Seigniorage - Iyini? Imigomo lezimpahla imali

Ngo-1290, uFiliphu IV kwadingeka izimpi eFrance. Imali zokuxhaswa noma ukubolekwa imali akwanele. Minting zemali entsha kwenza wonke ukwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu. Ukuqinisekisa khona igolide endlini yomnikelo, inkosi inkunzi umbuso amaLombard, wasusa imali yamaJuda futhi lithathe impahla Templars. Konke lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze sigweme ukukhokha seigniorage - umvuzo ngenxa minting zemali.

inhliziyo

Seigniorage - iyona imali ethathwe nesanda imali supply nguhulumende. Uhulumeni ungakwazi ukulawula inani lemali ejikelezayo. Kuyinto eyamsiza inqubomgomo credit yezwe.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi ke waziphatha Mint ayenza lezi zinhlamvu. UJehova izinduna ithole metal kusuka ikhasimende. Iningi izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe womshini zemali, kanti bonke abanye bakhonza njengendikimba Imali yesevisi. seigniorage Monetary - kuyinto engenayo, okuyinto lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona brassazhem (Mint) kanye eNgophezukonke (nkosi feudal).

kumiswa

Izindleko akazange ihluke minting zemali bezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, kodwa isisindo lenyuka. Ngakho-ke, kwamanye amazwe imali kufanele azimisele kuye ngenani okuzisholo, noma iphesenti isisindo nevolumu lwemali efanayo. Ake sihlole eduze lokho seigniorage (mit).

Leli gama lihunyushwa lisuselwa Latin lisho ukuthi "master", noma "umdala." ibalwa ngezindlela ezahlukene ngokwemigomo kwezohwebo nemali fiatnyh. Ngesikhathi imali yesevisi Philip IV umehluko phakathi ukubaluleka zemali futhi isiliva, eyayisetshenziselwa womshini yabo.

seigniorage Modern - umahluko phakathi intengo nkinga kwenani eliyimali we imali yamaphepha entsha.

Umlando omncane

IMantshi Ijaji yakhipha isinqumo, owawuthi Central Bank of Italy kufanele kube umehluko izindleko zokunyathelisa imali ukubuyela izakhamuzi wezwe. Iminyaka 8 nesikweletu kuleso imisebenzi wezezimali Central Bank unyaka ka-2003 zaba EUR 5 million. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi lo ubusela wathutha endaweni ethile ye-European Central Bank. Ngokusekelwa we-Association of Abathengi ADUSBEF ekubhekaneni izimangalo kwamabhange, abameli Central Bank sika edlulisela isinqumo sangaphambilini, ukushaya kungokungenangqondo.

Lesi sibonelo kubaluleke kakhulu. kwavela Seigniorage esikhathini amakhosi asendulo, kodwa usebenza kuze kube yilolu suku. Futhi namhlanje, ngenxa yokucucuza inzuzo imali yamaphepha isimo. Inkinga wukuthi udaba lwemali akugcini. Lapho inombolo yabo lidlule inani lezimpahla etholakalayo, kukhona rise in amanani.

Seigniorage futhi intela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali

Ukuze wandise supply imali kungaba, udaba banknotes, akunika imali owabanjwa mhlaka idiphozi futhi ukuthenga izibopho kahulumeni. Endaweni kwezomnotho ezinzile, udaba banknotes kudala intela kwamandla emali. Emission kunciphisa inani Holdings yayo imali. Amanani wokuguqulwa kulawulwa uhulumeni. ekushayweni isikhungo lapho sibhekene Central Bank uthola zonke izinzuzo okwandisa supply imali. intela Inflation ubizwa ngokuthi ezifihliwe, ngenxa udaba kuthinta abantu abangahloniphi Inkomba imali yabo futhi uyigcine ifomu imali ebhange.

Isimo uthola dolobha olwengeziwe, okwandisa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Okokuqala ngaphawula amaMelika futhi wadala ekushayweni isikhungo esisodwa - Rep. Ukulandela umfutho ukusungulwa esinakho kwaba Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Namuhla esebenza isikimu lapho uhulumeni uyithathaphi imali emakethe.

IMITHETHO imali fiatnyh

Uma izimali zenziwa elinama kokuba inani le share premium umehluko phakathi intengo izindleko kanye kwenani eliyimali banknotes (iphepha noma ngogesi). Ngokwesibonelo, uma izindleko engamakhulu dollar izikweletu 4 amasenti, le seigniorage kuyoba 9996 amasenti. Futhi kungcono ngoba inzuzo eyodwa. Uma sicabanga, unyaka we iminyaka engu-10 yokuphila bill wadlula ngokwesilinganiso 4 inzuzo ngayinye, imali etholakale abalulekile kakhulu.

Ekushayweni non-cash usuthela cishe ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izazi zigomela ngokuthi seigniorage elekthronikhi esiyinhloko ekuqongeleleni ingcebo ngekhulu xxi.

IMITHETHO udaba amanothi kwandisa, uma lemali elisetshenziswe phesheya. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States uthola seigniorage ngaphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe emhlabeni. Dollar elisetshenziswa ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, ekuqongeleleni izinqolobane. Kulokhu, lo seigniorage - kuyinto yemali kusuka izimpahla ezengeziwe lingatholakala ngenxa yezwe reserves zazo zakwamanye amazwe kancane nokutshalwa kwezimali ze-non-izakhamizi nazo zonke izindleko zokuphatha.

Ulwazi mayelana engakanani seigniorage kuyimfihlo isimo. Futhi wayengatholi kudalulwe. Seigniorage eRussia zokhahlamba kusuka ku-15% we-GDP. ENetherlands kuba 0.66%, e-USA - 3%, kanti e-Italy naseGrisi - kuka-10%.

Seigniorage - kuyinto engenayo nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ukulahlekelwa ekushayweni. Izindleko ukukhiqizwa zemali ihlelo encane uvame engamboziwe zabo ukubaluleka par. Ngakho-ke, amabhange amaningi emaphakathi musa ukukhipha kubo, noma sasikhipha okuncane kakhulu.

Inkinga ikuphi-ingabe seignorage?

Abelana premium akuyona ezandleni yangasese, wathumela Central Bank. E-US, amaholo avela udaba is adluliselwe ku-akhawunti ye-Federal Reserve, nakuba isimo ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Ingxenye inzuzo (6%) siqondiswe ekukhokhweni izinzuzo, futhi okunye zafundiswa izimali isabelomali. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-zimali abazimele Boj ukuthola 4% we share premium. Seigniorage eRussia ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili. Isigamu uya esimweni, futhi ingxenye imisebenzi oxhaswe Bank of Russia yesibili.

ERussia, nje isikhalazo ekhishwe 15 million imali yamaphepha kanye zemali eziyizigidi ezingu-50. Okungukuthi, ngisho izibalo zilinganisela iningi imali ekushayweni kakhulu. Seigniorage Ungase futhi zenzeka ngenxa sokuxazulula we uyazithulela ubuningi imali yamaphepha abaqoqi. Nokho, Eurostat uvinjelwe amazwe eurozone ukuthumela share premium ukunciphisa isabelomali ukuntuleka. Kodwa emazweni ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, kunalokho, seigniorage isetshenziswa njengendlela umthombo engenayo.

isiphetho

Emission lemali - kuba umsebenzi inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, unelungelo ayitholwa ukukhipha imali yamaphepha kuphela isimo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwalesi Lomqondo uye waba Central Bank, wayesebanga ubhala umphumela wezimali kusuka imisebenzi e-balance sheet yayo umugqa. Kodwa eRussia utfola ihhafu imali isabelomali isimo.