Metallurgy - ke ... Amagatsha yokusansimbi amabhizinisi kanye nokubekwa yabo

Umlando wesintu has iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ngesikhathi umsebenzi khona umncintiswano wethu kumakwe ngendlela engaguquguquki intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, indima ebalulekile okwakubekelwa eyadlalwa ikhono nomuntu ne metal, ukudala futhi khiqiza it. Ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuthi umkhakha steel - uyinto ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngokuphila kwethu, ukusebenza evamile imisebenzi umsebenzi kanye nokunye okuningi.

definition

Okokuqala kubalulekile ukubhekana indlela ngokuya yesayensi, ngokombono lobuchwepheshe umbono, ibizwa ngokuthi ezingeni zesimanje zokukhiqiza.

Ngakho, metal - kuyinto igatsha isayensi, ubuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa inqubo yokuthola ngezinto ezihlukahlukene kusukela Okunengi nofana ezinye impahla, kanye zonke izinqubo kokuba ngokuqondene ukuguqulwa amakhemikhali ukwakheka, izakhiwo begodu nesakhiwo Alloys.

isakhiwo

Kuze kube manje, yokusansimbi - kuyinto umkhakha enamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto - umqondo elinomqondo obanzi ohlanganisa:

• ukukhiqizwa Direct of izinsimbi.
• Ukucubungula imikhiqizo metal kuzo zombili ashisayo nabandayo.
• Zokushisela.
• Isicelo metal ezinengilazi ahlukahlukene.
• Yegatsha isayensi - Materials. Lokhu isiqondiso uku izifundo ze-theory ka-physico-chemical izinqubo igxile cognition ukuziphatha izinsimbi, Alloys futhi compounds intermetallic.

zinhlobo

Ezweni kukhona amagatsha amabili eyinhloko umkhakha - ayoni futhi nonferrous. Lokhu ukushiyana kwezidalwa isungule ngokomlando.

Idoyelo yokusansimbi sicubungula zensimbi zonke Alloys, lapho likhona. Futhi, umkhakha kuhilela isizinda uvela emhlabeni futhi ibhandishi alandelayo izinsimbi ayoni , steel nensimbi Foundry, amalunga elendlalekile, ukukhiqizwa ferroalloy.

Ukuze izinsimbi non-ayoni ubizwa sisebenze yimuphi ore metal, ngaphandle yensimbi. By the way, izinsimbi non-ayoni is evamile ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:

- Heavy (nickel, ithini nomthofu kuphela, ithusi).

- Esilula (titanium, i-magnesium, i-aluminiyamu).

ezesayensi Solutions

Akungabazeki ukuthi umkhakha steel - kuyinto umsebenzi odinga emisha. Kule ndaba, emazweni amaningi emhlabeni amatasa umsebenzi ucwaningo, inhloso okuyinto ukufunda futhi ngokoqobo ezihlukahlukene ezincane, okwakuyosiza ukuxazulula, isibonelo, umbuzo evutha, njengoba yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, bayingxenye yomphik kudingekile zokukhiqiza steel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, vele ngokoqobo izinqubo ezifana namachibi begazi, sebethule, adsorption, nabanye.

Ukwehlukanisa Process

izitshalo yokusansimbi kungaba ezinqumela uhlukanise ngamaqembu amabili main:

- pyrometallurgy lapho izinqubo kwenzeke ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu (ukuncibilika, yokuwugazinga);

- hydrometallurgy, esakhiwa yokukhipha izinsimbi kusukela imikhando ngamanzi noma ezinye izixazululo aqueous usebenzisa amakhemikhali.

Ukukhetha indawo isimiso yokwakhiwa isitshalo Metallurgical

Ukuze uzwisise Kuloko okutholakele isinqumo ukwakhiwa ibhizinisi endaweni ethile, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele izizathu eziyinhloko ukubeka yokusansimbi.

Ikakhulukazi, uma umbuzo siphathelene dislocation-ayoni yokusansimbi kwemboni, lapho ziqokonyiswe, criteria ezifana:

• Ukutholakala kwezinto ezidingekayo amandla. Ukukhiqizwa elihlobene ne ukucutshungulwa metal ayoni, kudinga esiningi namandla kagesi. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinkampani esakhiwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kuze emifula izitshalo amandla.
• Isamba esidingekayo of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Yiqiniso, eduze kukhona imali netshe, ngakho consequently kangcono.
• Isici Environmental. Ngeshwa, isikhala wezwe post-Soviet ayikwazi oluthathwa zibe isigaba lapho amabhizinisi of yokusansimbi ziphephile imvelo.

Ngakho, ukubekwa metal - ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi okufanele lunikezwe ukunakwa kakhulu, ikhumbula zonke izinhlobo izidingo kanye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama.

Ukuze sifinyelele isithombe enemininingwane kakhulu ukuchaza ukucutshungulwa izinsimbi kubalulekile khomba izindawo ezibalulekile ukukhiqizwa.

Ironworks akhiwa eziningi okuthiwa value-added. Phakathi kwabo: kuqhuma-somlilo, steelmaking, ugingqe. Ake sicabangele ngasinye salezi kabanzi.

Blast Okuveza

Ngalesi ukukhululwa esiteji Kwenziwa ngokuqondile nsimbi. Lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kwesithando kuqhuma at okushisa ngenhla 1000 degrees Celsius. Ngakho kukhona yensimbi ingulube. Amandla ayo kuzoncika Yiqiniso yenqubo ukuncibilika. Ngokulungisa ukuncibilika ore ekugcineni uthole omunye ezimbili izinhlobo yensimbi: ingulube (lapha wasebenzisa ukwenziwa steel) futhi ukuxoshwa (we cast iron billet).

ukukhiqizwa steel

Ukuhlanganisa i-carbon nensimbi nge, ngokukhethekile, oluxube ezahlukene alloying, njengoba steel yi etholwe. izindlela zayo yokuncibilikisa Ubuningi obanele. Siphawula ngokukhethekile umoya-Converter futhi sokuncibilikisa kagesi, okuyizinto lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi ithele kakhulu.

It libhekene ukuncibilika yayo Konverternaya transience ngaleyo ndlela sizithobe wokugcina steel oyifunayo amakhemikhali ukwakheka. Ngesisekelo inqubo bashaye kwensimbi oncibilikisiwe nge umoya-mpilo tuyere, lapho insimbi oxidised futhi uguqulwe steel.

Of arc - ephumelela kunazo. Kuyinto sibonga ukusetshenziswa kagesi arc amaziko kungaba aphele esezingeni ingxubevange lezinsimbi. In esinjalo Ukushisa amayunithi metal ukulayishwa kuzo kuyashesha kakhulu, kuyilapho kungenzeka ukwengeza lemali edingekayo izakhi alloying. Ngaphezu kwalokho, steel etholwe le ndlela has a okuqukethwe eliphansi ze-non-metallic inclusions, nesibabule ne phosphorus.

alloying

Le nqubo ukushintsha indlela yokwakheka steel ngokwethula kuyo lokuhlala ibalwa izakhi asizayo okwengeziwe wasinikeza izakhiwo ezithile. Phakathi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izingxenye alloying avele: manganese, titanium, ayibe, tungsten aluminium.

ukuqasha

izimboni eziningi futhi steel It sakhiwa workshop roll iqembu. Bakha kokubili imikhiqizo ephuma kabili isiqediwe futhi siphelile kakade ngokugcwele. Ingqikithi yalo nqubo ukudlula zensimbi awunqunte phakathi esiphikisayo ujikelezisa emiqingweni ugingqe esigayweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi ibanga phakathi ezinamasondo kufanele ibe ngaphansi ukushuba workpiece yeqiwe. Ngale ndlela metal bangena mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi, ushukumiseleka futhi ekugcineni deform ukuze nemingcele kusengaphambili.

Ngemva ngamunye ukudlula igebe phakathi imiqulu senziwa ezincane. Iphuzu elibalulekile - ngokuvamile metal kuyinto ductile abandayo ngokwanele. Futhi-ke ukwelapha kwakhe kwangaphambi eliwu izinga lokushisa edingekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa materials ezase

Esikhathini nezimo zezimakethe zamanje, umthengi kabusha kokubili izinsimbi ayoni futhi non-ayoni iye kancane kancane asathuthuka. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi izinsiza netshe, ngeshwa, akuzona uvuseleleke. Minyaka yonke, ukukhiqizwa yabo iyehlisa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela. Sikhishwe yokuthi isidingo ensimbi ubunjiniyela, ukwakhiwa, zezindiza, shipbuilding nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho ukhula kancane kancane, kubonakala kunengqondo ukuthuthukisa ukucutshungulwa isixazululo kugcwalise inkonzo nokuphila yayo izingxenye kanye nemikhiqizo.

Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwanoma yiliphi steel umkhakha ngezinga elithile zachazwa yisigaba Dynamics omuhle ingxenye umkhakha - ukusetshenziswa zasebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wahlanganyela ukucutshungulwa Scrap Metal kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu nezincane.

Amathrendi Global yentuthuko yokusansimbi

Eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaba khona ukwanda ecacile umthamo ukukhululwa metal, steel nensimbi inkatho. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko zachazwa yisigaba ukunwetshwa China samanje, egcwele omunye wabadlali ehola emakethe kwamaplanethi ukukhiqizwa Metallurgical.

I izinsimbi ezahlukene izici avunyelwe China ukunqoba ngokwakho cishe 60% wemakethe jikelele. Labanye abakhiqizi ezinkulu kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso zimi kanje: Japan (8%), India nase-United States (6%), Russia nase-South Korea (5%), eJalimane (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

Uma sicabanga eceleni ngo-2015, khona-ke kukhona ukuthambekela ukunciphisa umsebenzi imikhiqizo metal abakhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla enkulu eqoshiwe e-Ukraine, lapho umphumela sabhalwa, okuyinto 29,8% ngaphansana ngonyaka odlule.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha e yokusansimbi

Njenganoma iyiphi enye umkhakha, imboni steel Kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza ezintsha practice.

Ngakho, ubhoko Nizhny Novgorod State University baye sithuthukise begodu sathoma ukusebenza Umkhuba nanostructured carbides entsha bafake nemithi, okuncike tungsten Carbide. Isiqondiso eziyinhloko isicelo emisha - yesimanje amathuluzi ensimbi-ukusebenza esikhiqiza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, laseRussia belilokhu olwesimanje grate sigubhu ngebhola umlomo wombhobho ekhethekile ukwakha ubuchwepheshe obusha ngoba kucutshungulwa slag ketshezi. Lo mcimbi wenziwe ngesisekelo oda isimo eMnyango Wezemfundo kanye nesayensi. uthathe leso sinyathelo uye walungisiswa ngokugcwele uqobo, ngoba kuphumela umphumela kakhulu.

Amabhizinisi elikhulu yokusansimbi emhlabeni

izilinganiso International zithi abakhiqizi eziholela metal emhlabeni yilezi:

• Arcelor Mittal - inkampani nge ekomkhulu lawo Luxembourg. isabelo salo 10% wenani ukukhiqizwa steel emhlabeni. ERussia inkampani ungumnikazi ezimayini Berezovskaya, Pervomayskaya Anzherskaya futhi "Severstal-amaqembu".
• Hebei Iron & Steel - giant of China. It is ngokugcwele akahulumeni. Ngaphezu ukukhiqizwa, inkampani waziphatha ezimayini of izinto zokusetshenziswa, ezokuthutha kanye ekufezeni umsebenzi ucwaningo. Ngezinye izitshalo yenkampani asetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa kuphela entsha, kanye zesimanje zokukhiqiza imithombe okuyinto wavumela amaShayina afunde ukukhiqiza ultra-nomzimba omncane steel plate futhi ultra-nomzimba omncane ishidi abandayo iphuma.
• Nippon Steel - omele eJapane. ukuphathwa yenkampani, okuyinto iqala umsebenzi wayo ngo-1957, efuna yokuhlanganisa nomunye inhlangano, ukubizwa ngokuthi Sumitomo Metal Industries. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ekubumbaneni olunjalo belungaphelelwa ngokushesha baya Japanese kwasekuqaleni emhlabeni, ngaphambi zonke izimbangi zayo.