Umcebo kazwelonke - umnotfo ... RF. Umcebo kazwelonke Russia

Kukholakala ukuthi ingcebo kazwelonke - iqoqo izimpahla nezomnotho kuleli zwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwabantu, kanye ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Ngakho uthi nendlela uMbuso Izibalo iKomidi Russia. Lesi sigaba kwezomnotho ephawula yokusimamisa umnotho isimo, kubonisa ngokucacile amathemba eside sokuthuthuka.

Phawula eyisisekelo: nomqondo Umcebo kazwelonke Ibonisani kulesi sigaba - amafa kwezomnotho. Phakathi isimo amayunithi konstitutsialnye babe ubunikazi babo ukujabulela izinzuzo i nature kwezomnotho. Uma sicabangela ukuphuthuma nokuqapha okuqhubekayo we inkomba ukunquma ukuthi kusebenza we zezomnotho inqubomgomo wonke amazwe njalo ukunquma ekukhuleni kwayo noma ukwehla

Kusetshenziswa izindlela emhlabeni kokubala Umcebo kazwelonke kuchazwa ngezindlela ezimbili: indlela amazinga kazwelonke ibhalansi.

ibhalansi indlela

Umcebo kazwelonke lapho kubalwa ibhalansi lichazwa ngokuthi net nokulingana value ngokuqondile ezilinganisweni ithebula ngokuqondene nezimpahla kanye nezikweletu (bheka. Ithebula 1), esihlelwe ngomumo imikhakha eyehlukene yomnotho. Lokhu - bendabuko indlela eRussia (kuqala - I-USSR) okuveza le nkomba njengoba iqoqo imikhiqizo zomsebenzi, okungukuthi, Umcebo kazwelonke zanqwabelana inzala ngokuhlanganyela imithombo yemvelo abahilelekile kwezomnotho ...

Indlela uhlelo namazinga kazwelonke

Nokho, njengoba ochwepheshe uqaphele, uhlelo lwama-akhawunti kazwelonke ukunquma kangcono Umcebo kazwelonke. Lena - ngempela indlela emakethe, ngoba Sna iqoqo olinganiselayo izinkomba sibonakalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi vumelekile umnotho kahulumeni. Ngaphezu ezibonakalayo wadala labantu abasebenza, uhlelo lwama-akhawunti kazwelonke futhi uyakucabangela umehluko phakathi imali (2) kanye nezikweletu zezimali (3).

Ithebula 1. isakhiwo jikelele Umcebo kazwelonke

Umcebo kazwelonke. isakhiwo

Chaza ukuthi kuyingxenye yenqubo Umcebo kazwelonke uhlelo akhawunti ngokulandelana kazwelonke, echaza kafushane izingxenye zalo.

amafa Non-yezezimali, ngokuba impahla amayunithi zezikhungo, iyindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nemihlomulo engeyona non-kwezomnotho baba. Ngo ngezithako zawo, bahlanganisa ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi (yokukhiqiza kanye non-yokukhiqiza), izimpahla zamanje, kanye namagugu.

Isici isici ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi impahla eziningana zazo izikhathi ukubamba iqhaza ukukhiqizwa kabusha komphakathi. Lezi zihlanganisa izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka, imishini kanye nempahla, ezokuthutha nezokuxhumana, nokunye. Sinenkosi ikhono ukunciphisa ukubaluleka kwabo ngenxa ukuwohloka impahla kanye nezimilo. ezingeni bafake ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi yezwe - inkomba zamasu. Ikakhulukazi, emnothweni Russian ezingeni lamanje libhekene ingxenye enkulu ukwehla kwentengo ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi. Ibuyekeza kubo - isiqondiso esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isimo.

Ezikhona kwempahla samanje bemvelo impahla - okungukuthi, ngokukhethekile, izinto zokusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo siphelile, izimpahla ezikhiqizwa ukudayiswa, kanye uthenge Akuthengiswa kabusha. indzima yembuso ku intuthuko kwimikhakha ukukhiqizwa buvezwa izinkampani zayo eyanele ukuphepha kokusebenza, iyona "impahla eluhlaza" ukwenziwa (fuel, izinto, izinto ezifanele, okuphakelayo, imbewu nokunye.). Nokho, izixhumanisi ezibalulekile kanye ezimisiwe kwezomnotho ukuthi ukuvimbela ukwakheka amasheya ngokweqile imikhiqizo isiqedile.

amafa lwezezimali njengoba eqhubeka, essence zabo - Inani. Sinenkosi isici esikhethekile: zingabantu kuqhathaniswa umnikazi - amafa isihlobo ukuba sabafowabo - isibopho.

Ithebula 2. Ukwakheka Umcebo kazwelonke inqubo Sna

Nokho, izibalo Sna musa acabangele isigaba kuqhathaniswa mncane, omunye izinkomba eyinhloko Umcebo kazwelonke - isici womuntu. indima yakhe kulesi sihloko uzobe abashiwo kamuva. Okwamanje, izici zayo zinqunywa nemingcele ezifana isilinganiso sobude bokuphila, iphesenti ukusebenza umsebenzi labantu kule okukhethekile, esebenzayo isikhathi umsebenzi, umjikelezo umndeni khona, izinga lokuzalwa.

Umcebo kazwelonke. izakhiwo inkomba

Liphuzu lelibalulekile ukuthi Umcebo kazwelonke - isilinganiso owujami, kodwa izinguquko ashukumisayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okunqumayo ngasiphi date, ukubaluleka asalile.

Okwesibili, njengoba sekuphawuliwe, Umcebo kazwelonke (NB) heterogeneous. Ngakolunye uhlangothi - ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, ngakolunye - imikhiqizo zomsebenzi. Lihlanganisa kokubili imali futhi angaphatheki.

Okwesithathu, kazwelonke ingcebo-akhawunti yonke impahla oluphethe izakhamizi, abantu nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho, ngisho noma kuyinto phesheya.

izingxenye isici

Izibalo basuke bengabangane bengcebo kazwelonke - akuyona iyunifomu. Kuyinto indlela ehlukile ukuhlaziywa yezingxenye kwalesi sibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ephakama ngokwemvelo kusukela isimo sawo. Uma uzibuze izinhlobo zabo, singazibona le sigaba esilandelayo:

1. Ayidlaleki. Lezi zihlanganisa amaminerali, izinqolobane siyingcuba (indlela ikakhulukazi ezimbonini).

2. adlalekayo. Kuyinto umbuzo owabuzwa labantu enamandla yezimpahla izinjongo ukukhiqizwa futhi nonproduction.

3. angaphatheki. Lena - kokuxazulula emphakathini wezwe, eyenziwe kwezenhlalo, ezemfundo kanye zezenhlalakahle nezinqubomgomo zayo zangaphakathi. Lezi zihlanganisa inhlalakahle, nabanengqondo futhi abafanelwe ezingaba khona.

4. Ama-Akhawunti ekhokhwayo kwamanye amazwe nezinye izikhungo zezimali.

Amapharamitha main

Izibalo basuke bengabangane bengcebo kazwelonke kusekelwe ngokuhlaziya imingcele yayo. Ngosizo lwabo, eyinkimbinkimbi is zikhanyiswa isimo impahla isimo: Dynamics of the National Bank; ekusebenziseni kwakhe isimo; izingxenye, inani kanye nesakhiwo; ukwakheka kanye olinganise; uhlobo kabusha Umcebo kazwelonke kanye nezakhi zalo; kwebalingisi Uphiko.

Ngakho, i-National Bank uchazwa iqoqo impahla engokoqobo kanye nemithombo kwezomnotho, ethinta ngokuqondile ukukhiqizwa enwetshiwe umphakathi.

izinsiza emhlabeni. izibalo

Russian Academy of Sciences kulinganiselwa Imininingwane ngomnotho ezweni kazwelonke. Lokhu kulinganisela wayezimisele ngesisekelo akhawunti idatha World Bank. Inani layo ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi ekuhlanganisweni kuwo wonke amazwe kwaba $ 550 trillion. Cabanga ngesimo jikelele ulwazi. I share capital womuntu ke yenza ingxenye enkulu - $ 350 trillion Resources Yemvelo - $ 95 trillion ezimbonini kanye amafa non-elikhiqizayo - $ 90 trillion.

Ngokwezibalo, 50% komnotho womhlaba kazwelonke kungokwalabo emazweni asethuthukile baseNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-USA, Canada, nase-Japan. National Bank of United States balinganiselwa ku $ 24 trillion $ 95 isigidintathu basuke bengabangane bengcebo kazwelonke OPEC elawula ingxenye enkulu ye-izinqolobane kawoyela yomhlaba wonke, u-40% ukukhiqizwa futhi izwe layo izintengo ke. Emazweni ayengaphansi CIS kungokwalabo National Bank, akha $ 80 trillion.

Ngokwe ososayensi oshiwo ngenhla ukulinganisa Umcebo kazwelonke Russia ingu- $ 60 trillion. I ingxenye isici womuntu kuwo - $ 30 trillion izinsizakalo zemvelo - $ 24 trillion amafa ezimbonini kanye non-elikhiqizayo - $ 6 trillion.

Ingxenye engenhla basuke bengabangane bengcebo izwe kazwelonke uboniswa Ithebula 3.

Ithebula 3. isakhiwo Umcebo kazwelonke

Umcebo kazwelonke Russia

Akumangalisi Russia kungokwalabo inzuzo amaningi phezu kwamanye amazwe ngomnotho ngayinye nalowo isakhamuzi (400 thous. $), Yikuphi kane kwesilinganiso somhlaba. Phela, ngokwesilinganiso kwabantu sabantu Russian square kilometre kuyinto 8,39 umuntu ngesikhathi EFrance isibalo singamaphesenti 119, i-Italy - 200,52, Germany - 229,12.

kokuhlaziywa umxhwele Umcebo kazwelonke yeRussia. Isikhwama Land ke - 12.5% zomhlaba. ERussia uhhafu angenasawoti izinqolobane emhlabeni, angaphezu kuka-50% emhlabeni abamnyama, ezingaphezu kuka-60% amahlathi coniferous planethi. amasheya Russian kwemithombo yemvelo yilezi eside kakhulu, hlala elikhulu kwemithombo yomhlaba engokwemvelo. Ikakhulukazi, kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela RF igesi bakha 32% kawoyela yomhlaba wonke - 13%; zinc - 15%; yensimbi - 26%; carbon - 11%; zinc - 15%; nickel - 36%.

ubunjalo Raw komnotho

Ochwepheshe bathi umnotho Russian Federation ngesikhathi samanje izinto zokusetshenziswa. Kusho ukuthini? A isamba esikhulu uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi (ama-75%) is zithunyelwa futhi engxenyeni yesine edliwe emakethe yasekhaya. Ngo ukwakheka waseRussia uwoyela GDP akhiphe igesi hlala elikhulu: mayelana 32%, kanti imikhiqizo ubunjiniyela - 5%. Isibalo yokugcina, njengoba siyaqonda ke, ayihambisani amandla ezomnotho nesayensi yeRussia. Zonke daba isethulo langempela emakethe odingekayo emhlabeni izinto zokusetshenziswa ngenxa izinqubomgomo tekuvikela West maqondana imikhiqizo skill- futhi sokutshalwa esibhalwe ukuthi "wenza eRussia".

Dynamics of umkhiqizo kawoyela Russian sikhombisa ukuthambekela ukukhula. Okwamanje, ivolumu ukukhiqizwa yayo kuyinto ngempela izinombolo umxhwele kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane nengxenye amathani. Umnotho Russian usengozini lwemali namarisidi kusuka ukudayiswa uwoyela, kuhlanganise i-kwezimali emkhakheni wezolimo imishini, okuvumela ukuya ubuchwepheshe obusha. Lokho limbiwa Russia, "omnyama igolide" Table 4 imibukiso.

Ithebula 4: uwoyela Russian

Iningi uwoyela Russian (egameni lendawo yokuhweba noma Urals) - 65% - ikhiqizwa yaseTyumen. Nokho, ezimayini eside esifundeni kuzoncishiswa, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba Ekude ekukhuleni kwayo esivezwa e-Eastern eSiberia.

Ngisho ukwambulwa ngaphezulu ekuphumeni Dynamics igesi Russia (bheka. Ithebula 5). Ukuhlaziya yizinkomba zezomnotho yabonisa umkhuba oyinkinga: i reorientation komnotho ku nekusebenta izinto zokusetshenziswa idlula ijubane ukuthuthukiswa isiqoqi sama-softwe.

Ithebula 5. Dynamics zokukhiqiza igesi eRussia

Nokho, ukuhlolwa ingcebo waseRussia kazwelonke kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye izingqinamba on ukushuba ukubuyabuyelela yayo. Ziyakwazi letindzala. ERussia ku capital womuntu ngomcebo akhawunti kazwelonke 50% inani, kwemithombo yemvelo - 32% we ukukhiqiza bofeleba netinhlavu non-ukukhiqizwa, ngokulandelana - 18%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingcebo yamazwe Western Europe, ingxenye yawo wonke isici womuntu kuyinto 78,4%.

Iqhaza eziholayo isici womuntu ohlelweni Umcebo kazwelonke

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, hhayi kuphela ngokuphelele ukubaluleka imigomo, kodwa futhi nokwakheka Umcebo kazwelonke kuyisici esibalulekile e isimo nenhlalakahle. I zezomnotho lesikole Chicago 70s kwekhulu elidlule zathola okuphawulekayo isakhiwo National Bank of indima eyinhloko eyadlalwa isici womuntu. Sishilo kakade ukuthi izinga layo kunqunywa izingxenye eziningana: ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye neminyaka okulindeleke, imfundo kanye ukukhiqizwa okwedlulele umuntu ngamunye. Uma engxenyeni yesine yekhulu leminyaka edlule, Russian Federation kule Inkomba kwakungekaNkulunkulu endaweni 23th, manje - 66th.

Privatisation noma ukuketula ngokumelene isici womuntu?

Izigaba ezihlukene Umcebo kazwelonke namaleveli ahlukahlukene kuvelana tetemnotfo. I yekucala ukuzimisela capital womuntu wocwanigo yayo kumandla yasekhaya.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi nalesi ukuhlelwa kabusha izindleko engxenyeni kahulumeni, ukukhiqizwa uye empeleni zeroed. Lokhu izindleko ezincane Wawugujelwani zamanani wezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, umxhumanisi usomabhizinisi kwadingeka ithuba lokwenza kokuqagela kuyisabelo kayishumi emikhulu GDP kuka abasebenzi ezimbonini onekhono.

Phakathi azimele USSR sethi emikhiqizo ukubaluleka zabasebenzi ngayinye kulinganiselwa abanikazi abasha kuleli uhla 0.1 - 0.5 $ th .. Ukuze uqhathanise, ekutholweni intengo emakethe izinkampani US okusekelwe ukubaluleka sabasebenzi ayizinkulungwane 100. $. Ikakhulu, i-Zil inkampani ngamakhulu-senkulungwane abasebenzayo ukuthi ezizimele for $ 16 million. Ngokufanayo ezizimele Uralmash, Gaz, kanye nezinye eziningi ohlelweni ibhizinisi.

Ukuguqula umnotho isiRashiya, njengoba kubalulwe emqulwini womthetho we "Washington Umqondo Weningi" ngo-1990 akuzange kushintshe lezi ukungalingani. inqubomgomo Tight yemali, kanye ukuhweba ukuxegiswa akusho nginqande leso simo. Okwamanje, Russian Federation 20% imali engenayo alahlwayo, unganiki bathole iholo elihambelana lomsebenzi ngalinye ilungu lomndeni. Ukuze kabusha Izinto ezenziwa abantu (ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni), akufanele sibe okubhekiswe izinqubomgomo zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho.

isiphetho

Umcebo kazwelonke we Russian Federation esigabeni samanje kudinga revaluation abalulekile izingxenye zalo ukukhiqiza esitebeleni ukukhula Dynamics. Isihluthulelo siwukuba ukwandisa inani capital womuntu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukunikeza izimali ezengeziwe nezisetshenziswa. I oligarchs kuyodingeka ukwabelana "ucezu ikhekhe" yabo GDP waseRussia, bedla futhi idluliselwe Western amabhange imali.

Ngakho osomabhizinisi umxhwele okwenza imali yabo, cishe unomuzwa wokuthi utshalomali e capital womuntu eRussia - inzuzo kakhulu, futhi ufunde indlela abenze ngendlela ehlelekile. Mhlawumbe lo mbono kufanele kube esanele "ukuchaza" le oligarchs isimo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyophinde abe wokwakha ingqalasizinda ekhethekile, ukulawula kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kokutshalwa kwezimali kuleli isici womuntu.