Umbono wokuthi ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba. Bangaki izinkolelo-mbono umsuka Umkhathi? The Big Bang Theory: Rise of yonke. ithiyori sezenkolo we ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba

Ubukhulu nokuhlukahluka kwezwe elizungezile kungamangaza noma yikuphi ukucabanga. Zonke izinto nezinto ezizungezile umuntu, abanye abantu, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane, izinhlayiya ezingabonakala kuphela ngosizo lwe-microscope, kanye nezinhlanga zezinkanyezi ezingenakuqondakala: bonke babumbene nomqondo othi "Universe".

Imibono yemvelaphi yendawo yonke yenzelwe umuntu esikhathini esidlule. Naphezu kokungabikho kwemfundiso yokuqala yenkolo noma isayensi, izingqondo ezibucayi zabantu basezindaweni zasendulo zaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nemigomo yezwe lomhlaba kanye nesikhundla somuntu endaweni eseduze naye. Zingaki izinkolelo zemvelaphi yendawo yonke ekhona namuhla, kunzima ukubala, ezinye zazo zifundwa ngabaososayensi abahola ngamagama omhlaba, ezinye ziyiqiniso kakhulu.

Cosmology kanye nesifundo sayo

I-cosmology yesimanje - isayensi yokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yonke - ibheka umbuzo wemvelaphi yayo njengenye yezimfumbe ezithakazelisayo kakhulu namanje ezingenakulinganiswa. Imvelo yezinqubo ezenza ukuba kutholakale izinkanyezi, izinkanyezi, izinhlelo zelanga kanye namaplanethi, ukuthuthukiswa kwazo, umthombo wokubukeka kwendawo yonke, kanye nobukhulu bayo nemingcele: konke lokhu kuwuhlu olufushane nje lwezinkinga ezifundwa ososayensi banamuhla.

Ukusesha izimpendulo kwisigxobo esiyisisekelo sokubunjwa kwezwe kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi namuhla kunemibono ehlukahlukene yemvelaphi, khona, ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yonke. Injabulo yabachwepheshe abafuna izimpendulo, ukwakha nokuhlola izizathu, kulungile, ngoba inkolelo ethembekile yokuzalwa kwendawo yonke izokwembulela bonke abantu amathuba okuba khona kwamanye amazwe nakwamanye amaplanethi.

Imibono yemvelaphi yendawo yonke inezici zemiqondo yesayensi, imibono yomuntu ngamunye, izimfundiso zenkolo, imibono yefilosofi nezinganekwane. Zonke zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. Imibono, ngokusho ukuthi yonke indawo idalwa ngumdali. Ngamanye amazwi, isisekelo sabo sisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi inqubo yokudala indawo yonke yayiyisenzo esaziwayo nesokomoya, ukubonakaliswa kwentando yomqondo ophakeme.
2. Imibono yemvelaphi yendawo yonke, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo sezinto zesayensi. I-post yazo ihlukanisa ngokubili kokubili kokukhona komdali nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kudalwe umhlaba. Ukucabanga ngaleyo ndlela kuvame ukusekelwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi isimiso se-mediocrity. Bacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi babe nokuphila hhayi emhlabeni wethu kuphela, kodwa nakwabanye.

Ukudalwa kwemvelo yimbono yokudala umhlaba nguMdali

Njengoba igama liphakamisa, i-creationism yiyona inkolelo yenkolo yemvelaphi yendawo yonke. Lokhu kubuka umhlaba kusekelwe emqondweni wokudala indawo yonke, iplanethi nomuntu nguNkulunkulu noma uMdali.

Umqondo wesikhathi eside wawunamandla, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, lapho inqubo yokuqoqa ulwazi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesayensi (biology, astronomy, physics) ijubane, futhi inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaba yande. I-Creationism isuke isabela ngendlela enhle yamaKristu anamathele emibonweni engavamile ngokutholakala okwenzekayo. Umqondo ovelele wokuthuthukiswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo wanezela kuphela ukuphikisana okukhona phakathi kwezinkolo nezinye izinkolelo.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinkolelo zesayensi nezenkolo

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemibono yezigaba ezahlukene ngokuyinhloko ngokwemigomo abalandeli babo abayisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, ekucabangeni kwesayense, imvelo esikhundleni somdali, kanye nemvelaphi esikhundleni sokudalwa. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, kunemibuzo efanayo ekhanyiswa imibono ehlukene noma ephindwe ngokuphelele.

Imikhombandlela yemvelaphi yendawo yonke, ebhekisela ezigabeni eziphambene, idlule ukubukeka kwayo ngokuhlukile. Isibonelo, ngokuvumelana ne-hypothesis ejwayelekile (i-big bang theory), indawo yonke yakhiwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-13 ezidlule.

Ngokuphambene, inkolelo yenkolo yemvelaphi yendawo yonke inikeza izibalo ezifani ngokuphelele:

• Ngokusho kwemithombo yobuKhristu, iminyaka yendawo yonke eyadalwa nguNkulunkulu ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kukaJesu Kristu yayineminyaka engu-3483-6984.
• UbuHindu bukhombisa ukuthi umhlaba wethu uneminyaka engaba ngu-155 trillion ubudala.

Kant kanye nemodeli yakhe yezinto eziphilayo

Kuze kube yikhulu lama-20, ososayensi abaningi babenombono wokuthi yonke indawo ayinakuphela. Ngalesi simfanelo babonisa isikhathi nesithuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wabo, yonke indawo yayisimeme futhi ihambisana.

Umqondo wokungapheli kwendawo yonke emkhathini wenziwa ngu- Isaac Newton. Le ntuthuko yasungulwa ngu- Emmanuel Kant, owakha inkolelo ngokungabi khona kwemingcele yesikhathi. Ukuqhubekela phambili, ngokucabanga okucatshangelwayo, uKant wandisa ubukhulu obungapheliyo kwendawo yonke kwinani lemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kulandelwa kusho ukuthi ezweni lasendulo nelikhulu elingapheli futhi kuqale kube khona inani elingenakulinganiswa lokuhlukahluka okungenzeka, ngenxa yalokho ukubonakala kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo.

Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono wokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuvela kwezinhlobo zokuphila, inkolelo kaDarwin yasungulwa kamuva. Ukubonwa kwesibhakabhaka esinenkanyezi kanye nemiphumela yezibalo zezinkanyezi kuqinisekisile imodeli ye-cosmological ka-Kant.

Ukuzindla kwe-Einstein

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-Albert Einstein washicilela isibonelo sakhe somhlaba wonke. Ngokombono wakhe wokuzihlanganisa, endaweni yonke kanyekanye kunezinqubo ezimbili eziphambene: ukwandiswa nokukhishwa. Kodwa-ke, wavuma umbono wabososayensi abaningi mayelana nobukhulu bendawo yonke, ngakho waqala umqondo wokuqeda amandla e-cosmic. Umthelela wayo wenzelwe ukulinganisela ukukhanga kwezinkanyezi futhi umise inqubo yokuhamba kwayo yonke imizimba yasezulwini ukuze ulondoloze isimo semvelo sezulu.

Imodeli yendawo yonke - ngokusho kuka-Einstein - inesayizi ethile, kodwa ayikho imingcele kulokho. Inhlanganisela enjalo iyenzeka kuphela uma isikhala siphenduke ngendlela efanayo ngendlela esenza ngayo endaweni.

Izici zesikhala semodeli enjalo yizi:

• I-three-dimensionality.
• Ukuvala.
• U-Homogeneity (ukungabi khona kwe-centre kanye nomkhawulo), lapho izinkanyezi zitholakala ngokufanayo.

A. A. Friedman: I-Universe Iyanda

Umdali wemodeli yokukhulisa isakhiwo se-universe, i-AA Fridman (i-USSR) yakha inkolelo yakhe ngesisekelo sokulingana okubonisa ukuthi yiyiphi inkolelo yokuxhumana. Yiqiniso, umbono ovame ukuvunyelwa emhlabeni wesayense waleso sikhathi wawungumumo wezwe lethu, ngakho umsebenzi wawo awuzange ukhokhwe ngokucophelela.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, isazi sezinkanyezi u-Edwin Hubble senze ukutholakala okuqinisekisile imibono kaFriedman. Kutholakale ukususwa kwezinkanyezi ezisuka eMilky Way eseduze. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqiniso lokuthi ijubane lokunyakaza kwabo lilingana nebanga phakathi kwabo ne-galaxy yethu liye lahluleka.

Lokhu kutholakala kuchaza "ukugijimela" okuqhubekayo kwezinkanyezi nemibhangqwana ngokuphathelene nomunye nomunye, okuholela esiphelweni mayelana nokwanda kwendawo yonke.

Ekugcineni, ukutholakala kukaFriedman kwaqashelwa ngu-Einstein, kamuva wakhuluma ngokufaneleka kwesosayensi weSoviet njengomsunguli wecwaningo lokukhulisa indawo yonke.

Akunakutsho ukuthi kukhona ukuphikisana phakathi kwale mbono kanye nenkolelo evamile yokuhambisana, kodwa ngokukhuliswa kwendawo yonke kumele kube yinto yokuqala eyabangela ukuhamba kwezinkanyezi. Ngokufaniswa nokuqhuma, lo mbono wabizwa ngokuthi "Big Bang".

UStephen Hawking kanye nesimiso se-anthropic

Umphumela wokubala nokutholakala kukaStephen Hawking kwakuyi-theory of anthropocentric of the origin of the universe. Umdali walo uthi ukukhona kweplanethi ekulungiselelwe kahle impilo yomuntu kungabi yingozi.

Inkolelo yemvelaphi yendawo yonke kaStephen Hawking iphinde ihlinzekele ukukhuphuka kancane kancane kwezimbobo ezimnyama, ukulahlekelwa amandla kanye nokukhishwa kwemisebe ye-Hawking.

Ngenxa yokufuna ubufakazi, izici ezingaphezulu kwezingu-40 zikhethiwe futhi ziqinisekisiwe, ukugcinwa okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni impucuko. Isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika u-Hugh Ross sibheke amathuba okungaqondakali okunjalo okungenhloso. Umphumela waba yi-10 ^-53 .

Indalo yethu ihlanganisa izinkanyezi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu, izinkanyezi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngamunye. Ngokwezibalo ezenziwe ososayensi, inani lamaplanethi kufanele libe ngu-10 ²⁰ . Lesi sibalo ngamakhodi angu-33 wezinga eliphansi kunanani elilinganiselwa ngaphambilini. Ngenxa yalokho, awekho amaplanethi kuzo zonke izinkanyezi angahlanganisa izimo ezingafanele ukuvela ngokuzenzekelayo kokuphila.

I-Big Bang Theory: ukuvela kwendawo yonke kusuka kunhlayiyana encane encane

Ososayensi abasekela inkolelo ye-big bang babelana ngokuthi i-universe iyisizathu sokuqhuma okukhulu. I-main postulate yale mbono yukuthi ngaphambi kwalesi senzakalo zonke izakhi ze-Universe zanamuhla zazifakwe ezinhlakeni ezinama-microscopic. Ukuba ngaphakathi kwalo, izakhi zazibonakaliswa yizwe elilodwa, lapho izinkomba ezinjengokushisa, ubuningi kanye nokucindezela akunakulinganiswa. Azipheli. Okubalulekile namandla kulesi sizwe azithintekile yimithetho ye-physics.

Isizathu sokuqhuma, esenzeke eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 edlule, kubizwa ngokuthi ukungazenzeki ngaphakathi kwe-particle. Izakhi zamaminithi ezihlakazekile zabeka isisekelo sezwe esazi namhlanje.

Ekuqaleni, yonke indawo yayiyi-nebula eyakhiwe yizinhlayiya zamaminithi (ezincane kune-athomu). Khona-ke, ukuxhuma, kwakhiwa ama-athomu owaqala isisekelo sezinkanyezi ze-stellar. Impendulo yemibuzo mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ngaphambi kokuqhuma, futhi nokuthi yiyiphi eyabangela imbangela yayo, yiyona ebaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini yale mbono yemvelaphi yendawo yonke.

Ithebula lihlela ngokucacile izigaba ekubunjweni kwendawo yonke emva kwe-big big.

State of the Universe	Isixhumi sesikhathi	Ukushisa okulinganisiwe
Ukwandiswa (ukwehla kwamandla emali)	Kusukela ku-10 -45 kuya ku- 10 -37 imizuzwana	Ngaphezu kuka-10 26 K
I-quarks nama-electron avela	10 -6 s	Ngaphezu kuka- 13 13 K
Ama-proton ne-neutron akhiwa	10 -5 s	10 12 K
I-nuclei ye-helium, deuterium ne-lithium	Kusukela ku-10 -4 kuya ku-3 min	Kusuka ku-10 11 kuya ku-10 9 K
Ama-athomu akhiwe	Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-400	4000 K
Ifu legesi liyaqhubeka landa	15 Ma	300 K
Izinkanyezi zokuqala nezinkanyezi zizalwa	Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-1	20 K
Ukuqhuma kwezinkanyezi kususa ukwakheka kwe-nuclei esindayo	Iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu	10 K
Inqubo yokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi iphela	Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10-15	3 K
Amandla azo zonke izinkanyezi usuphelile	Iminyaka engu- 14	10 -2 K
Izimbobo ezimnyama ziphelile futhi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ziyazalwa	Uneminyaka engu-10 ubudala	-20 K
Ukuphuphuma kwezimbobo ezimnyama sekuphelile	Iminyaka engu-10 100	Kusuka ku-10 -60 kuya ku-10 -40 K

Njengoba kulandela idatha engenhla, indawo yonke iyaqhubeka ikhula futhi ipholile.

Ukwanda okuqhubekayo emkhatsini wezinkanyezi kuyisisekelo esilandelayo: yini ehlukanisa i-big bang theory. Ukubonakala kwendawo yonke ngale ndlela kungaqinisekiswa ngobufakazi obutholakalayo. Kukhona nezizathu zokuphikisa.

Inkinga yenkolelo

Uma sicabanga ukuthi i-big bang theory ayitholakali ekusebenzeni, akumangalisi ukuthi kunezinkinga eziningana ezingakwazi ukuphendula:

1. Ukungaboni. Leli gama libonisa isimo somhlaba wonke, sicindezelwe kwelinye iphuzu. Inkinga yenkolelo yokuqhuma okukhulu kungenakwenzeka ukuchaza izinqubo ezenzeka endaweni nesikhala esimweni esinjalo. Umthetho jikelele wokusebenzisana lapha awunakwenzeka, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuhlanganisa incazelo yematheksthi kanye nokulinganisa ukufaniswa.
   Ukungabikho okusemqoka kokuthola impendulo yombuzo wesimo sokuqala sendawo yonke kuphazamisa le mbono kusukela ekuqaleni. Ukuchayeka kwakhe kwesayensi nesithandwayo kukhetha ukuthula noma ukukhuluma kuphela lobunzima ekudluleni. Kodwa-ke, ngoba ososayensi basebenzela ukuletha isisekelo semathematika kumbono we-big big, ubunzima obunjalo bubonakala njengesithiyo esikhulu.
2. I-Astronomy. Kulesi sigaba, i-theory ye-big bang ibhekene neqiniso lokuthi ayikwazi ukuchaza inqubo yemvelaphi yamacala. Ngokusekelwe kwenguqulo yamanje yamakhophi, kungenzeka ukuthi ubikezele ukuthi ifu elihambisanayo legesi lizovela kanjani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu bayo kuze kube manje kufanele kube nge-athomu ngayinye ngamamitha ayi-cubic meter. Ukuze uthole okuthile okunye, awukwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokulungisa isimo sokuqala sendawo yonke. Ukungabi nolwazi nolwazi oluwusizo kule ndawo yizithiyo ezinkulu zokuqhubekela phambili.

Kukhona futhi ukungafani emibhalweni yezinqwaba ezibalweyo ze-galaxy yethu kanye nolwazi olutholakala ekutadisheni izinga lokukhanga kwalo kwi -Galaxy Andromeda. Ngokusobala, isisindo somgudu wethu siyizinkulungwane eziyishumi kunalokho okucatshangwa ngaphambili.

I-Cosmology ne-Quantum Physics

Namuhla azikho imibono ye-cosmological engayikuthembela kumashini we-quantum. Ngemuva kwalokho, uzimisele ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiyana ze-atomic ne-subatomic. Umehluko phakathi kwe-physics ye-quantum kanye ne-classical (echazwe nguNewton) ukuthi lowo ogcina uyaphawula futhi uchaza izinto ezibonakalayo, kuyilapho lowo owayengumdala echaza incazelo kuphela yezibalo zokubona nokulinganisa uqobo. Nge-physics ye-quantum, izindinganiso zezinto ezibonakalayo azimeleli ucwaningo, lapha umbonisi ngokwakhe uyingxenye yocwaningo oluphenywayo.

Ukuqhubeka kulezi zici, i-quantum mechanics inenkinga ngokuchazwa kwendawo yonke, ngoba umbukeli uyingxenye yendawo yonke. Kodwa-ke, lapho ekhuluma ngomvelaphi wendawo yonke, akunakwenzeka ukucabangela izibukeli ezingaphandle. Ukuzama ukuthuthukisa imodeli ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komboni ongaphandle kwakukhishwe inkolelo ye-quantum yemvelaphi ye-Universe J. Wheeler.

Isisekelo salo ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhashana sesikhathi kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kweMvelo kanye nokubunjwa kwenani elingenamkhawulo lamakhophi. Ngenxa yalokho, zonke izunivesithi ezifanayo zingabonwa, futhi ababukeli bangabona zonke izindlela zokwenza izinto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umhlaba wezwe wokuqala kanye omusha ungokoqobo.

Imodeli yokunciphisa imali

Umsebenzi oyinhloko, okuyinto inkolelo ye-inflation ebizwa ukuba ixazululwe, ukufuna impendulo yemibandela esele ngombono ongenakukhanyiswa we-big bang ne-theory yokukhulisa. Okuthiwa:

1. Isizathu senzani ukuthi yonke indawo ikhulise?
2. Kuyini ukuqhuma okukhulu?

Kuze kube sekugcineni, inkolelo yokwehla kwamandla emvelo yemvelaphi yendawo yonke inikeza i-extrapolation yokwanda kwesikhuni sesikhathi ngesikhathi, isiphetho sobuningi bendawo yonke ngesikhathi esisodwa kanye nokubunjwa kwesimo sezinto eziphilayo, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma okukhulu.

Ukungabikho kwemibono ejwayelekile yokuzihlanganisa kubonakala, okungeke kusetshenziswe ngalesi sikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela zokwenza izinto kuphela, izibalo neziphetho zingasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa inkolelo evamile (noma "i-physics entsha") nokuxazulula inkinga yobuningi obungokwenyama.

Izincazelo ezintsha ezintsha

Naphezu impumelelo onobuhle emali cosmic, kukhona ososayensi abamelene ngokuthi ubufakazi balokho. agumenti yabo eyinhloko eba ukugxekwa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ezihlongozwayo izixazululo. Abaphikisi bangase baphikise ngokuthi isixazululo okuholela ishiywa aphuthelwe imininingwane ethile, ngamanye amazwi, esikhundleni yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda lamanani kokuqala, imfundiso kuphela ocingweni lokuzenzela yabo yokubukisa.

Enye ukuze uthole eminye imibono abanye exotic, umqondo ogxile kumiswa amagugu kokuqala phambi big bang. Imfundiso entsha ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba kungenziwa kanje:

• String theory. abalandeli bayo ukuphakamisa, ngaphandle evamile ezine Ubukhulu space kanye nesikhathi, faka Ubukhulu owengeziwe. Babekwazi zinendima kusaqalwa yonke, futhi okwamanje isimo compactified. Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana isizathu ukuncibilika kwabo, ososayensi be phakamisa impendulo esishoyo ukuthi impahla superstring T-webumbacambili. Ngakho-ke, i-string "isilonda" izilinganiso esengeziwe kanye nosayizi ngemadlana yabo engatheni.
• Imfundiso yokuziphendukela branes. Ibizwa nangokuthi M-theory. Ngokuhambisana postulates yayo, ekuqaleni kumiswa yonke akhona abandayo static ezinhlanu ntathu isikhala-time. Abane kubona (isikhala) sinokulinganiselwa noma izindonga --branes ezintathu. isikhala yethu esivuna omunye izindonga, kanti eyesibili ezifihliwe. Esesithathu emithathu brane itholakala isikhala ezine-ntathu, nokukhawulela branes yalo emibili umngcele. Imfundiso ibheka kokuhilizisana zezinkampani branes yethu nokukhululwa esiningi namandla. Kuyinto mibandela babe esihle ukuvela okukhulu.

1. eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma cyclical uphike ohlukile big bang, osho ukuthi i-Universe lena isuka isimo eyodwa kuya kwenye. Inkinga iba imibono enjalo entropy inyuka ngokomthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka. Ngenxa yalokho, ubude ezandulele imijikelezo lalilincane, kanye nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa ketshezi - okungukuthi siphezulu kunamanye at the big bang. Amathuba lokhu lincane kakhulu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziningi kangakanani kunezinkolelo-mbono ka ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba, mabili kuphela zona azishintshwa isikhathi futhi anqobe le nkinga okwandayo entropy. Aye akhiwa ososayensi Steinhardt futhi Turok-Baum-Frampton.

Lezi theory empeleni esasisesisha ngemvelaphi yonke ukubeka phambili ku-yalolucwaningo 80 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Sinenkosi unabalandeli abaningi ababa onobuhle kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo, abafuna ukuthembeka ubufakazi futhi basebenzela ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso.

string theory

Enye inkolelo-mbono ethandwa iningi ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba - theory yezinhlamvu. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka incazelo imibono yayo, kubalulekile ukuba baqonde umqondo omunye izimbangi abaseduze, imodeli ejwayelekile. It lisikisela ukuthi nokuxhumana ndaba futhi lingachazwa ngokuthi isethi othize izinhlayiya, uhlukanisa ku amaqembu amaningana:

• Quarks.
• Leptons.
• Bosons.

Lezi zinhlayiya, eqinisweni, amabhlogo wokwakha wendawo yonke, ngoba mancane kakhulu ukuthi abakwazi sehlukaniswe tincenye.

I lolwehlukanisa string theory iba egomela ukuthi lezi amabhlogo akuzona izinhlayiyana kanye amayunithi wezinhlamvu ultra-ezincane, wenza oscillations. Kulokhu, esukela ku imvamisa ehlukene, izintambo kukhona analogs izinhlayiya ehlukahlukene echazwe imodeli ejwayelekile.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda imfundiso yokuziphendukela kufanele uqaphele ukuthi izintambo akuzona kungakhathaliseki, kuba amandla. Ngenxa yalokho, string umbono uwukuthi zonke izingxenye yonke akhiwa amandla.

A Isifaniso ezinhle emlilweni. Uma ambheke kubonakala okubalulekile yayo, kodwa awukwazi icindezelwa.

Cosmology abafundi

Umbono wokuthi ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba kafushane ezifundiswa ezikoleni etifundvweni astronomy. Abafundi lichaze mbono oluyisisekelo kanjani kwamiswa emhlabeni wethu, kwenzekani kuye manje nokuthi sizokuthinta ukuthuthukisa esikhathini esizayo. Injongo izifundo izingane ukujwayelana nohlobo kumiswa izinhlayiya aphansi, izakhi zamakhemikhali nezindikimba zasezulwini. Umbono wokuthi ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba izingane sehliselwe kokwethula big bang theory. Othisha wokusebenzisa izinto ezibukwayo: amaslayidi, amatafula, amaphosta, imifanekiso. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko ovukayo isithakazelo zezingane emhlabeni ebazungezile.