Roma imvelaphi, abameleli bayo

Roma, Roma, Roma - abantu ngokuvamile abajikelezayo odabuka North India, sandile emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi e-Europe.

Ulimi kanye nemvelaphi

Iningi Roma ukukhuluma uhlobo amaRom, okuyinto esihlobene yesimanje izilimi Indo-European enyakatho yeNdiya, kanye ngolimi eyinhloko yezwe ahlala kulo. Kukholakala ukuthi leli qembu Roma eNdiya izikhathi eziningi, futhi ngekhulu XI ababekuso yasePheresiya, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV. - eNingizimu-Eastern Europe, kwathi ngekhulu xv. safinyelela eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Engxenyeni zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili wesibili. baye lasakazekela wonke amazwekazi owakhiwe.

Zibhekana amaRom amaningi bazibiza ngomunye igama ezivamile "rum" (okusho ukuthi "umuntu" noma "indoda"), futhi bonke abangewona amaRom - igama elithi "Gadjo" noma "gadzho" (igama elinomqondo lingavumelani alulazayo, okusho "Hillbilly" noma "ngowezizwe" ). AmaRom amaningi akholelwa igama "Gypsy" zihlasela.

Ukucwaninga

Ngenxa indlela yabo yokuphila njengemizulane, yokuntuleka idatha esemthethweni yokubala abantu, kanye ukuxuba namanye amaqembu ayimizulane, ukuhlolwa inombolo emhlabeni ingqikithi Roma esiphakathi kwezigidi ezimbili futhi ezinhlanu abantu. Azikho izibalo okunokwethenjelwa ngesisekelo yokubika oqabukelayo emazweni ahlukahlukene ngeke kutholakale. Iningi Roma wayesaphila eYurophu, ikakhulukazi emazweni slavyanogovoryaschih eYurophu Ephakathi futhi aseBalkan. Abaningi babo bahlala iCzech Republic naseSlovakia, Hungary, ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia kanye nomakhelwane Bulgaria futhi Romania.

ababaleki okuphakade

Ngemibono we amaGypsy ayimizulane ngokuvamile ayihlangani yokuthi sazikhohlwa kulo bayizinkulungwane ngempela njalo ayahamba. Nokho, ukuhamba lawo lilinganiselwe. Zonke abameleli ayimizulane Roma umsuka uthuthe emizileni luthole ukuthi ukuziba neyobuzwe. Balandela uchungechunge umndeni noma izibopho zamakhosi.

Roma nezici ezithile ukuze ngendlela ayimizulane zokuphila kubangelwa ukuxoshwa enobudlova noma izincwadi zokubaxosha. engu-80 ngemva abonakala okokuqala eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngekhulu le-15 baxoshwa cishe wonke amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eziningi amaRom baba imbangela ukushushiswa ehlelekile futhi ukuthekelisa phesheya, amaRom, Nokho, aqhubeka avele ngandlela-thile emazweni bashiyé.

umshushisi izinto

Wonke amaqembu isihambi imiphakathi ehlala phakathi kwezizwe okunethezekile babonakala baba esikahle ibhaxa. Kungokufanayo kunjalo Roma, lapho abantu balapha njalo amacala Abaningi kuyisandulela ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuhlukunyezwa letihlelekile naletingakahleleki zomthetho. ubudlelwane yabo neziphathimandla aphethe izwe zimakwe by ukuphikisana ngokulandelana. izimiso Esemthethweni babevame okuhloswe ngaso nokwenziwa yabo, noma baphoqeleka ukuba ukuphila umzimba, kodwa iziphathimandla zendawo baye ehlelekile waphika kubo ilungelo ukuzobhidliza ekamu yabo.

Phakathi nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Roma iphutha kuphela kwaba Romany yabo ubuzwe. Lokhu sekuholele ekutheni ukubulawa 400,000 Roma kanzima ngamaNazi.

umthetho waseFrance okwamanje unqabela bakwazi ukuzimela ikamu futhi wabenza kuncike amaphoyisa kweso, intela nabo ngokuthi inkonzo yezempi ngokwemikhakha njengezakhamizi ezejwayelekile.

Spain naseWales - kwala mazwe womabili, avamise yayisemngceleni izibonelo uthi lapho amaRom aye aba umzimba, uma ayizange yamukeleke ngokuphelele.

Muva nje, ekamu sezenhlalo eMpumalanga Yurophu amazwe aye azama ukwenza ihlelo zokuhlala ophoqelelwe, eklanyelwe abuqede indlela yabo ayimizulane zokuphila.

umsebenzi lwamaGypsy

Ngokwesiko, amaRom bekwi imisebenzi eyayibenza ukulondoloza indlela ayimizulane wokuphila, bazinza azungeze umphakathi. Lawo madoda ayengama-Izinkomo abahwebi, abaqeqeshi kanye abaculi, tinkers, ngensimbi, izingcweti ukukhanda ekhishini izitsha kanye abaculi; owesifazane ezibuza ithengiswe potions, encenga futhi ujabula izethameli.

Ngaphambi kokufika wezilwane, abalimi abaningi babefuna Roma ukuba uxhumane nabo ngezindaba isilwane nomhlambi impilo.

kusukela epilweni yangamalanga yesimodeni ongumRom ibonisa "intuthuko" zomhlaba Hajiyev. Trip manje uzibophezele izindwendwe izimoto, amaloli kanye trailer, nemfuyo ukuhweba salandelwa ukudayiswa izimoto esetshenziswa futhi trailer. Nakuba ekukhiqizweni ekhishini izitsha, futhi Tinker kwesokunxele ngaphandle umsebenzi, amanye amaRom ezisemadolobheni babé Mechanics auto zilungisa emizimbeni imoto. Uma abanye abantu amaRom amaningi namanje kuholele ngendlela ayimizulane zokuphila, abaningi kuzixazulule, kutilolonga amakhono akho noma ukusebenza njengoba izisebenzi. emasekisini abajikelezayo amapaki ezokuzijabulisa futhi sinikeze omsebenzi Roma yesimanje njengoba abaqeqeshi, esitodlwaneni nabathengisi futhi ababikezeli benhlanhla.

umndeni

Classical Roma umndeni siqukethe Abashadikazi kanye nezingane zabo ongashadile, kanye okungenani owodwa indodana oshadile, umkakhe nezingane zabo. Ngemva komshado umbhangqwana osemusha ngokuvamile uhlala nabazali indoda ibe umkakhe abasha akamazi indlela yokuphila somndeni womyeni wakhe. Kahle kahle, ngesikhathi lapho owamazibulo uzolunga ukushiya nomkhaya wakhe, indodana abasebasha bashade phila umndeni umkakhe omusha. emshadweni wakhe wokuqala uye wahlela ngokwesiko abadala lomndeni noma iqembu ukuze uqinise zezombusazwe kanye nokuzwelana neminye imikhaya, amaqembu noma, ngezikhathi ezithile, Confederations, nakuba ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lo mkhuba unqabe kakhulu. Isici esiyinhloko imishado ongumRom lalikhokha isipho abazali bakamakoti abazali yomkhwenyana.

kwamaqembu ezinhlanga

izici zayo ongumRom umsuka zinqunywa umehluko zesifunda, lwaqiniswa izici ezithile zesiko kanye sesigodi. Kukhona amagatsha amathathu main, noma isizwe, Roma:

• Kelderari - Kotljary-tinkers, ababevela emazweni aseBalkan bese eYurophu Ephakathi, okuyizinto eziningi kakhulu.
• Iberia Roma, noma zhitanos - Roma imvelaphi, elimalungu alo baphile ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, eNyakatho ye-Afrika eningizimu yeFrance. Namandla ubuciko nokuzijabulisa.
• Manush (kusukela manouche French), eyaziwa nangokuthi Sinti - Roma imvelaphi, elimalungu alo baphile ikakhulukazi e-Alsace kanye nezinye izifunda IFrance neJalimane. Abaningi babo showmen abajikelezayo esekisini.

Ngamunye Roma imvelaphi ihlukaniswe subgroups ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ezingafani lunye emsebenzini noma imvelaphi indawo.

wezombangazwe

Ungalokothi ngokusemthethweni wadala akukho emzimbeni, iCongress bese kuqokwa akukho 'senkosi' wathola zonke Roma, nakuba "ngamazwe" Roma Congress aphethwe e Munich, eMoscow, Bucharest, Sofia (1906) futhi edolobheni Polish Ruvne (e 1936). Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona iziphathimandla zezombusazwe e Roma kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Labo abathola iziqu namabizo wobukhosi, njengokuthi "Duke" noma "Ukubala", emlandweni wakhe ekuseni nabantu bendawo, cishe akukho kuka amaqembu Atamans ukuthi abangu ihamba inani kusuka 10 kuya emakhaya angamakhulu amaningana. Laba baholi (izimantshi) abangu ekhethwa ukuphila kusukela phakathi kwemindeni abavelele. Amandla abo namandla nhlobonhlobo kuye isibalo izinhlangano, amasiko kanye nobudlelwano nezinye izinhlangano ngaphakathi ukuhlanganyela.

Voivod kwaba umgcinimafa eqembu, inquma umzila kufuduka yayo futhi iqhaza ezingxoxweni neziphathimandla zikamasipala wendawo. Wayehola ngumuntu isigungu samadoda amadala, naye welulekana oludala owesifazane inhlangano. Ithonya yokugcina esenamandla, ikakhulu ngokuphathelene isiphetho abesifazane nezingane, futhi yayisekelwe kuyi ikhono sobala ukuze uthole futhi bahlele abesifazane ngaphakathi eqenjini.

isilawuli nomphakathi

izinhlaka zikahulumeni eziqinile lokulawula nomphakathi wamaRom ubuzwe kwaba "Chris" - kumtsetfo wesintfu ubulungiswa, kanye namaqembu isiko kanye enkantolo. Roma aba isisekelo sekhodi olunzulu ukwethembeka, ukuhambisana nokuhlangana reciprocity ngaphakathi neyaziwayo wezombangazwe. Isilinganiso esiphakeme isijeziso Tribunal eyayikhuluma zonke izingxabano futhi ukwephulwa kweKhodi, kwaba esontweni kusukela iqembu. umusho inyumbazane kungenzeka ngakususi umuntu iqhaza emisebenzini ethile, futhi ukuze amjezise umsebenzi ezingenamakhono. Kwezinye izimo, abadala waboniswa nokuvuselelwa, kulandele nokubuyisana iholide.

inhlangano yezenhlalakahle

amaqembu Roma aqukethe vic, t. e. izinhlangano enwetshiwe umndeni nge imvelaphi ezivamile, kokubili zoyise komama, ababebalelwa abantu okungenani abangu-200. Iningi Vitsa ungaba abakhulu ayo kanye nomkhandlu. Ukuze iqhaza okuphambene, ongacela ngenxa umshado ukuba ilungu uhlobo lwe. Ubuqotho nokubambisana kwezomnotho okulindeleke ezingeni yekhaya kunokuba ezingeni vitsy. Ulimi Romani akuyona yigama elididiyelayo ngendlu. Umuntu uyakwazi cishe ukubala ibanga ukusekela izihlobo efanele, nguye eduze emzimbeni futhi ayikho ingxabano.

izinkolelo ezingokomoya

Roma awunawo ukholo olusemthethweni, futhi esikhathini esidlule, ngokuvamile edelelekile inkolo ehleliwe. Namuhla, amaRom avame aphathwe njengoba inkolo olukhulunywa kakhulu kulelo zwe abahlala kuwo, futhi bazichanza ngokuthi "eziningi izinkanyezi ehlakazekile emehlweni kaNkulunkulu." Amanye amaqembu bengewona amaKatolika, amaSulumane, amaPentecostal, amaProthestani, amaSheshi kanye namaBaptist.

Roma ukugcina iqoqo eziyinkimbinkimbi imithetho elawula izinto ezifana nokuhlanzeka, inhlanzeko, inhlonipho, udumo nobulungisa. Le mithetho abizwa ngokuthi "Roman". Romano kusho ukuba baziphathe ngenhlonipho, njengoba Roma abantu. "Romanipen" - igama lwamaGypsy nemibono yabo.

umgcini amasiko

Roma kuyinto distributor nezinkolelo ezithandwa abantu nemikhuba ezindaweni lapho bahlala khona (isibonelo, Romania), ukugcina amasiko kazwelonke, besina nokunye okunjalo, lapho iye yanyamalala wempilo yasemaphandleni ekuqa- ngekhulu xxi. ifa labo zomculo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu futhi ifaka phakathi, isibonelo, i-flamenco. Nakuba Roma abe isiko ocebile temlomo, izincwadi ebhaliwe kuqhathaniswa yabo uneventful.

Ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi, amaRom ukuqhubeka silwe kuwukuphikisana elingakholelwa kuyo emiphakathini yakubo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi banayo kancane bazivikele ukuhlukunyezwa umphakathi nobutha, abanye Ukungathembani nokungabekezelelani uhlala. Mhlawumbe nakakhulu yenkinga okuyinto babhekene, kwaba ukuguguleka indlela yabo yokuphila ngaphansi kwethonya umuzi imiphakathi anezimboni. Izihloko omndeni ukwethembeka yobuhlanga, kuvamile umculo we Roma, wasiza ukulondoloza abanye umqondo kuyini ongumRom imvelaphi, kodwa ezinye exponents abasha futhi abanamakhono lokhu umculo kuthonywa imivuzo impahla wawulokhu uyiswa ngapha ezweni elingaphandle. izindlu ngamunye, ukuzimela kwezomnotho, futhi ukuganiselana Nerom sezivamile.