Nienschanz. Swedish inqaba futhi edolobheni Nienschanz Nien (Nyen)

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the abasha uPetru mina izinhlelo ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle ezinkulu port evulekile, esizokwenza Russia ukuba izixhumanisi ulwandle ne uthi European. "Umlando" incwadi (Libanga 5) isitshela indaba ekunqotshweni Ingria, futhi kulesi sihloko kungabesifazane amaqiniso athile mayelana ukuthunjwa izinqaba isiSwidi, emi osebeni iNeva futhi Okhta. Okwamanje, i-isiSwidi, igama kuzwakala a Fort Nyuenkas, kodwa historiography Russian Fort ngegama Nienschanz inqaba.

Ingemuva le nqaba

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV futhi cishe angamakhulu amathathu neminyaka Swedish Kingdom ethuthuka emazweni aseBaltic ukuthi abangu yanika kuso ngaphansi kwemigomo ye Orekhov emhlabeni. Neva futhi Ladoga emazweni akufakiwe uhla izithakazelo isimo. Kwakuthinta kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII, kwanqunywa ukuba ubuyisele emazweni elahlekile. Ukuze uqale noHulumeni wanoma Sweden wakhethwa ukuba isixazululo okubonakalayo ngokwepolitiki kulezi zindlela inkinga. Omunye wamadodana ka-uCharles IX waba nethuba ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi Russian. Kodwa lokhu wavinjelwa yimpi eside nge Denmark, nokuyinto eyaphela ngo-1613 Ngalesi sikhathi, ithuba lokuba inkosi yase Russia lalahleka - esihlalweni sobukhosi abasha Mikhail Romanov. Kodwa amacebo yaseSweden ukuqinisa amabhange iNeva awazange ukhohliwe, noJakobe de Lagarde e-induna yebutho Swedish, ahlinzekwa umqhele ukwakha inqaba ukuvikela izindawo kakade yanqotshwa.

I kwakhiwe le nqaba

Umqondo sivunyiwe yisiKhulu yenkosi nazo asekelwe yiPhalamende Swedish - Riksdag. Ngo-1611, i-Fort Yakhiwa, okuyinto kamuva waziwa ngokuthi Nienschanz, okuyinto uhumusha Russian njengoba 'ukuqinisa iNeva. "

Yiqiniso, lobalulekile loniketwa, okwakuthatha Nienschanz inqaba, kwakuwumyalezo kuze kufike Uhulumeni waseSweden. Zonke Ekhulwini XVII sanikezelwa ukuqinisa nesimanje design ukuphepha kwesakhiwo. Ngo 1675 plan Fort ukuguqulwa sivunyiwe kwenkosi Swedish yaziphatha kunakuqala. Umlimi ngamunye Karelia futhi Ingermanland waphoqeleka ukusebenza ngenyanga, nokuthuthukela Nienschanz.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII bekulokhu nasekuqiniseni ngesimo pentagon, futhi ubelokhu yokufakelwa ngobuningi shaft ukuphakama kuze kufinyelele 19 m. Ababili Ravelin, zintaba ezinhlanu futhi amathuluzi yesimanje wenza Fort ukwakhiwa ezinkulu ukuzivikela.

Izehlo Nien

Neva - Umzila wezohwebo, eyaziwayo amaViking, akumangazi ukuthi kukhona eduze inqaba futhi kwaba yimizi ezanda Nien.

Lo muzi, amaphrojekthi e-Sweden, Ukhulelwe njengenhloko-dolobha wonke amazwe empumalanga - Ingermanland. On elingenamikhono leli dolobha izikhali ukuboniswa ingonyama ngenkemba ukuma ephakathi kwemifula emikhulu emibili, ngenxa yokubakhona lempi abaseSweden emilonyeni iNeva futhi Okhta.

indawo Kalula bakhangwa kule ndawo artisan kanye abathengisi esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lapha wahlala ubumbene Finns, amaJalimane, isiRashiya, Izhors, Dutch. Kwakukhona amaProthestani, ibandla lamaLuthela, futhi kwesokunxele yasebhange uMfula iNeva ehlotshisiwe sesonto lobu-Orthodox. Phakathi ogwini afundwa isikebhe. Ibhizinisi ukuxhumana yangasese lwenziwe isiJalimane Swedish.

Ngaphezu bezitolo kanye emafektri ku Nien zazakhiwe isibhedlela, i-mboni yezitini, a ngisemsebenzini, abamba ukushisa ngisho ekhaya lasebekhulile. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi zombili, okuyinto lakhiwa edolobheni, isikebhe baya.

Nokuqhakaza wezohwebo umncintiswano phakathi kwamanye amadolobha Baltic kwaholela yokuthi sekuthi ngo-1632 izakhamuzi isikhalazo enkosini Swedish nge isicelo pha them amalungelo ngidayisa, eyayibonakala kamuva zona.

Imbobo waba zone khulula futhi intela. Ukwanda izintandokazi ukuhweba kwaholela ukuvuselelwa ukuhweba futhi ukuchuma labantu.

UNkulunkulu uvikela Fort kwaba kuphela kuqubuka inethiwekhi izinqaba ezinamandla, okuyinto yayihloselwe ukuqinisa umhlaba Ingermanlandii. Kodwa ekuqaleni le Mpi Northern uvinjelwe ekuqalisweni kwalezi izinhlelo.

Ukuthatha Nyenschantz

Umlando kwekhulu le-17 e laseRussia aqala nge isimemezelo impi enyakatho. Peter Ngangazi kahle ukuthi anginalo ukubaluleka edolobheni futhi Nien endaweni naye ukuqinisa. Ngakho-ke, omunye isenzo sokuqala empi enkosi wayethatha Nyenschantz.

Ngaphansi felmarshala jikelele Sheremetev ibutho isiRashiya kwakuwulimi e Shlisserburge, futhi ngo-Ephreli 23, 1703 okwakwenza lo muzi futhi ukuhamba kanye ebhange kwesokudla uMfula iNeva, wafika endaweni lapho le nqaba kwaba Nienschanz. A lamabutho abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili wathunyelwa ayohlola, izikebhe sawela Lake Ladoga yasondela inqaba abaseSweden. ukuhlaselwa ezesabisa kwakulimaze Swedish ibutho ezindaweni njengoba ezokuphepha eqinisa engakaze okulungiselelwe kanye ambalwa. April 25, bafika enqabeni omningi kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Ingxenye ibutho awela ngisho Okhta futhi ingxenye sise emuva Ngibambeni shaft yangaphandle. Njengoba uzungezwe inqaba, amaRoma awuthatha waqala umbe imisele ukuze ukufakwa wezikhali amabhethri. Night ngu amanzi kusukela Shlisserburga kwalethwa ezigqulweni, kwaqhuma kanye nezinhlamvu kubo.

Apreli 26 ukubamba iqhaza ukuthunjwa enqabeni yenkosi beza kuPetru nethimba lakhe. Ngo-April 30, zonke izenzo Siege alengiswa, kanye Usigaxamabhande le nqaba ithunyelwe ukunikela lacela umaluju. Ngezinye 7 pm Nyenschantz abavikeli bavulela ngenhlamvu. AbaseSweden badutshulwa entathakusa ezinhlanu, bese wavuma ukuqhutshelwa lacela umaluju.

yokubuyiswa inqaba

Ukuthwebula le nqaba umiselwe by inkontileka umaluju. Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-abavikeli ngowokugcina kunabo bonke lalilungiselelwe indlela yokuphuma enqabeni e Vyborg futhi Narva nge amabhanela izikhali. Lapho isikhathi ukuthatha inqaba iqanjwe kabusha Shlotburg.

BezeMpi Council ukuthi senzeka ngemva nje kokuba sokuhlanganiswa ibutho Russian loMfula iNeva, wanquma isiphetho Shlotburga. Idolobhana lalilincane kakhulu futhi ungazizwa kahle. Vula ukwakhiwa inqaba entsha kwanqunywa ku Hare Island.

UPetru wavele mathupha Nienschanz inqaba yadilizwa phansi. Buildings angawethusi, yephukile, kushaywa, okwesula inkumbulo oluqinisayo Swedish. City Nien wahlushwa ngesikhathi livinjezelwe, kodwa ezinye izindlu, isitini isitshalo abephule futhi kamuva kwakhiwa izakhiwo lokuqala Petersburg. Esizeni inqaba yangaphambili walayela ukubeka ezine esiphakeme kunazo zonke insika esihlahleni.

Nienschanz ngemva kokuthatha

Abaphila Besikhathi Northern neMpi amangalelwe iminyaka ukuthi ngaphakathi 15, njengoba Fort Nienschanz ziyolibaleka, kodwa abenzi mamephu idatha abonisa ukuthi izinsalela lesi sakhiwo ukuzivikela yayikhona ngaphambi 10-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu le-19. Ngo 1748 esizeni kronverka Nyenschantz ubuhlakani Rastrelli ukubeka isisekelo we Smolny Cathedral. kamuva Inland inqaba eyishumi ukuthatha ngisemsebenzini Petrovsky endaweni yokukhanda.

Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe Nienschanz

Ekuqaleni kwawo-90 sika. XX leminyaka Petersburg archeologists igodi eMfuleni Okhta endaweni emlonyeni emfuleni. Okutholakele eqoqwe avunyelwe ukuvula emnyuziyamu, Igama eligcwele ezwakala njenge- "Iminyaka 700 Landskrona, iNeva esizalweni somfula, Nyenskans". Museum zingaletha planograms nezakhiwo oluqinisayo. Kanye kokuthola ukuthi alondoloze umlando. Libanga 5 ezikoleni zamabanga ukwandisa izinga labo ulwazi, ukubanjwa bajwayelane ziphephile eyigugu Museum.