OPEC: sokuqonda nokuhlela nemisebenzi. Uhla lamazwe - amalungu OPEC

Ukwakheka ngokuthi OPEC, sokuqonda izifinyezo okuyinto, isimiso, ijwayelekile eziningi kangaka, idlala indima enkulu ebhizinisini mazombe. Lapho le nhlangano sidalwe? Yiziphi izizathu eziyinhloko ngemuva ukusungulwa lesi sakhiwo international? mkhuba Namuhla, okubonisa ukuba ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela, singase sithi uyabikelwa uma uza futhi ngenxa yalokho ukudamba abathuthi sanamuhla "igolide abamnyama"? Noma nge awokuthi OPEC amazwe - Ukusekela actor enkundleni sezombusazwe sembulunga yonke, bephoqeleka ukuba nibhekane eziseqhulwini bezinye izizwe?

OPEC: ulwazi olujwayelekile

Kuyini OPEC? Sokuqonda lezi izifinyezo ulula. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba wenze ke, kufanele kube ngendlela efanele Humusha ke isiZulu - OPEC. Thola - Inhlangano of Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe. Noma, Organization Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe. Le nhlangano ngamazwe wadala amandla ngobukhulu uwoyela ngenjongo, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi, umthelela emakethe "igolide abamnyama" in the isici, ngokukhethekile, amanani.

amalungu OPEC - 12 uthi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona Middle Eastern amazwe - Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, emazweni amathathu kusukela Afrika - Algeria, Nigeria, e-Angola, Libya neVenezuela kanye Ecuador, lapho zitholakala eNingizimu Melika. Indlunkulu lenhlangano kulokhu elise-dolobha yase-Austria - Vienna. Inhlangano of Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe yasungulwa ngo-1960. Ngu okwamanje samanje emazweni OPEC ukulawula 40% emhlabeni nokuthengiswa ka "igolide omnyama".

Umlando OPEC

OPEC yasungulwa Iraq enhlokodolobha yase Baghdad, ngo-September 1960. Initiators sokudalwa zayo zaba kwamanye amazwe enkulu namafutha - Iran, e-Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait neVenezuela. Njengoba izazi-mlando zanamuhla ukholwa, ngenkathi idatha isimo senziwa isinyathelo okuhambisanayo kwaqondana isikhathi lapho kwakungekho inqubo esebenzayo ye decolonization. izindawo Owabe engaphansi bahlukaniswa emazweni abo umama kokubili zezombusazwe futhi ngokuya kwezomnotho.

Amafutha emakethe yomhlaba yayisempini elawulwa izinkampani ikakhulukazi Western, ezifana Exxon, Chevron, Hambayo. Kukhona elingokomlando - the Cartel bezinkampani ezinkulu, kuhlanganise okuthiwa, wenza isinqumo ukwehlisa intengo "igolide omnyama". Lokhu kwakubangelwa isidingo ukunciphisa izindleko iqashwe uwoyela. Ngenxa yalokho, emazweni sezisungule OPEC umgomo - ukuze ukwazi ukulawula imithombo yabo yemvelo ngaphandle kwethonya corporations esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni engu-60, ngokusho kwabanye abahlaziyi, umnotho womhlaba nje ongathi akakaze edingeka kangaka ephezulu uwoyela - ukunikezela idlula funa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi OPEC yayihloselwe ukuvimbela nokwehla kwamanani global "igolide omnyama".

Isinyathelo sokuqala yasungulwa OPEC likaNobhala. Yena "okunqunyiwe" eGeneva, eSwitzerland, kodwa ngo-1965 "wathuthela" eVienna. Ngo-1968, emhlanganweni we OPEC, lowemukela Simemetelo Inqubomgomo uwoyela. Iveza ilungelo States ukuzivocavoca ukulawula imithombo yemvelo kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi inhlangano bahlanganyela nabanye abathuthi enkulu namafutha emhlabeni - Qatar, Libya, Indonesia kanye United Arab Emirates. Ngo-1969, Algeria wajoyina OPEC.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, ithonya OPEC sika emakethe uwoyela global ikakhulukazi anda engu-70. Lokhu kubangelwe yokuthi ukulawula umkhiqizo kawoyela yabusa ohulumeni lamazwe kufakwe Inhlangano. Njengoba abahlaziyi bathi, ngaleyo minyaka, OPEC ngempela angayilawula kuthinte intengo emhlabeni "igolide omnyama". Ngo-1976, OPEC Isikhwama isisunguliwe ophethe ukuthuthukiswa ngamazwe unemibuzo. Esikhathini th 70 kwinhlangano sahlanganyela kwamanye amazwe amaningana - amabili Afrika (Nigeria, Gabon), omunye eNingizimu neMelika - Ecuador.

Ngasekuqaleni '80s, amanani kawoyela emhlabeni Usufike amamaki aphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ngo-1986 baqala ukuncipha. amalungu OPEC isikhashana encishisiwe share yayo ezimakethe zomhlaba ka "igolide omnyama". Lokhu kwaholela, njengoba kwaphawula u-abanye abahlaziyi, izinkinga eziphawulekayo kwezomnotho emazweni okuqondene inhlangano. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwawo-'90s, amanani kawoyela wabuye wavuka - cishe isigamu ezingeni ukuthi yathinteka ekuqaleni '80s. I isabelo OPEC ingxenye global futhi waqala ukwanda. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi mphumela uye waba ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ukwethulwa isakhi ezifana inqubomgomo kwezomnotho, ezifana quota. zamanani indlela esekelwe okuthiwa "ubhasikidi OPEC" iye kwetfulwa kanye.

Eminyakeni 90 amanani kawoyela womhlaba wonke kwakungafanele, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi abaningi, kancane ingaphasi kwaloko lokulindzelwe lamazwe okuqondene Inhlangano. Isithiyo abalulekile ekukhuleni izindleko "igolide abamnyama" isibe obumbi bomnotho eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia e 1998-1999. Nokho, ekupheleni imininingwane 90 izimboni abaningi baqala owafuna izinsiza uwoyela owengeziwe. Kwakukhona kakhulu amabhizinisi amandla khudlwana, izinqubo kwembulunga yonke babé kakhulu. Lokhu, ngokusho kongoti, idale kwezinye izimo ngenxa amanani kawoyela ukukhula okusheshayo. Qaphela ukuthi ngo-1998 isimo izinyoni e OPEC wathola Russia - uwoyela isithekelisi, has enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ngesikhathi abadlali global ezimakethe "igolide omnyama". Esikhathini '90s kusukela inhlangano yasebenza, eGabon, futhi kumiswe okwesikhashana imisebenzi yayo e-Ecuador, OPEC isakhiwo.

Ngo kowezi-2000, amanani kawoyela emhlabeni laqala ukwenyuka kancane futhi eside esitebeleni ngokwanele. Nokho, ngokushesha waqala ukukhula kwabo okusheshayo, ngubani kwafinyelela iqophelo eliphezulu eNkantolo 2008. Ngu esikhathini OPEC langena Angola. Nokho, ngo-2008, ngokucijile kwaqina izici crisis. Ekwindla ka-2008 intengo "igolide abamnyama 'wawela ezingeni kowezi-2000. Nokho, ngesikhathi 2009-2010 amanani wabuye wavuka futhi waqhubeka ezingeni ukuthi abathuthi uwoyela ezinkulu, njengoba osomnotho uthi, banelungelo kubhekwe ezimenza azizwe atjhaphulukile. Ngo-2014, ngenxa eziyinkimbinkimbi yezinto, amanani kawoyela baye kwaya ezingeni maphakathi nawo-kowezi-2000. nokho OPEC abaqhubeke nokudlala indima ebalulekile ezimakethe zomhlaba ka "igolide omnyama".

Izinhloso nemisebenzi OPEC

Njengoba sibonile ngenhla, ekuqaleni ukudala OPEC ukuthi liqine ukulawula imithombo kazwelonke, kanye nomthelela ku izitayela global in amafutha ngentengo segment. Njengoba abahlaziyi banamuhla bakholelwa Ngokuyinhloko, lo mgomo uye kusukela ashintshiwe. Phakathi kwezinkinga kunazo ukuphokophela, singabali main, kuya OPEC - ingqalasizinda kukawoyela, ezinhle engenayo utshalomali kusukela zokuthumela "igolide omnyama".

OPEC njengoba umdlali zomhlaba kwezepolitiki

amalungu OPEC bamunye isakhiwo ukuthi ine isimo inhlangano phakathi kohulumeni. Yilokho it is kanjani bhalisiwe e-UN. Kakade eminyakeni yokuqala ye-OPEC isungule ubudlelwane noMkhandlu UN ku kwezomnotho nasemphakathini, ngahileleka Conference eNhlangano yeziZwe ku yezokuhwebelana kanye Development. Izikhathi eziningi ngonyaka, imihlangano iqhutshwa iqhaza okuthunyelwe sikahulumeni amazwe okuqondene OPEC. Lolu hlobo izenzakalo zenzelwe ukuba kuvelwe nesu ilunga umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha emakethe global.

Amafutha reserves OPEC

amalungu OPEC ibe nabayimele ingqikithi uwoyela kulinganiselwa ngaso angaphezu kuka 1,199 isigidintathu imiphongolo. Kumayelana 60-70% reserves emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba ezinye izazi zikholelwa, kuphela Venezuela ifinyelele esiqongweni umkhiqizo kawoyela. Amanye amazwe ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu OPEC kungase kwandise ngisho ukusebenza kwabo. Nokho, umbono wezazi zesimanje ukukhula ukukhiqizwa amathemba "black igolide" amazwe Inhlangano ngaphandle. Abanye bathi kufanele zibe uthi ayingxenye OPEC, uzofuna ukwandisa izinkomba ezifanele - ukuze silondoloze kusimo samanje ezimakethe zomhlaba.

Iqiniso lokuthi e-US manje - Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe (kakhulu ezihlobene uhlobo uwoyela oluthambile), okuyinto unakho ingcindezi enkulu ku-emazweni OPEC emhlabeni. Okunye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi umkhiqizo kuyinto amazwe ezingenanzuzo okuqondene Inhlangano - ukwanda supply emakethe kwehlisa izintengo "igolide omnyama".

ukuphathwa isakhiwo

Isici ezithakazelisayo ekuhloleni OPEC - izici inhlangano nohlelo lokuphatha. Oholela umzimba OPEC sika elawula - inkomfa ye oyilungu. Obize kuvamise 2 izikhathi ngonyaka. OPEC umhlangano ngefomethi omhlangano izobandakanya ingxoxo ka nezindaba ezihlobene ekuthatheni inhlangano zikahulumeni ezintsha, kwemukelwa kwesabelomali, izisebenzi aphoyintimenti. izihloko eshisayo Conference lizokwenza, njengoba umthetho, lo Board of Governors. Lesi sakhiwo futhi ilawula ukuqaliswa izixazululo sivunyiwe. Isakhiwo Board of Governors - eminye iminyango ophethe ibanga olukhethekile nezindaba.

Kuyini "kwesitsha" kwamanani kawoyela?

Ngenhla sithi omunye Okuqondiwe intengo kumazwe we Inhlangano yenza okuthiwa "ubhasikidi". Kuyini lokhu? Ingabe izibalo kusho phakathi eziningana lemikhiqizo lamafutha ekhishwe emazweni ehlukene OPEC. Sokuqonda amagama abo ngokuvamile uhlanganiswa sha - "ukukhanya" noma "ezisinda" kangaka, kanye State of imvelaphi. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona uhlobo Arab Khanyisa - uwoyela ukukhanya okukhishwa e-Saudi Arabia. Kube Iran Heavy - esindayo amafutha Iranian imvelaphi. Kukhona lemikhiqizo ezifana Kuwait Export, Qatar Marine. Inani esiphezulu we "ubhasikidi" bafinyelela izinga elingakaze ngoJulayi 2008 - 140.73 zamadola.

quota

Siphawule ukuthi umkhuba Inhlangano abakhona quota. Kuyini ke? Lokhu ukugwenywa umkhiqizo kawoyela nsuku zonke ngamunye amazwe. ubungako bawo ziyahlukahluka ngesisekelo emihlanganweni ezifanele ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi. Ngokuvamile, lapho ukunciphisa isabelo kukhona isizathu sokulindela ukushoda ukunikezela emakethe zomhlaba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda amanani. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uma umkhawulo elihambisana uhlala ithuthuke noma ukwanda, izintengo "igolide abamnyama" bangase bathambekele ukuze wehlise.

OPEC neRussia

Njengoba yaziwa, ukuthutha eyinhloko uwoyela emhlabeni - akuyona OPEC zwe kuphela. Kwelinye abahlinzeki ngobukhulu lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo "igolide abamnyama" IRussia ingelinye lamazwe ezimakethe zomhlaba. Kukholakala ukuthi eminyakeni ethile phakathi ezweni lethu kanye Inhlangano bebelokhu ubuhlobo impikiswano. Ngokwesibonelo, OPEC isimangalo wenza kwaba ngokumelene eMoscow ngo-2002 - ukunciphisa umkhiqizo kawoyela, kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo ezimakethe zomhlaba. Nokho, njengoba kufakazelwa izibalo zomphakathi, zokuthumela "igolide abamnyama" we Russian Federation esikhathini cishe hhayi ziyancipha, kodwa kunalokho, buye bakhula.

ngxabano Russian kanye lesi sakhiwo ngamazwe, abahlaziyi bathi, ime ngesikhathi ukukhula okusheshayo amanani kawoyela maphakathi nawo-kowezi-2000. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, phakathi eRussia kanye Inhlangano sisonke kukhona ukuthambekela ukubandakanya ngokwakhayo - kokubili ezingeni wokubonisana phakathi kohulumeni kanye nobambiswano isici ebhizinisini likawoyela. OPEC neRussia - Exporters of "igolide omnyama". Ngokuvamile, kunengqondo ukuthi izithakazelo zabo amasu ku global enkundleni umdlalo.

amathemba

Ayini amathemba ubambiswano eminye phakathi kohulumeni, non-OPEC? Kulungiswa ka nezifinyezo esikunikwayo e kakhulu ekuqaleni sihloko sathi ngesisekelo timfuno amazwe eziye osungulwe futhi siqhubeke sisekela ukusebenza kwenhlangano - ikakhulukazi zokuthumela "igolide omnyama". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba abanye abahlaziyi yesimanje, ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokwandisa amasu ibhizinisi, kuhambisana ukuqaliswa izithakazelo zezwe zezombusazwe lamazwe okuqondene Inhlangano eminyakeni ezayo kuyodingeka nibhekane nazo abanokubukwa lamazwe uwoyela ungenisa. Nge lokho kungenziwa ixhunyiwe?

Okokuqala, iqiniso lokuthi ukungeniswa ukhululekile uwoyela emazweni eziwudingayo - isimo sokuthuthukisa umnotho wabo. Ingabe ukuthuthukisa isimiso sezomnotho kuzwelonke, ukukhula ekukhiqizeni - amanani kawoyela ngeke kuwele ngezansi eksperterov ezibucayi ngoba "black igolide" uphawu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukwanda izindleko zokukhiqiza, okuyinto kakhulu kwenzeka ngenxa ngokweqile fuel izindleko, kanye awokuthi kuzoholela kuvalwe izikhungo energy khudlwana, sesimanje yabo esivuna ukubandakanywa ehlukile imithombo energy. Ngenxa yalokho - amanani kawoyela global ungenqaba. Ngakho-ke, leitmotif eyinhloko ukuqhubeka emazweni OPEC, ngokusho kongoti eziningi - lena ebucayini okunengqondo phakathi ukugcwaliseka izinzuzo zalo kazwelonke kanye nesikhundla lamazwe zokungenisa "igolide omnyama".

Kukhona elinye futhi iphuzu umbono. Ngokusho kwakhe, namafutha ngeke enye e emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano ezweni anesizathu ithuba aqinise isikhundla ebhizinisini mazombe, futhi ngenhlanhla futhi uthole izinzuzo ku isici ukugcwaliseka izithakazelo zezombusazwe. Ngokuvamile, ne kungenzeka untengantenga yesikhathi esifushane, amanani kawoyela kutawuhlala kutintfo letisetulu ngesisekelo nezidingo umgomo elikhiqizayo umnotho, ukuwa kwamandla emali, futhi kwezinye izimo, uma kuqhathaniswa kancane imali entsha. Isiphakamiso iminyaka engaba futhi awukwazi ukuhambisana funa.

Kukhona Iphuzu lesithathu umbono. Ngokusho kwakhe, esimweni ngcono kungenzeka emazweni uwoyela ungenisa nje efanayo. Iqiniso ukuthi izibalo zamanje intengo "igolide black", ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi, ukunamathela umqondo okukhulunywa cishe ngokuphelele zokucabangela. Futhi ezimweni eziningi - kukhona ukulawuleka. izwe intengo engabizi ibhizinisi namafutha ezinye izinkampani - 25 zamaRandi. Lena ephansi kakhulu kunalokho ngisho amanani wamanje "igolide black" cishe kabuhlungu izabelomali emazweni amaningi timbiwa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi inhlangano yezwe ngo kohlaka umqondo Ochwepheshe abathile ukudlala indima umdlali abangakwazi cha bizela nemigomo yalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinga elithile sincike izidingongqangi zombusazwe emazweni amaningi uwoyela ungenisa.

Phawula ukuthi iphuzu ngalinye ezintathu umbono ibonisa kuphela nokucabanga kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ezashiwo ochwepheshe ahlukahlukene. Imakethe uwoyela - omunye ezingalindelekile kakhulu. Izibikezelo mayelana intengo "igolide black" futhi bagqoka ochwepheshe phambili ezihlukahlukene, kungaba ezihluke ngokuphelele.