Izinzuzo Economic: izibonelo. izinzuzo wezoMnotho kanye ngezigaba zabo

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kuye kwaba nokwanda okuphawulekayo izinga ukusetshenziswa ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo ezihlukahlukene. Njengoba sihambisana nale nzima kakhulu inqubo ukuxhumana nomphakathi kanye imvelo.

Izinkinga main

Ngenxa umthelela zobuchwepheshe ngemvelo uyakhula begodu kuba inkulumo bazolokhu yemiphumela ethize yabantu. Namuhla, amandla, nophethiloli, izinto zokusetshenziswa, amanzi kanye nezinkinga zemvelo ngokuvamile ngakho-acute ukuthi benza okungaphezu kwalokho izifunda ngazinye, ekuzuzeni embulungeni yonke. Kule ndaba obaluleke ngokukhethekile isifundo esiphathelene zemvelo isisetshenziswa ezingaba emhlabeni, amasheya uthi ngabanye. Muva-ke wathatha kanye nokuhlaziywa ngokucophelela indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho esezikhona izakhiwo ezahlukene emphakathini wanamuhla, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Okwamanje, isidingo iqhinga ecacile sokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yemvelo.

Umqondo omuhle kwezomnotho

Umuntu ngamunye unesifiso ezithile. Basuke izigaba ezimbili: engokoqobo nengokomoya. Nokho, kufanele kusho ukuthi le phiko ezivamile. Ngakho, kunzima ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi isigaba impahla noma ethi ungowomoya libhekisela isidingo solwazi. Noma kunjalo, lo division kungenzeka. izidingo Economic nezinzuzo - izigaba ezimbili ezihlobene. Eyokuqala ibonisa iqiniso esifisa kunendoda. Futhi, omuhle kwezomnotho kuyinto impahla into ezingaba anelise izifiso zabantu. Lesi sigaba ubhekwa ayisisekelo ukuthuthukiswa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuphathwa kwanoma yiliphi izwe.

Izici

Njengoba sekuzoqala wekuba sive esintwini ezazitholakala khulula nezomnotho izinzuzo. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa zonke izinto ngokwemvelo ezikhona emvelweni futhi kungaba anelise izifiso zabantu. Nokho, isilinganiso isikhathi lapho kwakukhona izinzuzo khulula nezomnotho zaqala ukushintsha esivuna yokugcina. Ngamanye amazwi, cishe zonke izifiso zabantu abaye bahlangabezana ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa. Emakethe lapho impahla (kwezomnotho) izinzuzo futhi badayise, bebizwa amasevisi kanye nemikhiqizo (ngokuvamile nje imikhiqizo, imikhiqizo).

Izigaba isilinganiso

Isintu kuhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi izidingo zalo zezomnotho kanye nezinzuzo ukuthi kukhona afeze akuhlosile, ngokuvamile akulingani ivolumu. Ngokuvamile, kuqala phezu yesibili. Ochwepheshe bathi ngisho ngesimiso ekhethekile - ". Kuyanda yomthetho" Kusho ukuthi ukufunwa ikhula ngokushesha kunokuba emphahleni. Ngokwezinga elikhulu lokhu kubangelwa yokuthi ngemva nokwaneliseka izifiso ezithile abantu kunezinye. Ngo umphakathi wendabuko, okokuqala kunakho konke kudinga kudingekile ngenxa yokuphila evamile yabantu nezomnotho izinzuzo. Izibonelo zalezi ihlangabezane nsuku zonke. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ukuthenga ukudla, izingubo, izinsiza elula, izindlu.

Umthetho Engel

Ubhekisela okuqondile phakathi uhlobo umkhiqizo uthenge futhi amazinga okuphila abantu. Lo mbono uye kungase kutholakale ku 19 noSozibalo Prussian ekhulwini Ernestom Engelem. Ngokuhambisana eziqinile zakhe, okufakazela umkhuba, lapho isabelo inani eliphelele okwandisa imali engenayo, okuyinto esichithwa izimpahla namasevisi essentials incipha. Lokhu kwandisa izindleko imikhiqizo, okuyizinto ezidingekayo kancane. Njengoba yokuqala efunekayo kakhulu ukhonza ukudla. Kule ndaba, umthetho lo Engel lubonakaliswa yokuthi nge kwemali engenayo kwehle Ingxenye esetshenziselwa ukudla. Lokhu kwandisa engxenyeni eya ukuthengwa nezinye izimpahla, ikakhulukazi amasevisi, besebenza njengendikimba imikhiqizo akuzona izinto eziyizidingo. Ngenxa yalokho, singaphetha ngokuthi uma izidingo ezikhulayo njalo ngaphambi ukukhululwa kwemihlomulo kwezomnotho, owokuqala angenamkhawulo, kuze kube sekupheleni ongacimekiyo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, singasho kokubili. Ikakhulukazi, uma izinzuzo zomnotho nezisetshenziswa zilinganiselwe, banezidingo ambalwa. Lokhu, kubangelwa izinqolobane eziningi zemvelo akuzona olungenamkhawulo, zabasebenzi ukushoda, ukukhiqizwa ongaphakeme futhi ebuthaka amandla ngezimali. Ngamanye amazwi, ukukhiqizwa kungazifinyeleli izidingo amandla elinganiselwe nezisetshenziswa.

izinzuzo wezoMnotho kanye ngezigaba zabo

Njengoba abantu ngeke bakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle ukwanelisa izidingo zabo, umbuzo oyisisekelo theory kwezomnotho kunoma yiliphi izwe ukhonza inkinga zokukhiqiza. Lokukhipha okubangelwa izidingo ongashi abantu abafuna ngenkani ukwaneliseka. izidingo ezahlukene lwesintu. Ukubahlangabeza kudinga izimpahla ezahlukene zomnotho (izibonelo zazo ngezansi). Ukuze kukhiqizwe yimuphi umkhiqizo izindleko ethile edingekayo. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono izinzuzo kwezomnotho kanye ngezigaba zabo kumele kubhekwe eceleni. Lokhu kuzovumela esikhathini esizayo ukwenza kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile ekuhloleni ukwenziwa into iyonke. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuwona wonke izinto zivela njengoba izinzuzo zomnotho. Tibonelo taletinhlobo zaziwa kahle kakhulu - kuba umoya, amanzi, umhlaba. Manje bangabafowethu ngokwanele ukwanelisa izidingo zabantu. izinzuzo zezomnotho elinganiselwe. Abanaso eyokwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo labantu. Kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi ukukwazi kwazo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ayenzi i ezinhle into. Le mpahla kufanele ezalethwa indoda.

isigaba esikhulu

Namuhla kukhona ezihlukahlukene izimpahla. Ikakhulu, amathuluzi asetshenziswayo kungaba:

• Komphakathi kanye ngabanye.
• Material nezingokomoya.
• Zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Eyokuqala kulokhu ku anawo ngokushesha zabantu bangempela. Lesi sakamuva ingasetshenziswa, ngokulandelana, esikhathini esizayo. Ekusebenteni, abantu bakhetha izimpahla samanje. Of lokhu kuze kuqala ekuphileni zisekelwe eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezahlukene engenayo.
• WezoMnotho kanye non-kwezomnotho.
• Nenkhulumombiko. Kulokhu, owokuqala eziqondiswe ekuhlangabezeni izidingo ezithile futhi asidingi ukuguqulwa. isenzo Okwesibili njengoba izindlela. Zibizwa ngokuthi nangokuthi izinzuzo elikhiqizayo kwezomnotho. Izibonelo yilezi: izakhiwo, imishini, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zezimboni, njll Lokhu umehluko is nokho kubhekwe ezivamile kakhulu.
• Esifushane neyesikhathi eside. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka ingasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile kanye kuphela. izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Bayaphela kancane futhi ziyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko efanayo izikhathi eziningana.
• Okungashintsheka futhi vzaimozapolnyaemymi (aphelele). Eyokuqala bayakwazi esikhundleni nomunye uma idliwe. Vzaimozapolnyaemye futhi ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo kuphela uma sisetshenziswa ndawonye. Noma yimuphi inzuzo kwezomnotho ibhekwa ethile noma esikhundleni uxhumano nabanye.

Zonke izinto ezizokwenelisa, uthole izigaba ezahlukene:

• Ngokwe-indlela anawo, bahlukene ezintweni kanye nezinsizakalo. Isigaba sokuqala imelelwa imikhiqizo ezingokoqobo bemvelo noma yini eyenziwa abantu. Amasevisi ezibhekwa umsebenzi womuntu, eziqondiswe ekuhlangabezeni izidingo zomunye umuntu.
• Ngu ubunjalo izidingo ukukhululwa impahla kanye izinto ezingokomoya. I last - lena isevisi noma izinto kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomphakathi futhi ngokomoya (ulwazi, ezemfundo, ezamasiko, ucwaningo, zokuxhumana, njll). Eyokuqala, ngokulandelana, liqalise izidingo ezingokwenyama.
• Ngokwe rarity futhi kulinganiselwe public release.

izici isigaba

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izinzuzo kungaba engokoqobo nengokomoya. Ngesisekelo yilesi sigaba kukhona izakhiwo ngokomzimba elilodwa noma kwenye into. Ngakho, kukhona izinto, izinto eziphathekayo. Bona lingabonakala futhi ukunquma izici zabo ezingokwenyama. Futhi isipho "izinto incorporeal" emhlabeni, "ekahle." Bayaqiniseka idokhumenti saziso ukwabela izimvume ezifanele kubo. Izinto ezibonakalayo (izingubo, ukudla okugcwele) engatholakali nakusolwa ngokwemvelo. Thola kubo umuntu can esebenzisa inqubo ukukhiqizwa, waliguqula material yemvelo eluhlaza. Ukuze izimpahla ezifana useye waba ngaphezu, kudingeka bathathe isinyathelo eyengeziwe. Lona umnyombo walokho isidingo ukukhiqiza. izinzuzo angaphatheki kuthiwa kufakwe nge abantu singenzi lutho. Ziyakwazi asendaweni njengendlela umkhiqizo osuphelile. Lezi izinto futhi unekhono isinyathelo ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono abantu. Material futhi izinzuzo ezingokomoya zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Okungaphakathi (ukuzwa, izwi nokunye onikelwa ngokwemvelo, futhi umuntu eba kubo yena).
• Bangaphandle (ubudlelwane ibhizinisi).

izindlela zokukhiqiza

Ukuze womshini noma yimuphi umkhiqizo noma isevisi ukusebenza kudinga izinsiza. Basuke luhlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo:

• Yemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa konke okukulo imvelo.
• Material. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa umhlaba noma ozuze ngokwempahla eluhlaza.
• Labor. Lezi zihlanganisa ebhizinisi, amakhono professional kanye namakhono labantu abasebenza yokukhiqiza kanye namasevisi.

Ekuphetheni

Zonke izinkinga zomnotho, imithombo ube ngento eyodwa - ukulinganiselwa. Nokho, lesi sici ubhekwa isihlobo. Izingqinamba kusho ukuthi imithombo ngokuvamile esingaphansi ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo esikhathini esithile intuthuko yomnotho. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukuntuleka okukhiphayo. Umkhakha akakwazi ukukhipha zonke izimpahla namasevisi ngizwe esintwini. Imingcele anqunyelwe futhi ngenxa yokuthi ezingeni yentuthuko engokwesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe inquma imingcele ukusetshenziswa labo noma ezinye izinsiza (isibonelo, ubeka lamafutha ukucutshungulwa ukujula).