Missile Tactical "Tochka-U": izici

Julayi 29, 2014 I-American izindaba isiteshi CNN bamemezela ezweni wethulwa empini, okuyinto Ukraine, missile ballistic "Tochka-U" bokungamele ukuze bawele umngcele isimo. Okungenani, ukuthi kwaba okushiwo imiyalezo engaqondakali. Kungani kungaba ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi inhloso ukuqala into kungaba kwelinye izwe? Kuyini lokhu? Futhi uma oqondisiw elise-Ukraine, kungani ukubhujiswa yayo ukusebenzisa imicibisholo evuthayo ballistic? Kunemibuzo eminingi ...

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa yingenxa yalezi zenzakalo, umphakathi waqala ukuba nesithakazelo izinhlelo Tactical "Tochka-U".

Isenzakalo zamanxusa

Omunye umbuzo main yindlela Iphutha cishe uma uhambisa missile elitsheni? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukwakheka kwale uhlobo izikhali.

Ukrainian amabutho ahlomile ngokushesha limenyezelwe akanacala, ukushaya ezintathu kuphela zokuthi kungani kwakungenakwenzeka. Okokuqala, imicibisholo ballistic enkonzweni kungekho APU. Okwesibili, abazange got. Futhi okwesithathu, ibutho Ukraine akazange ukuzisebenzisa. Khona-ke, ekuthatheni isinyathelo US UMnyango State, sibe nomhlangano abameleli bayo ne UNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle Russian Lavrov, lapho yokugcina futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ukuhlasela wayengekho Insimu Russian Federation. On ngalesi senzakalo ebekwa isiphelile, nakuba missile "Tochka-U" ukuma, ngasendleleni, enkonzweni yempi Ukraine, it ufaneleka nokuchazwa "izikhali ultra-eqondile" angaqondakaliyo ozama okwesabisa kobuholi DNR futhi LNR uNdunankulu Yatsenyuk. Okungenani lutho APU esinembile ngokusobala kungasho esingenayo.

Thola ngempela ku yini kuhlulekile. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi kwakungekho umzamo. ochwepheshe Military ukwakha ezizathwini ahlukahlukene esinzima, ukuthola ukufana ezithile phakathi yimpumelelo kuveza rocket ngokuhlaselwa Israel naseSiriya sigameko missile. I ozwakalayo kakhulu abaningi yinguqulo owawuthi kweminsalo ezine Ukrainian "Tochka-U" wadubula phansi uhlelo ukuzivikela Russian. Abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe lokhu, kodwa amanye amaphuzu eyaziwa ukuphakamisa lokhu umqondo.

Ngakho onjani missile kwaba kanye lavelaphi Ukraine lapho? Lapho futhi lapho kukhiqizwa? Uneminyaka emingaki kumamodeli amasha? Yiziphi izici lolu hlobo isikhali? Indlela kufanele lisetshenziswe futhi ngayiphi injongo bedalwa? Yini sezikhali ke okuthwala? Ubani ongafaka ukuphatha leli eziyinkimbinkimbi?

On lezi nezinye izinkinga ngokucacile futhi lesi sihloko sizophendula ngaphandle ngemininingwane engadingekile.

ezicitshwayo Tactical nakwezempi ushintsho umqondo

Wonke amandla enuzi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko. ezicitshwayo Strategic, kwamanzi imikhumbi enuzi kanye yesikhathi eside zezindiza amacala ezibalulekile ukuze isicelo esiphezulu, umonakalo elimazayo emnothweni, isitha yezwe uma kwenzeka impi yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa kukhona kangako, umsebenzi esiwujuqu sokuba itholane phezulu Frontline - bebizwa wezindlela. rocket "Point" yadalwa le njongo ngo-1965 ngu-onjiniyela yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Bureau "Ithoshi". Njalo lo wayelodadewabo ukusebenza okuhle, kodwa ekupheleni sixties, abasaphili ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezempi. Ngo ukusetshenziswa sezikhali zenuzi anencazelo ekhethekile ukunemba azange abe, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi empilweni angaphandle bekulokhu ushintsho ezithinta ubunjalo imfundiso ukuzivikela. amabutho Strategic wathatha indima containment global futhi yisiboniso isithunzi sendawo emazweni sezenhlalo, kodwa isibalo izingxabano bendawo liye lenyuka. Umqondo isicelo spetszaryadov ngesikhathi Vietnam impi, noma eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kungenzeka wavakashela ikhanda lomunye umuntu ashisayo, kodwa ngenhlanhla, kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Qinisa indima izinhlamvu ezivamile, ngakho-ke, kwakudingeka ngithuthukise ngokunemba ukushaya ilitshe. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwandisa uhla. Icala waphathiswa Design Bureau of Machine Isakhiwo. isikhungo nezimfihlo enegama nesizotha kwaholela SP Invincible. ekhuluma Isibongo.

Missile entsha

Design amadokhumenti owedlule imodeli rocket wayiswa MSC kusukela ICD "Ithoshi". Lezi izinto wazibonakalisa ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yobufakazi umsebenzi, ugcine isikhathi esiningi nomzamo omkhulu. It kusindisa eningi izingxenye imihlangano izinhlelo, uhlobo test embhedeni eyasebenza njengodonga rocket "Point". Imodeli entsha, nezinye zokulawula, kuhlanganise jet igesi, destabilizer amiswe, ukulawula Ushintshe nesiqondiso ubuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yalokho, abalulekile umsebenzi onzima ukuthuthukisa onjiniyela ukusebenza phakathi neminyaka 1968-1971 izuzwe apogee futhi perigee anda. Futhi - okubaluleke - ilitshe hit kwaba eqondile. Ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa phezu Kapustin Yar kwethulwa isayithi, futhi ngo-1973 iKhomishani Yombuso wamukela le phrojekthi. It waqala ukunyathelisa. I prototypes ayenziwa ngesikhathi Volgograd isitshalo "ngothango" (qala-up and control izinhlelo) kanye Votkinsk Machine Isakhiwo Plant (kweminsalo). Uhlelo wangena uchungechunge Heavy Imishini Plant Petropavlovsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi ahlukahlukene eyinkimbinkimbi ukuvikela wonke oda ezweni izingxenye babekwa. ukutholwa loluhlelekile enkonzweni senzeka ngo-1975, base ukuqedelwa Army ezingeni kweminyango.

sesimanje eyengeziwe eziyinkimbinkimbi zenzeka phakathi nawo-Eighties. Thina ziyabhekelelwa futhi izimo ezehlukene zezulu wokusebenza, okuyinto Transbaikalia nase-Asia Ephakathi ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa eyengeziwe.

missile Tactical "Tochka-U" (lokhu kube ngamagama olusha lwale isikhali) yayakhiwe emzini Votkinsk.

Lwakwa-P no entsha uhlelo isiqondiso

Ukuhlolwa ukuqalisa wokuqala kwaqala ngo-1971, ababezikhiqiza ochwepheshe endaweni yokukhanda. Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili, wayifeza yokuqedela futhi isinqumo sokugcina nesikhathi oda isimo idatha. Izici okuhleliwe ngokuphelele ikhomishana okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukusuka ukhatshana lelitshe okuhloswe akazange idlule 250 amamitha at ibanga okungenani 15 amakhilomitha kuya kwayi-70.

Futhi ngcono sokukhomba uhlelo. "Point-P" angasebenzisa ikhanda yokwenziwa isiqondiso emsakazweni radar emisebeni eyandisa uhla lokusebenza yayo futhi avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa isikhali ukucindezela isitha air izivikelo noma disorientation ukulawula iviyo izinhlelo nokuxhumana isitha ezingaba khona. Nge endaweni amahektheli ezimbili ukunqotshwa ukunemba anda - manje isisezweni 45 amamitha.

Kwaba kahle kakhulu.

aphoyintimenti

ukusetshenziswa Tactical izikhali kusho ukuthi kungenzeka ehlasela amatshe amancane, amasosha baqonde ngaphansi okuyinto zezindiza ezincane nezinkulu, indlunkulu, ukuxhumana izikhungo, emafektri, isitoreji izindawo, eziteshini zezitimela, izimbobo kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda, ikakhulukazi esikhathini yokuzuza ukubaluleka lempi.

Ubukhulu lo mgomo angeke ngokuthi yesikhumbuzo. Mayelana hit ezicitshwayo ballistic (ngisho encane) endaweni bathinteka isakhiwo, umkhumbi, indiza, indiza noma imoto ujantshi inkulumo ngeke uhambe. Blow olwehlela endaweni, lapho bezazisa arsenal of ahlukahlukene bokulwa ukushaja sezikhali.

Ngesikhathi lapho Army Soviet langena missile "Tochka-U" ku ubuphekula izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ngamazwe Ngokuyinhloko wafunda ohlelweni "Isikhathi", futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi kuphela uma ukusakaza ngesimo Ulster. Izenzakalo wonke la mashumi eminyaka baye babonisa ukuthi leli qhinga kungaba wusizo futhi elwa kwamaqembu ezigelekeqe, ikakhulukazi, ukuba achithe elisekela amabutho futhi ukuqeqeshwa amakamu awo. Kodwa noma kunjalo hhayi wayehlose ukusebenzisa imicibisholo evuthayo "Tochka-U" ngoba zokudubula izindawo zokuhlala emadolobheni noma amadolobhana. Kungakhathaliseki okusezingeni eliphezulu kanjani ukunemba, sifinyelele ekubhujisweni kukhethwa amaqembu ahlomile abantu sizungezwe amasosha ezitha nezakhamuzi engenakwenzeka.

On bemhlaba nemanti

Ngu uqobo, rocket umkhankaso kusukela isiqalisi akukwazi. uhlelo yeselula iyindlela yokukhomba kukholomu izimoto ezimbalwa, inani okuyinto iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umsebenzi. Okokuqala, udinga isiqalisi, okuyinto ehilelekile kwethulwa micibisholo "Tochka-U". Kodwa hhayi ngenxa uhlwayi olulodwa sidalwe eziyinkimbinkimbi! Ukuze ue ikholomu kufanele ehlanganisa ukushaja ahambise imishini, ukulawula ephathekayo futhi ukuhlolwa esiteshini futhi workshop yesondlo. I-rocket kuthiwa zithutha izigubhu ezikhethekile eyenzelwe into yokuhamba ephephile nezinhlamvu. Umshini ukushaja ifakwe yokusingatha izinto. Izinsiza kusebenza kanye namadivayisi ihlose ukulawula impilo izinhlelo kanye izingxenye. Kukhona cishe yonke uma kwenzeka izimo eziphuthumayo.

A ngamaloli fuel okudingekayo kuphela uma bazomasha olude (angaphezu kuka-650 amakhilomitha - lena esiqiwini amandla). Rocket esakhiwe efektri, it has okuqinile-Propellant motor.

Zula ikani eyinkimbinkimbi cishe kunoma iyiphi sezwe, ngisho emanzini. Ijubane lokuya kuyindlela enhle --60 km / h, emgaqweni wobhuqu - 40 km / h endaweni emangelengele - 15 km / h. Uma usebenzisa amanzi-jet izinjini imishini yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa amanzi ngesivinini 8 km / h. Impilo inkonzo zimoto ayizinkulungwane 15 amakhilomitha.

Spetszaryady

"Tochka-U" - nangomcibisholo ballistic. Izici zayo, nakuba zinesizotha okungaphezu kwalokho izilo amasu, kodwa kwanele ukuba sicabangele kungenzeka yenethiwekhi spetszaryadov. Ngaphansi kwalo eside wezempi baqonde izikhali zembubhiso, zenuzi, futhi amakhemikhali. Ukuze phansula them buhlungu yesitha, udinga lunikeza ikhanda ingxenye, olubizwa nangokuthi ibhethri gumbi bokulwa. missile Tactical "Tochka-U" kungenziwa ifakwe sezikhali zenuzi, kuye ngokuthi amandla adingekayo ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu. Ngakho, ingxenye ikhanda has a 9N39 okulingana TNT ukuba eziyikhulu kilotons futhi 9N64 - up, anamakhulu mabini.

Ngo ukusetshenziswa spetszaryadov zenuzi, okungase ifakwe rocket "Point-U", lo engaba lesion (eziqinile), kukalwa kusukela ihabhu, kungaba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-nanhlanu.

Ukuze kokuqhuba of Tactical chemical impi sezikhali enikeziwe 9N123G futhi 9N123G2-1 equkethe 65 ye-elementi RH e inani 60,5 futhi 50,5 kg, ngokulandelana ( "Soman").

Temphi Letitichumane siyiswe ezivamile

Ngesilwane esifuywayo ukuqhumisa izinhlamvu enikeziwe ebanzi. Warhead ephezulu alufakwa izenzo 9N123F ubhidliza inikeza 162 kg TNT, ukuhlakazeka izingcezwana ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu. Ukuze umphumela obaluleke kunayo yonke iqhinga yokugcina elenza missile "Tochka-U". Lesion endaweni inikeziwe esingamahektare ezintathu ubhidliza icala ezingeni ukuphakama kwamamitha 20 ngemva yokusetha kabusha trajectory ballistic uma ewa imodi kakhulu emaweni. I ahlangene Isigaxa razbroska izingcezwana dengwane ukunweba wemboni umlilo.

Tape ikhanda ingxenye yakhiwa 9N123K izakhi amahlanu (ngalinye isisindo cishe bungamakhilomitha amakhilogremu) yayigcwala abatelekile izakhi lonke inani eduze eziyinkulungwane 16. cassette ngasinye kuyinto analog i abavamile anti-izisebenzi namabhomu, emikhulu kuphela. Munition ubhubhisa izinto ezisobala zokuvikela endaweni amahektheli eziyisikhombisa.

Kungenzeka futhi ukusetshenziswa micibisholo "Tochka-U" ngoba ngisakaza inkolelo-ze izincwadi.

imininingwane Tactical futhi technical

Ukuze ezicitshwayo Tactical kubalulekile, hhayi kuphela esiphezulu indiza ububanzi, kodwa futhi esiphansi. Kungenjalo isitha uzokwazi ukuba badlalele eduze ukuze kungaba invulnerable, ngakho oyingozi ngokukhethekile. I parabola ne emibi endleleni 15 ikhilomitha phansi - lena ibanga elincane kakhulu, okuyinto engaciba "Point-U" (missile ballistic). indiza izici kulesi simo zimi kanje: ukuphakama - up ayizinkulungwane 26 metres, Rod - 9800 kN, injini iyasebenza - amasekhondi angu-28 .. Khona-ke lo indiza iya ku trajectory ballistic.

Nxa ilitshe emkhathizwe, izilungiselelo kuyoba ukuhluka. ukuphakama omkhulu (apogee) lehla kakhulu. 2 amaminithi 16 imizuzwana nangomcibisholo ngeke unqobe 120 km - iyona ububanzi esiphezulu missile "Tochka-U".

Ukuze afeze firings yimpumelelo ukubaluleka kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo ukuthunyelwa ukulwa nezisebenzi. A oqeqeshwe kahle nezisebenzi isiqalisi, ehlanganisa abantu abane, uyakwazi ukuhumusha eyinkimbinkimbi imoto ekulweni isimo imizuzu 16, lokhu kuyinto evamile. Uma isidingo ukuqala is kusengaphambili eyaziwa ke imizuzu emibili nje ngemva ukubuyiselwa ithimba ekuqaleni, ukuthi kuzokwenziwa. Warhead enesisindo cishe isigamu ton fly elitsheni. rocket isivinini "Tochka-U" kuze kube ikhilomitha elilodwa ngomzuzwana,

Uhlobo ngalunye izingalo eklanyelwe ukuxazulula imisebenzi ethize, okuyinto, kungenzeka kuye ngokuthi izimo ezithile ucishe ububanzi. Isikhali - uhlobo ithuluzi, kwezinye izimo, kumele kube namandla kakhulu futhi anamandla, kanti kwezinye izimo kungcono ukusebenzisa into ezicashile nokuthi uyatetema. Tactical izinhlamvu ballistic, naphezu okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokunemba ukuqondisa, ngeke likwazi ukunikeza ukunqotshwa ecacile zokhetho, ngakho ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi lapho ngokuvamile ungasebenzisi.

I ngokoqobo wezindlela

Missile "Tochka-U", lo engaba kokunqotshwa ngenhloso okuyinto ingeqi amakhilomitha 120, ephelele ekubhubhiseni izisekelo amaphekula nasemakamu kule nxushunxushu noma ehlane. Phakathi nomkhankaso kuqala Chechnya, lalisetshenziswa inhloso yazo, okulotshiwe Diaries zabo, Umlando, Jikelele GN Troshev (incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "Chechen ikhefu"). Izici ngamaqhinga yokusebenzisa lolu izinhlamvu kusikisela ukuthi umyalo idatha onokwethenjelwa futhi izixhumanisi esiqondile target. Ukwaziswa okunjalo namuhla anganikeza ukuhlola umkhathi (esimweni sezulu ofanele phezu yaseshashalazini imisebenzi kanye ukungabikho amafu ekusitheni komlilo zone). Akukona akhiphe ukusetshenziswa kweminye imithombo, uma etholakele ejenti abafanelekayo, kokuba isipiliyoni ukusebenza amabalazwe ngesimo sendawo.

Ngo-March 2000, eduze nedolobhana le Komsomolsk ... It is ukuthi kule ndawo kukhona ekamu amabutho ezaziwayo. Ilitshe kahle enezivikelo eziqinile, izinqaba izinga lokuba uma uzama ukushaya ngenakugwemeka ukulahlekelwa esindayo kwabasebenzi. Eduze edolobheni, wabhubhisa ukuthi Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka. Ukuqhuma komkhumbi-missile "Tochka-U" kwabekwa ukuzivikela, futhi iqoqo lezigilamkhuba enamandla beqiniso lashabalala, futhi engakathenjiswa umshado empini, lapho uzilungiselele ngakho ngokucophelela. izinkinga ezifanayo ixazululwe futhi Tactical missile amabutho kwezinye izingxenye phambi, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kanye nokufeza impumelelo umxhwele, obalulekile ingxenye owawungumnyaka kakhulu ukuqeqeshwa izibalo.

esifanayo nabasebenza abaqeqeshiwe yabonisa ukwahlukana Russian ngesikhathi izenzakalo 2008 eNingizimu Ossetia. Ubhekana imisebenzi ecishe ifane nalena lempi laseSiriya abacindezela mutiny antigovernmental. Imigomo yabo ngokuvamile base amaphekula ogwadule.

marksmanship okunjalo abakwazi ukuqhosha Ukraine. Micibisholo "Tochka-U", izwe eliyifa ifa ezazivela eSoviet Union ongase ube kakade eminyakeni ukuphila kwabo eshalofini (sekuyiminyaka eyishumi). Ngo-2000, ngesikhathi umsebenzi ukuqeqeshwa uhla labadubuli Goncharov, kwaba ukwethulwa, zabulala ezintathu kwalimala izakhamuzi ezinhlanu Brovary (Kyïv esifundeni.). I warhead iye ukuqeqeshwa isicelo, ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa, kungenjalo izisulu yayingaba okuningi.

yokulungisa nokugcinwa kwamathimba okugcina eziyinkimbinkimbi

Control imishini "Point" kuyinkimbinkimbi kubenzima. Ithola nezincwadi ezidingekayo kuthatha izinyanga eziningana, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, noma ngabe izimo zazizinhle kakhulu (musa uphelelwa ukuphila eshalofini, ukubala anekhono ukungabi kokuphikiswa asebenzayo kusukela isitha) hit isiqinisekiso ngokugcwele kusukela Ukuqalisa kokuqala khona. Missile "Tochka-U" ephezulu ukucacisa isikhali akuyona. Ochwepheshe bathi imiphumela emihle ingatholakala ukukhululwa amagobolondo amane, enye yazo kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ekupheleni trajectory ballistic kuyoba ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amashumi amamitha, ukhatshana lelitshe. Kufanele futhi acabangele yokuthi amazinga isikhathi langemva kusukela ekuthuthukiseni lesi eziyinkimbinkimbi zishintshile. Ukusetshenziswa "amaphuzu 'zokunqanda impi ngamaviyo, nabezempi sihlubuki ezisebenza eduze zokuhlala, obungenangqondo kuphela kodwa isigebengu, ikakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ziqu eliphansi rocket izibalo.