Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwe-forensic. Umqondo, incazelo

I-Forensics yindawo enhle kakhulu, ehlanganisa amathuluzi okuphenya, izindlela zokuqoqa ubufakazi, kanye namasu akhethekile ekutadisheni izinto ngokuphumelelayo. Izindlela ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa izindlela zesayensi ikakhulukazi zibhekisela kumathuluzi okuhlonza. Ngenxa yesimiso esisungulwe socwaningo olubanzi, ochwepheshe bathuthukisa amathuba okudalula ubugebengu nokuletha amacala enkantolo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imisebenzi eyofezwa, ukuhlonza izinsolo kanye nokuxilongwa kusekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wezinhlangano zokuphenya.

Umqondo oyisisekelo wokuxilongwa kwe-forensic

Okuyinhloko yokuxilongwa, izindlela ezisetshenziselwa izigebengu, kungabhekwa eqenjini elijwayelekile lezinqubo zokuqaphela. Ochwepheshe bathola, bathola futhi banqume izici zezinto, esikhathini esizayo ezikuvumela ukuba usungule isimo nekhwalithi yezinto. Into esemqoka echaza indlela yokwenza ubugebengu ekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi okuxilonga ukuhlobana phakathi kwezifundo zokufunda nobugebengu. Ngakho-ke, kunezici eziningi ezicacile emisebenzini yokusebenzisa la mathuluzi okucabangela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinto eziyisisekelo zokuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwezomthetho zisekelwe emqondweni wokucabanga. Inkolelo yale ndawo yombuso wezomthetho isekelwe emithethweni yolwazi, eyaziwa ngenxa yezindlela zesimanje zokuhlaziywa ngezibalo, hhayi nje kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho, ochwepheshe bathola idatha yangempela edingekayo ukusekela inqubo yokucabangela ngenqubo yobufakazi.

Izinto zokuxilonga

Ngokuvamile, konke okunikeza ochwepheshe ithuba lokukhulisa imibono yabo mayelana nobugebengu obuzibophezelekile kungaba yinto yokuxilongwa. Kodwa lapha kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ulwazi olufunyenwe lungabuye lwakhiwe ngenkathi umsebenzi wezombusazwe, owaqhathanisa, wembula izibonakaliso, ufanisa izinketho, njll. Ngokuqondile, isihloko sokuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwezomthetho yiyona idatha yangempela engahlobana nento yophenyo. Kungenye indaba ukuthi izindlela zokuthola le datha ziyahlukahluka.

Futhi lapha kuyadingeka ukuya ezintweni zokuxilongwa, izici zazo ngokuyinhloko ezithatha ukukhetha izindlela zokutadisha. Ekuqondeni ummeli, ummeli wezigebengu ngokuvamile usebenzelana nabantu nezinto, kamuva ezibonakala njengobufakazi. Ngokwenza njalo, izinto zokuxilonga kwangaphambi kwegazi zingathunyelwa kabanzi. Isibonelo, isikhathi nendawo - lolu lwazi lukwazi ngokugcwele ukusebenza njengophenyo oluzimele lophenyo, lunikeze ngolwazi lomgomo mayelana nezimo zobugebengu.

Ucwaningo lwama-forensic

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zalolu hlobo locwaningo. Phakathi kwazo, kufanele kubone ukutadisha ngokuqondile into, ukuhlanganiswa kwemibono mayelana nayo ngesisekelo sezibonakaliso nezakhiwo, kanye nokuhlaziywa ngokubanzi kokusebenzisana phakathi kwezihloko zocwaningo. Ngokuqondene nokutadisha okuqondile, kubhekwa ukuthi yiyona eyinhloko - ngalesi sigaba idatha yangempela iyatholakala. Ngokwesibonelo, injini yemoto yaqala ngesikhathi sobugebengu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezicwaningo ze-forensic for ucwaningo ngesisekelo sezimfanelo nezakhiwo kubizwe ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwemephu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isici esiyinhloko sokuhlaziywa yisimo sezinto. Indlela yesithathu yokucwaninga imodeli ehlangene evumela ukuthi ufunde isimo kusuka emazingeni ahlukene. Ngalesi sigaba, ochwepheshe kufanele babe nolwazi mayelana nesimo sezindawo, okuzovumela ukubeka ukuxhumana okudingekayo phakathi kwabo, kanye nendima yabo kumongo wobugebengu.

Imisebenzi yokuhlola

Ngobugebengu, izinhloso okumelwe zifezwe ohlelweni lokucwaninga izinto, kanye nokuxhumana kwazo, zichazwe ngokucacile. Iziphetho eziyinhloko mayelana nemiphumela yocwaningo zenziwa ngesikhathi sokuqhubeka komsebenzi wabaphenyi, kodwa ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwemisebenzi, imisebenzi evezwa ngezansi, kwenza umthelela wokuqaphela icala lobugebengu:

• Ukubeka isimo somcimbi ophenywayo, ngokwakhiwa kwendawo.
• Ukunqunywa kwendlela yokuqaliswa kwezigaba zomuntu wesigebengu.
• Ukubeka isimo sobugebengu ngokwakhiwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
• Ukunquma imingcele yesikhathi senzeke uphenyo.
• Ukutadisha ubudlelwano obangela imbangela, kanye nokwenza izibikezelo mayelana nezenzo zabo.
• Ukukhomba izici nezakhiwo zezinto.
• Ukwenza umqondo jikelele wendlela yokwenza ikhomishana.

Izinyathelo zokuxilongwa kwe-forensic

Ngombono osebenzayo, ukuxilongwa kufanele kuhlinzeke ochwepheshe ulwazi oludingekayo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezichaziwe ngenhla. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuhlaziywa kwezenzakalo zokuphenya kusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izindawo kanye nezici zezinto, kanye nezinguquko ezenzeka kuzo emva kobugebengu. Eqinisweni, ngalesi sisekelo, izindlela zokuthunyelwa kobugebengu noma izigaba zazo zizimisele. Ukufeza le miphumela, uchwepheshe wezobunhloli kufanele enze izigaba eziningana zenqubo yokuxilonga. Okokuqala, umgomo okwazi ukufezekisa, kanye nezifundo zokutadisha, kunqunywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo lokuqala lwezinto lwenziwa, emva kwalokho ochwepheshe baqala ukukhomba izici zokuxilonga. Esikhathini sokugcina, ukuqhathaniswa kwenziwa ngokufanisa futhi kunikezwa isilinganiso. Imiphumela etholakalayo ingalungiswa kuleli cala, okusivumela ukuba senze kahle isiphetho.

Ukukhonjwa kwe-Forensic

Ukubona ekuqondeni izigebengu kungaba nezincazelo eziningana. Isibonelo, kungabhekwa njengomgomo noma umphumela wocwaningo, futhi nokuthi inqubo yocwaningo ngokwayo kanjani. Mhlawumbe ukuhlonza okuphelele kunazo zonke ezisebunzini kubonisa umqondo wemfundiso, osekelwe ezimisweni nezindlela zokukhomba izinto. Le ndlela yindlela esemqoka yokuphenya iqiniso lecala. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yendlela, incazelo yokufanisana kanye nokwahlukana, ukungafani kwezici, izakhiwo ezicacile kanye nezici zezinto zihlukile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlonza isandulela ngculazi nokuxilongwa kuhlobene kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlonza kuyabhekwa njengenye yezindlela ezisemqoka zokusetshenziswa kwezifo ezisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa. Ngenqubo yokwakha inkolelo yokuzikhethela, izindlela ezihlelekile ezihlelekile nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwezilimi zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Okubalulekile kokuhlonza kuleli cala kuncishiswe ukuba kuqhathaniswe nento ngokumephulwa kwayo.

Izivivinyo ezingabonakali

I-forerunner yezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe njengamanje zokuhlonza okwenziwe ngamaproseshini kwakungobunikazi bokungabonakali. Ezinye zezindlela zayo zisetshenziselwa ukusebenza namuhla ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuxilongwa kwangaphambili, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo lokubhala ngesandla kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-ballistic. Ukuqonda okubalulekile kwezindlela ezingekho zokukhomba, kufanelekile ukucabangela imfundiso yezibopho. Ochwepheshe basebenza ngezindlela eziningana zobudlelwane ezisiza ukuthola ukuzindla kwinqubo yocwaningo. Isibonelo, ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuxhumeka kwezintathu, izakhi zofuzo nokusebenza. Esikhathini sokuqala, isixhumanisi sikhona phakathi kwezinhloso ezenza izilwane, isigaba, uhlobo, njll. Ukuxhumanisa kwezakhi zofuzo kuchaza izici ezivamile phakathi komphumela nombangela, futhi phakathi kwesimo nesimo. Ikuvumela ukuba ubonise ukuxhomeka kwalesi simo kanye nomphumela ozayo. Ukuxhumanisa okusebenzayo kuvela kuleso geneethi futhi kunquma imingcele yayo yokulinganisa - ngosizo lwale ndlela yokucwaninga kungenzeka ukuthi kunqume izindlela zokuxhumana zendawo, zesikhashana kanye nezinye.

Inqubo yokuhlonza yanamuhla

Ukuhlonza okomdabu kuhilela ukugcwaliseka kwemisebenzi eminingana, phakathi kwayo incazelo yokuba ngamaqembu, ukuqhathanisa nezinto ezibonakalayo, ukufakwa konke okuyingxenye ehlukene, ukuhlonza izici ze-metaphysical, nabanye. Esikhathini esiyinkimbinkimbi ucwaningo olunjalo lunikeza ithuba lokuqonda ngokujulile hhayi nje kuphela isisekelo kanye nesimo sento, kodwa futhi nesimo sokusebenzisana kwazo nezimo zangaphandle. Ukufeza le miphumela, uchwepheshe wezobunhloli wenza inqubo yokuhlonza ehlanganisa izigaba eziningana. Umsebenzi uqala ngokubunjwa kwenkinga, kulandelwa ukuseshwa nokutholakala kwezinto ezihambelanayo. Khona-ke isigaba sokucwaninga okuhlukile kwezinto ezikhonjiwe siyaziwa, ngesisekelo salokho okuqhathaniswa nokuqhathaniswa okuqhubekayo.

Indima yokuxilongwa emsebenzini wephenyo

Ukubaluleka komsebenzi wochwepheshe bezobunhloli ekuqondeni kwezifundo zokuxilonga kuboniswa yiqiniso, okuyinto abaphenyayo abalandela esikhathini esizayo. Ngamanye amazwi, inani eliphakeme lokuxilongwa nge-forensic ngenxa yikhono layo lokunquma iqiniso ngezenzo zobugebengu. Ngalokhu, indima ebalulekile idlalwe ngokuhlonza njengendlela yokutadisha okujulile nokubanzi kwezinto, kanye nokuxhumana kwabo.

Isiphetho

Naphezu kwenqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuzivikela nokuvikeleka, ukulwa nezigebengu kuhlale kunengqondo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokuxilonga kwangaphambili kwezemvelo ziyathuthuka, kusukela ekubukeni kwesisekelo semfundiso. Ukuvela kwezindlela ezintsha zokucwaninga nezindlela zokuhlaziywa kwezinto ngokungangabazeki kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwabaphenyi. Ngokuyinhloko, eminyakeni edlule izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuhlolwa njengezobuchwepheshe be-phonoscopic, ividiyo ne-explosion zenze isimo. Ngenxa yalokhu kwanda komkhakha wezenzo zobugebengu, amathuba okudweba isithombe esiphelele sezingxenye eziningi zobugebengu zanamuhla ziye zanda kakhulu.