". Amalungiselelo ezikuyo, njengoba ochwepheshe bathi, kungaba isisekelo ukuqaliswa izinkomba amasu ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni embonini kuleli zwe. Industrial yokungenisa uhlelo esikhundleni eRussia, ngaleyo ndlela, luzoqala nge iqhaza lubonakale isimo.