Oil - namaminerali. Uwoyela. uwoyela

Oil - omunye namaminerali ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni (hydrocarbon fuel). Kuyinto impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa zokubasa kanye zokugcoba kanye nezinye izinto. Ukuze umbala walo isici amnyama futhi Kumqoka kakhulu emnothweni uwoyela global (amaminerali) wethiwa igolide elimnyama.

Uhlolojikelele

kwakhiwa izidakamizwa akusho kanye uhlobo hydrocarbon gaseous ngesikhathi ukujula ezithile (ikakhulukazi kusukela 1.2 kuya 2 km).

Inani eliphelele kawoyela athambekele ngesikhathi 1 kuya ku-3 km ukujula. ketshezi kuba Malta obukhulu Eduze komhlaba, asphalt semisolid nezinye izinto (isib, itiyela Sands).

Ngokwe distinctiveness Lokudabuka futhi amakhemikhali ukwakheka kwamafutha, isithombe ukuthi okusesihlokweni esithi, efana amagesi zemvelo ezivuthayo, kanye ozokerite futhi asphalt. Ngezinye izikhathi zonke lezi zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ahlanganiswa ukuba abe ngaphansi igama elilodwa - petrolytes. Nokho basonta iqembu ngobubanzi - caustobioliths. Ziyakwazi namaminerali ezivuthayo bemvelo biogenic.

Kufaka kuleli qembu namaminerali ezifana Peat, oluthambile, bituminous namalahle ensundu, anthracite. Ngu ikhono chaza uketshezi organic yohlobo (chloroform, carbon disulfide, notshwala benzene ingxube) uwoyela, njengabanye petrolytes futhi izinto luthathe idatha kumakhemikhali awuketshezi kusuka Peat, amalahle imikhiqizo elicwengiweyo zibizwa ngokuthi itiyela.

ukusetshenziswa

Okwamanje, 48% of energy yokuqothulwa emhlabeni uwela emafutheni (izidubedube). Kuyiqiniso efakazelwe.

Amafutha (amaminerali) - umthombo namakhemikhali amaningi asetshenziswa emikhakheni eyehlukene phakathi fuel umkhakha, uthambise, Imicu yotshani polymeric, colorants, izihlanzi kanye nezinye izinto.

Amafutha ukusetshenziswa ukukhula kuye kwaholela amanani ephakeme, futhi ukukhathala kancane kancane izidubedube. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana kwathatha ehlukile imithombo energy.

incazelo Physical

Amafutha uketshezi yokukhanya nsundu kuya konsundu (cishe black) ngombala. Ngezinye izikhathi lapho zihlaba Emerald-oluhlaza. Isilinganiso isisindo yamangqamuzana amafutha kusuka 220 kuya ku-300 g / Mol. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu ipharamitha luyehluka in the uhla kusuka 450 kuya 470 g / Mol. Inkomba kwabantu bayo kunqunywa endaweni 0,65-1,05 (ikakhulukazi 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. Kule ndaba, amafutha ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. okungukuthi:

• Easy. Ubuningi - esingaphansi 0.83 g / cm³.
• Isilinganiso. inhlanganiso isibonisi kuleli cala - kule ndawo kusukela 0,831 ukuze 0,860 g / cm³.
• Heavy. Ubuningi - ezingaphezu kuka 0,860 g / cm³.

Le nto iqukethe inani elikhulu ezintweni ezahlukene organic. Ngenxa yalokho, amafutha yemvelo libhekene hhayi siqu ukuvala abacaphuni yayo, futhi ezingeni kokuqala inkomba in the hydrocarbon ketshezi. Ngokuyisisekelo> 28 ° C, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ≥100 ° C (esimweni uwoyela esindayo).

Viscosity ketshezi kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi anhlobonhlobo (kusuka 1.98 kuya 265,9 mm² / s). Okunqumayo amafutha Ukwakheka wamaqhuzu kanye lokushisa yayo. Ayanda lokushisa kanye nenani kwamafrakshini ukukhanya, viscosity uwoyela ngezansi. Futhi, lokhu kubangelwa khona izinto ezifana resin-asphaltene. Lelo nani lingaphezu kubo, ayanda viscosity amafutha.

Ukushisa ethize efana - 1.7-2.1 kJ / (kg ∙ K). Sepharamitha ukushisa ezithile omlilo kuqhathaniswa ongaphakeme - kusukela 43,7 kuya 46,2 MJ / kg. I njalo Kwe-dielectric Heating lamafutha - kusuka 2 kuya ku-2.5, futhi conductivity yayo - kusuka 2 kuya 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ Ohm-1 cm-1.

Amafutha, okuyinto owethulwe isithombe esihlokweni, kuyinto uketshezi oluvutha kalula. Inqamuka ezingeni lokushisa kusuka -35 kuya +120 ° C. It kuncike ngezithako zawo wamaqhuzu nokuqukethwe yamagesi siphela.

Amafutha (fuel) ezimweni ezijwayelekile akusho chaza emanzini. Nokho, okwazi ukwakha emulsions esitalini uketshezi. uwoyela encibilikayo ukuba izinto ezithile. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-organic kuphela uhlobo. Ukuze ukwehlukanisa lwamafutha amanzi nosawoti Kwenziwa izenzo ezithile. Zibalulekile kakhulu kule nqubo. Lokhu desalting olubi nokuphela kwamanzi emzimbeni.

Incazelo Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Lapho etshela lesi sihloko kufanele ikhumbule zonke izici ketshezi embuzweni. Kuyinto jikelele, amafutha hydrocarbon nokwenziwa kwayo zokucathula. Okulandelayo, sibheke ngamunye kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

I jikelele Ukwakheka

ezimbiwa phansi Yemvelo uwoyela inhlanganisela cishe 1000 izinto bemvelo ezahlukene. Izingxenye ezisemqoka yilezi ezilandelayo:

• hydrocarbon Liquid. Kuyinto 80-90% ngesisindo.
• organic compounds Heteroatomic (4-5%). Kulawa, ubuswa sulphur, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen.
• compounds Organometallic (ikakhulukazi nickel futhi vanadium).
• I ziyoncibilika hydrocarbon amagesi ezifana (C1-C4, kusuka kwetshumi ambalwa amaphesenti angu-4).
• Amanzi (kusuka iminonjana-10%).
• nosawoti wamaminerali. Isikhathi esiningi chloride. 0,1-4000 mg / l nangaphezulu.
• Solutions nosawoti of acid eziphilayo kanye ukungcola mechanical (izinhlayiya zobumba, limestone, isihlabathi).

hydrocarbon ukwakheka

Ngokuyinhloko uwoyela paraffinic has a (ngokuvamile 30-35 akuvamile - 40-50% wezindleko) kanye naphthenic (25-75%) compounds. Ngezinga elincane ezinuka kamnandi ukwethula. Akulesi 10-20%, kanye okungenani - 35%. Lokhu kuthinta iqophelo amafutha. Futhi kufakwe ketshezi umbuzo kwakwakhe elixutshwe noma hybrid isakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, enamakha naphthene-paraffinic.

izingxenye Heteroatomic futhi incazelo sokuqanjwa zokucathula uwoyela

Kanye hydrocarbon e umkhiqizo kukhona izinto nge-athomu omoya-okuphothula (mercaptans futhi monosulfides so-, thiophane futhi thiophenes ngisho polycyclic nokunye okunjalo). Bona kakhulu kuthinte izinga lamafutha.

Futhi kule namafutha kusendaweni izinto equkethe nitrogen. Ngokuyisisekelo homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Basuke bagxila ikakhulu izinsalela bese kukhishwa nezingxenyana esindayo.

Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa uwoyela oxygenates (naphthenic acid, okhipha inhlaka-asphaltene, phenols kanye nezinye izinto). Ngokuvamile asesikhundleni kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile uhlobo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

uwoyela Ubude ezitholakala izakhi ezingaphezu kuka-50. Kanye izinto okukhulunywa ekhona V umkhiqizo (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (kusuka iminonjana up 2 ∙ 10-2%) nokunye. Okuqukethwe lezi amanyela emkhandweni izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye compounds of yonke imikhakha kungenzeka kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ububanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, khuluma ngezinto uwoyela amakhemikhali ukwakheka isilinganiso kukhona ngokwemibandela kuphela.

Njengoba kungezona lezo libhekwa ngu ukubunjwa hydrocarbon?

Kule ndaba, kukhona izimfuneko ezithile. Abelana ukubukwa esigabeni uwoyela hydrocarbon. Kufanele kube khona abangaphezu kuka-50%. Uma omunye amakilasi of hydrocarbon akuyona esingaphansi kuka-25%, amafutha walulama izinhlobo okuxubile - naphthene-methane, i-methane-naphthenic, naphthene-elimnandi, enamakha, naphthenic, futhi elimnandi methano-elimnandi-methane. Ingxenye yokuqala ziqukethe abangaphezu kuka-25%, kanti eyesibili - okukhulu kuka-50%.

Uwoyela ongahluziwe is akuzange kusetshenziswe. Ukuze imikhiqizo ngobuchwepheshe eyigugu (ikakhulukazi motor fuel, izinto zokusetshenziswa for zamakhemikhali umkhakha, kumakhemikhali awuketshezi) icutshungulwe.

Izindlela zocwaningo umkhiqizo

Ikhwalithi ketshezi esikalini ukuze ukhethe izikimu othembeke kunabo okunengqondo ukucutshungulwa yayo. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi: zamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba, kanye ekhethekile.

izici Jikelele lamafutha - viscosity, ukuminyana, uthele iphuzu kanye neminye imingcele physico-chemical, kanye ziyoncibilika igesi Ukwakheka nemaphesenti resin okuqukethwe, upharafini wax anenhlaka-asphaltene compounds.

Isimiso eyinhloko cwaningo kancane kancane uwoyela kuza ngokuhlanganisa amasu ukwehlukana izingxenye ezithile nge yokuncishiswa esingaguquguquki ukubunjwa elithile izingxenyana zegazi. Basuke yabe isihlaziywa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto izindlela ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu ekunqumeni oyinhloko uwoyela ingxenyenamba Ukwakheka kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene ziphuzo zazihluzwa (ziphuzo zazihluzwa) kanye nokulungisa.

Ngokusho imiphumela okukhethiwe ewumngcingo (eduze abilayo 10-20 ° C) futhi ububanzi (50-100 ° C) ingxenyenamba, yakhiwa ijika (TIC) ka ukubila lokushisa we ketshezi kweqiniso. Ingabe wabe eseya lapho ukusungula bezikhali izakhi okuqukethwe ngazinye, imikhiqizo kaphethiloli futhi izingxenye zazo (kerosinogazoylevyh, uphethiloli, amafutha distillates, udizili kanye nophethiloli amafutha kanye tars), hydrocarbon Ukwakheka, kanye nezinye lezimpahla zamakhemikhali nezici zabo ezingokomzimba.

I ziphuzo zazihluzwa wenziwa ezivamile ziphuzo zazihluzwa kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Basuke ifakwe kukholamu fractionating. Kulokhu pogonorazdelitelnaya umthamo oluhambisana 20-22 theory amapuleti izingcezu.

Lezi zingxenyana zithathwe iyibhulogi umphumela ziphuzo zazihluzwa ke lihlukaniswa. Khona-ke, usebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene kwenziwe ukucacisa okuqukethwe kwabo bese usetha izakhiwo. Ngokusho izindlela yokukhuluma sokuqanjwa uwoyela amafraktjhini ukuhlukanisa iqembu layo, ngabanye, iqembu ikhipha futhi zokucathula cwaningo.

Lapho iqembu kunqunywa eceleni ehlaziya okuqukethwe naphthenic, paraffinic, futhi hydrocarbon elimnandi elixutshiwe.

Lapho ikhipha iqembu ukuhlaziya hydrocarbon uwoyela amafraktjhini ukwakheka kuchazwa njengoba okuqukethwe isilinganiso naphthenic, Aromatics nezinye izakhiwo eyindilinga, kanye paraffinic ngamaketanga izakhi. Kulokhu, isinyathelo esisodwa ngaphezulu - ekubalweni lemali eyisihlobo hydrocarbon ku naphthene, upharafini, futhi Arenas.

Kwenza hydrocarbon Ukwakheka kunqunywa for upetrol kanye ne-gas izingxenyana zaso. Lapho ukuhlaziywa zokucathula ukwakheka uwoyela uzwakalise lemali (iphesenti) C, O, S, H, N futhi micronutrients.

Indlela eyinhloko uhlukanisa Aromatics kusukela naphthenic futhi paraffinic nokuhlukaniswa ku lamaNazaretha kuyinto monocyclic futhi poly- ketshezi adsorption chromatography. Ngokuvamile absorber kulokhu ukhonza njengephayona-malware ngesici esithile - sorbent double.

Ukwakheka amafutha hydrocarbon Izingxube multicomponent band ezibanzi ewumngcingo ngokuvamile uguqulwa inhlanganisela chromatography (liquid noma igesi isigaba), i-adsorption noma ezinye izindlela ngokwahlukana nge izindlela spectrometric Spectral futhi mass izifundo.

Njengoba izwe kukhona ukuthambekela eminye inqubo ikhefu ezifana nokuthuthukiswa uwoyela, kuba ebalulekile analysis eningiliziwe (ikakhulukazi ephezulu abilayo futhi asalile imikhiqizo - tars futhi elisindayo fuel amafutha).

The main Amasimu uwoyela eRussia

Ensimini ka imali Russian efana has esibalulekile. Amafutha (amaminerali) - a gugu lesizwe yeRussia. It ingenye imikhiqizo main ukuthekelisa. Isizinda nokucutshungulwa uwoyela - umthombo obalulekile eziqoqwayo nesabelomali Russian.

Ukuthuthukiswa lamafutha ngendlela yezomnotho uqalwe ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Okwamanje eRussia zikhona izindawo ezinkulu ezisebenza uwoyela. Basuke etholakala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe.

igama idiphozi	Usuku ukuvulwa	ukuyithola isitokwe	izindawo oil-producing
omkhulu	2013	engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-300	Astrakhan esifundeni
Samotlor	1965	2.7 bhiliyoni amathani	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	amathani 2.3 bhiliyoni	YeRiphabhuliki yaseTatarstan
ob	1982	2.7 bhiliyoni. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	ayizigidi ezingu-500	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	amathani 2 billion	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-490	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 bhiliyoni amathani	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	1968	engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-410	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous avtonomnyy
mamontovskoye	1965	amathani ayi 1 billion	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-300	Republic of Bashkortostan

uwoyela Shale e-US

Eminyakeni yamuva, emakethe izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa hydrocarbon ishintshile kakhulu. Ukutholakala oluthambile igesi kanye ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe yayo ngesikhathi esifushane alethwe United States enombolweni enkulu abavukuzi we ketshezi. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kwachazwa ochwepheshe ngokuthi "oluthambile yokuvukela". Okwamanje, izwe ibhekene okungenani senzakalo esikhulu. Sikhuluma ukuthuthukiswa mass lamafutha oluthambile imali. Ngaphambili ochwepheshe labikezela ukuphela kwalesi sikhathi ngamafutha, kepha manje kungaba phakade. babe Ngakho inkulumo okungafanelekile ku amandla okunye.

Nokho, ulwazi izici kwezomnotho yentuthuko uwoyela oluthambile ezifakwa buphikisana kakhulu. Ngokombiko waleli phephandaba "Nokho", uwoyela oluthambile e-United States (Texas) kubiza cishe u- $ 15 ngamunye 1 emgqonyeni. Akuve kuwukuhlakanipha cheapening okwengeziwe yenqubo kabili.

Umholi ezweni ukukhiqizwa "classical" uwoyela - Saudi Arabia - has amahle embonini kawoyela oluthambile: izindleko emgqonyeni ilapha kuphela $ 7. Russia kulesi sici kulahleka. ERussia, 1 emgqonyeni lamafutha oluthambile kungadla mayelana $ 20.

Ngokwencwadi ethi oshiwo ngenhla, i-Shale uwoyela zingaba kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba. Izwe ngalinye has izinqolobane abalulekile uwoyela. Nokho, ukuthembeka ulwazi olungenhla okungabazisayo, kusukela ulwazi mayelana nenani ethile umkhiqizo kawoyela oluthambile okwamanje.

Analyst H. Birg wabuyisela idatha. Ngokusho kwakhe, izindleko emgqonyeni uwoyela oluthambile kuyinto 70-90 zamadola.

Ngokwe-Bank of eMoscow umhlaziyi Dmitry Borisov, izindleko umkhiqizo kawoyela eMexico eGulf of Guinea ifinyelela $ 80. Lokhu cishe kulingana intengo emakethe wamanje.

H. Birg uthi futhi imali uwoyela (uwoyela oluthambile) anikezwa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke le planethi. Angaphezu kuka-kwamathathu amabili ivolumu Imininingwane bagxila e-United States. Russia amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela.

Ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo olucutshungulwayo kufanele ukucubungula lemiqulu emikhulu idwala. Eqhuba inqubo ezifana namafutha oluthambile, indlela wenziwa umsebenzi. Lokhu kulimaza sina nemvelo.

Ngokusho Birge, ubunkimbinkimbi inqubo enjalo, njengoba isizinda uwoyela oluthambile, incephezeliswa nokudlanga ketshezi Emhlabeni.

Uma sicabanga ukuthi oluthambile uwoyela ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe ngeke ukuba ezingeni elifanele woza, amanani kawoyela ngamazwe bangase bamane nje ugoqe. Kodwa inqobo nje uma kungekho izinguquko ezinkulu kule ndawo ningagcini.

Nge yobuchwepheshe obukhona lamafutha oluthambile kungayiletha inzuzo endabeni ethile - kuphela uma intengo kawoyela $ 150 emgqonyeni noma ngaphezulu.

Russia, ngokuvumelana Birge, okubizwa ngokuthi oluthambile revolution ngeke bakwazi ngokonakalisa. Iqiniso lokuthi izwe siyozuza zimo. Imfihlo ilula: amanani aphezulu kawoyela ukuletha inzuzo enkulu futhi intuthuko e oluthambile umkhiqizo kuzokhulisa nokuthengiswa ngokuhlakulela izinkambu ezifanele.

D. Borisov kulokhu akuyona elikhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa umkhiqizo kawoyela oluthambile, ngokusho kwakhe, uthembisa nciphisa kwamanani kawoyela emakethe futhi iconsi elibukhali ukuthekelisa izimali Russian. Nokho, esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, lokhu akufanele esabe ngoba ukuthuthukiswa oluthambile zisekhona eziyinkinga.

isiphetho

izinsizakalo zemvelo - uwoyela, igesi kanye izinto ezihlobene - ziwumsebenzi isimo ngasinye lapho basuke misela. Lokhu kungabonakala ngokufunda isihloko, la mazwi angenhla.