Nezindwangu zokwenziwa. Zokwenziwa polyamide fibre

nezindwangu zokwenziwa kwaqala ukukhiqizwa yezimboni akhiqizwa 1938. Okwamanje, lapho kukhona kakade kwezinhlobo eziningana kunabantu. Ngoba bonke enifana ukuthi impahla sokuqala ziphansi yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds jikisa polymers synthesis zamakhemikhali. Ukuqedwa noma encibilika le polymers ukulungiselela etholwe Kwenziwa we udini noma ukuphotha isixazululo. Basuke kwakhiwa kusuka isixazululo noma kuyanyamalala, kuqine kuphela ke babhekana kokuphothula.

zinhlobo

Kuye izici agcwele isakhiwo macromolecules, nezindwangu zokwenziwa kuvame ihlukaniswe hetero ne-carbon chain. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa nalabo ethathwe polymers kabani macromolecules ngaphandle carbon, nezinye izakhi abakhona - nitrogen, isibabule nomoya-mpilo kanye nabanye. Lezi zihlanganisa i-polyester, polyurethane, polyamide futhi polyurea. zokwenziwa Imicu yotshani Carbochain zinezikhathi ngalolo nohide main eyakhelwe zama-athomu carbon. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl utshwala, futhi fluorine-aqukethe.

Nokunye okuningi ukukhonza njengesisekelo sokunquma ukuthi ukulungiswa hetero-Imicu yotshani sitholwe polycondensation kanye mkhiqizo olubunjiwe kusukela ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga. Carbochain etholwe uchungechunge polymerization kanye ukubunjwa ngokuvamile kusukela izixazululo, ezimweni ezingajwayelekile, kusukela ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga. Ungabona ezinye fibre eyodwa zokwenziwa polyamide, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i siblon.

Ukudala Ukusebenzisa

A izwi elinje siblon abaningi umuntu ongamazi nhlobo, kodwa ekuqaleni eshidini amathebhu izingubo kungabonwa esithi BBM, okwembula viscose wemfihlo okusezingeni eliphezulu zesivikelo sesifuba. Khona-ke abakhiqizi wacabanga ukuthi lesi sihloko lizofuna nicer kuka siblon lokhu kungathathwa elihlobene ne inayiloni futhi Caproni. Ukukhiqizwa lolu hlobo nezindwangu zokwenziwa ivela izihlahla, njengokungathi akazange ababukele emangalisayo.

Izici

Siblon yaqala ukuvela ekuqaleni 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Kuyinto rayon ezithuthukisiwe. Esikhathini sokuqala, ukulungiswa ukhuni uginindela, ke isehlane ngefomu okumsulwa. Inombolo enkulu kuqukethwe ukotini yayo - cishe ngo-98%, kodwa ngenxa le micu ukotini, futhi ngaphandle lokhu ukwenza intambo enhle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ugodo esetshenziswa ukukhiqiza uginindela, e softwood ngokukhethekile, lapho-ke iqukethe 40-50%, kanti bonke abanye - kuyinto izingxenye ezingadingekile. Balindeleke ukuba bakwazi ukuqeda e ukukhiqizwa kwe nezindwangu zokwenziwa.

Inqubo yokudala

nezindwangu zokwenziwa akhiqizwa ngezigaba. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokuqala enqubweni yokuphisa lesi siphuzo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho chips izinkuni zonke izinto engadingekile adluliselwe singene ikhambi, futhi ekhiqizwa ukuhlukaniswa eside polymer amaketango izingcezwana ehlukile. Ngokwemvelo, akukho kuphela izindleko amanzi ashisayo, izithasiselo ehlukahlukene ekhiqizwa reagents: Soda nabanye. ukupheka nge ukwengeza sulfate kuphela ihlinzeka uginindela okuyinto efanelekayo siblona ukukhiqizwa, ngoba ukungcola okuncane.

Lapho uginindela isivele kugaywe, it is ethunyelwe amakhorali, omiswe bese ngokucindezela, bese ukuthuthela lapho uludinga - kukhiqizwe iphepha, Cellophane, amakhadibhodi fibre, okungukuthi ukukhiqizwa main. Yini elandelayo isahlala?

aftertreatment

Uma kudingeka ukuthola zokwenziwa Imicu yotshani zemvelo okokuqala kudingeka ukulungiselela isixazululo ukuphotha. I-cellulose kuyinto okuqinile okuyinto okunzima chaza. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile iguqulwe ibe amanzi-encibilikayo ether ditiougolnoy acid. Inqubo ukuguqulwa ibe ketshezi kuyinto ngempela isikhathi eside. Okokuqala lo cellulose alikhali ashisayo, kulandelwa ukwelashwa amanzi emzimbeni, isixazululo ngenkathi ezihambayo izakhi ezingadingekile. Ngemva ukuphotha mass uchotshoziwe bese afakwe indawana ekhethekile lapho predsozrevanie iqala - kukhona kokunciphisa yezinhlayiya cellulose pheze ngesiquntu ngenxa oxidative nokucekelwa. Okulandelayo kukhona ukusabela cellulose alikhali ne-carbon disulfide ukunikeza xanthate. Lokhu mass orange-like inhlama ditiougolnoy acid ester ukuqala izinto. Lokhu isixazululo viscosity yayo ibizwa ngokuthi "i-viscose".

Kube sekulandela filtration ukususa ukungcola zokugcina. emoyeni ziyoncibilika kukhishelwa ngokusebenzisa "effervescence" ether e vacuo. Yonke le misebenzi kuholele iqiniso lokuthi xanthate uba njengamazwi uju abasha - ophuzi kanye stringy. Kulesi ukuphotha isixazululo usulungile.

ukuthola Imicu yotshani

Ikhambi Ngaleso extruded ngokusebenzisa spinneret. zokwenziwa Imicu yotshani Artificial musa nje baphotha ngendlela yendabuko. Lo msebenzi kunzima ukuqhathanisa nge yendwangu elula kungaba inembile inkulumo ethi kuyinqubo chemical evumela izigidi ukusakaza okusamanzi viscose Imicu yotshani ukuba babe eziqinile. On insimu Russian ka-viscose uginindela etholwe futhi siblon. Uhlobo lwesibili i-fibre nohafu namandla kunomFilisti owokuqala, libhekene nenkani alkalis, izicubu kuhluke therefrom hygroscopicity degree engezansi ukuncipha futhi crease. Futhi umehluko ku izinqubo ukukhiqizwa viscose kanye siblona avele ngesikhathi lapho amanzi okugeza coagulation emva kufa kukhona nje "abantu" nezindwangu zokwenziwa.

Chemistry usizo

Ukuze i-viscose ibe okugeza ligcwele sulfuric acid. Yenzelwe yokubola elithi ether, lapho emsulwa cellulose zesivikelo sesifuba. Uma kudingeka ukuthola siblona okugeza ingezwe zinc sulfate, ester kancane hydrolyzed yokunikeza isithiyo, ngakho kwayo sizoqukatha xanthate asalile. Ngakho lokho kunikeza? Le micu babaziwa kanjalo ngaleso ngaphansi esisuka nokwakha. Lapho Imicu yotshani polymeric kukhona izinsalela xanthate etholwe ukudonsa polymeric cellulose ngamaketanga kanye eksisi fibre, kunokuba uyibeke nemiyalezo, njengoba ejwayelekile viscose ezivamile. Ngemva ukudweba donsa imicu iyasikwa ibe shpatelki 2-10 amamilimitha angu ubude. izinqubo Ngemva ambalwa ngaphezulu kwenziwe ngokucindezela le micu amabhele. ugodo amathani eyanele ukuthola 500 kg kwengaphakathi, okuyinto ikhiqizwa Imicu yotshani kg 400 siblona. cellulose ukuphotha Kwenziwa mayelana izinsuku ezimbili.

Okufanele ukwenze nge siblonom?

Eighties, lezi nezindwangu zokwenziwa asetshenziswa njengoba izithasiselo ukotini ukuze ntambo baphotha kangcono futhi alidabukanga. Kusukela siblona wenza substrate ngaphansi kwesikhumba yokufakelwa, kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo enkulu ekwakhekeni asbestos. Khona-ke onjiniyela ayengenandaba ukudalwa into entsha, kudingeka fibre ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ukuqaphela.

E-West ngesikhathi wemfihlo okusezingeni eliphezulu viscose rayon ithi okuzenzela asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izindwangu okuyinto zingafani amandla futhi cheapness kuqhathaniswa nge ukotini, kodwa umswakama amuncwa kahle aphefumule. Manje Russia asihlali impahla izifunda ukotini, ngakho siblon olutheni. ifunwa kakhulu kwamanye kuphela akakabi esikhulu kakhulu, ngakho njengoba izindwangu kanye izingubo production ezifuywayo manje cishe akekho ukuthenga.

Imicu yotshani polymer

Zivame ihlukaniswe zemvelo, zokwenziwa yokufakelwa. Imicu yotshani Yemvelo are labo kumiswa wenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo. Zivame oluthathwa by imvelaphi, enquma chemical yabo Ukwakheka phezu isilwane nemifino. Eyokuqala siqukethe amaprotheni, okungukuthi carotene. Lokhu kasilika futhi uboya. Lesi sakamuva aqukethe i-cellulose, hemicellulose futhi lignin.

zokwenziwa Imicu yotshani Artificial etholakala ngokuzikhandla ukucutshungulwa amakhemikhali polymers okuyinto khona ngokwemvelo. Bavuma ukuthi acetate, rayon, alginate namaprotheni zesivikelo sesifuba. Njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa for sokulungiselela yabo kukhona kraft noma sulfite ukhuni uginindela. Ukukhululwa nezindwangu zokwenziwa ekhiqizwa ngesimo esithambile futhi izintambo, kanye ngesimo fibre okuyisisekelo okuyinto kusetshenzwe ngokubambisana nezinye Imicu yotshani ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza izindwangu ahlukahlukene.

Zokwenziwa polyamide fibre eyatholakala kusukela polymers etholakala eyayenziwe. I feedstock elisetshenziswa inqubo le micu polymeric kwakhiwa kusukela nezimo macromolecules komugqa noma izakhiwo kancane branched kokuba mass eningi enjalo - ezingaphezu kuka-15,000 amu futhi ungumthombo ongumngcingo kakhulu yamangqamuzana isisindo wokusabalalisa. Kuye uhlobo nezindwangu zokwenziwa ungase ube izinga eliphakeme amandla, inani elikhulu ngenzuzo kuya ukunwebeka, kuyaqina, ukumelana imithwalo amaningi, amancane ukusonteka residual ukululama ngokushesha ngemva kokususwa umthwalo. Yingakho ngaphezu ukusetshenziswa e nendwangu ziye zasetshenziswa njengoba isici yokugcizelela enkulu ekwakhekeni zezinhlanganisela, futhi zonke kwaholela izakhiwo olukhethekile nezindwangu zokwenziwa.

isiphetho

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, umuntu angabona ligcine ukwanda komthwalo kakhulu isibalo kwentuthuko ukuthuthukiswa imicu entsha polymeric, ikakhulukazi i-para-aramid, polyethylene, ukushisa ukumelana, esiyinhlanganisela, ogama isakhiwo - core-igobolondo heterocyclic polymers, okuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, isiliva noma nezinye izinsimbi. Manje inayiloni impahla - lokhu akukona ubunjiniyela phezulu, njengoba manje kukhona lenqwaba imicu entsha.