Meaning of isimiso sezinzwa. Umsebenzi ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa

isitho ngasinye noma uhlelo emzimbeni zinendima ethile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bonke kuhlobene. Okusho isimiso sezinzwa babenesibindi esikhulu. Kuyinto obangela ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini yonke imigwamanda kanye izinhlelo, futhi ukusebenza umzimba iyonke. Esikhathini esikoleni ekuseni uqale ajwayelane umqondo yehlukene kaningi okubalwa ezinjalo, njengoba isimiso sezinzwa. Libanga 4 - namanje izingane ezincane abangakwazi ukuqonda ngokujulile imiqondo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi.

amayunithi kwesakhiwo

The main iyunithi kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo isimiso sezinzwa (NS) - izinzwa. Ziyakwazi amaseli eziyinkimbinkimbi abangothathekile secreting izinqubo futhi abone jitters, icutshungulwe futhi adluliselwa kwamanye amangqamuzana. Izinzwa futhi kungase kudingeke izisulu cells noma modulating imiphumela inhibitory. Bayingxenye bio nomzimba hemoregulyatsii. Ngokombono obusebenzayo buka, izinzwa ungomunye izisekelo inhlangano isimiso sezinzwa. Lapho zihlanganiswa nezinye amazinga eziningana (yamangqamuzana, sub-amaselula, izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho, nadkletochny).

Izinzwa kuqukathe umzimba (soma), ingalo eside (Axon) nezinqubo encane ekhelini (dendrites). Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene isimiso sezinzwa, banalo ukuma ezahlukene kanye nosayizi. Kwezinye zazo kungenzeka ukufinyelela obuphelele Axon 1.5 m. Isuka komunye namangqamuzana ezinzwa 1000 dendrites. Ngokusho kwakhe injabulo elisukela receptor emzimbeni cell. Along Axon amaza kuthiwa ngobulili effector amaseli noma ezinye izinzwa.

Ngo isayensi, kukhona welithi "synapse". I axons sezinzwa, eya kwamanye amaseli uqale ekhelini kanye yakha Ukuvalwa eziningi kubo. Lezi zindawo yilezi ngokuthi synapse. Axons yakha kubo hhayi kuphela ezinzwa. Synapse zivuliwe kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba kwemisipha. Lezi zitho isimiso sezinzwa abakhona ngisho amaseli nezindlala endocrine negazi capillary. izinzwa embozwe amagobolondo izinqubo glial sezinzwa. Zenza umsebenzi Umqhubi.

kwalapho

Lokhu imfundo ekhethekile, sise ichopho izinqubo yezinzwa. Zinikeza yokudlulisa ulwazi ngesimo ishayela. I eziyimpumelelo ezinzwa zinengxenye kumiswa ukuphela yokudlulisela kanye namadivayisi Bebona yenhlangano ezahlukene kwesakhiwo. Ngu ukusebenza isehlane:

• synapse adlulisa ezinzwa amaza phakathi ezinzwa;

• ama-receptor (afferent Ukuvalwa), ukuqondisa ulwazi kusuka yesehlakalo isici imvelo yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle;

• effectors adlulisa ishayela kusukela ezinzwa kwezinye izicubu.

Isimiso sezinzwa

Kwemizwa uhlelo (NS) - isethi okudidiyelwe izakhiwo eziningana ezihlobene. Ukhuthaza isiqondiso ehlelekile yazo zonke izitho futhi inikeza impendulo izimo ezishintshayo. Isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu, okumelelwe esithombeni ku isihloko ibophezela ndawonye motor umsebenzi, ukuzwela kanye nokusebenza nezinye izinhlelo zokulawula (mzimba, endocrine). umsebenzi NA lihlotshaniswa:

• Ukungena ezicacile zomzimba zibe zonke kwezitho nezicubu;

• ukusungulwa kanye nokwenza kahle ubudlelwano phakathi umzimba kanye ezungezile (betemvelo netenhlalo);

• Kuhlelembisa zonke izinqubo umzimba;

• uhlelo uhulumeni.

isakhiwo

Anatomy of the isimiso sezinzwa sinzima kakhulu. Kuyinto eziningi izakhiwo, ezahlukene isakhiwo kanye nenhloso. Isimiso sezinzwa, isithombe okuyinto efakazela ukuthi Ukungena yayo kulo lonke kwezitho nezicubu zomzimba, ufeza indima ebalulekile njengesici umamukeli ezishukumisa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ngenxa yale njongo kukhona izakhiwo sezinzwa ekhethekile ezisesandleni analyzers okuthiwa. Lezi zihlanganisa imishini ekhethekile kwemizwa ukuthi bayakwazi ukuba ngiziqonde Imininingwane engenayo. Lezi zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• proprioceptors lokuqoqa ulwazi oluhlobene isimo imisipha, fascia, amalunga, amathambo;

• exteroreceptors, etholakala esikhunjeni, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila futhi ezwa ngalo uyakwazi ukubona ukuthi iyini etholakala yangaphandle imvelo ezizihluphayo;

• interoreceptors elise izibilini ezicutshini futhi unesibopho sokwenza izinguquko kwamakhemikhali.

Ukubaluleka eyinhloko isimiso sezinzwa

NA njengoba umsebenzi buhlobene eduze emhlabeni futhi ukusebenza umzimba. Ngalo kukhona bezibona ulwazi kanye nokuhlaziywa. Ngenxa yalesi ukuthola kwenzeka ezintweni futhi izibilini ivela amasignali ngaphandle. Isimiso sezinzwa unesibopho ukusabela komzimba ulwazi wathola. Kuyinto ngenxa ukuxhumana yayo nokuvumelana nezimo womuntu inikeza humoral isiqondiso izindlela emhlabeni.

Inani isimiso sezinzwa ukunikeza nokudidiyela izitho zomzimba kanye nokugcina homeostasis yayo (isimo yakhoibrium). Ngenxa ukusebenza kwawo kwenzeka umzimba okuzivumelanisa nanoma iziphi ushintsho ngokuthi ukuziphatha oluhambelana (state).

Imisebenzi eziyisisekelo Wesigungu Sikazwelonke

isimiso sezinzwa abasakwazi eziningi. Khona-ke abakhululiwe ezisemqoka ezilandelayo:

• ukulawulwa izicubu kubalulekile, kwezitho izinhlelo ku kwimodi ejwayelekile;

• Ukuhlanganisa (ukuhlanganiswa) umzimba;

• kulondolozwe ubuhlobo womuntu imvelo;

• ukulawula isimo kwezitho ngabanye futhi umzimba wonkana;

• ukuhlinzeka nokugcina ukusebenza ithoni (isimo ezisebenza);

• kwencazelo imisebenzi abantu empilweni yabo engokwengqondo, okuyinto ngesisekelo ukuzwana nabantu.

Isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu, okuyinto isithombe ethulwa ngenhla inikeza ukucabanga izinqubo ezifana:

• Umbono, ukufunda ngokucubungula ulwazi;

• ukuhlaziywa kanye zamagama;

• ukwakheka ugqozi;

• Ukuqhathanisa abanolwazi ezikhona;

• goal setting nokuhlela;

• ukulungiswa isenzo (ukulungisa iphutha);

• nekuhlolwa kwekusebenta;

• Ubumba izahlulelo, okutholakele kanye iziphetho ezivamile (abstract) imiqondo.

Isimiso sezinzwa ngaphezu isignali futhi uyazifeza ngaphezulu umsebenzi trophic. Ngenxa umzimba labelwe eziphila izinto asebenzayo ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi ebalulekile innervated izitho. Iziphathimandla, ngubani beswela ashona ezinjalo, ekugcineni yoma futhi bafe. isimiso sezinzwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abantu. Lapho ukulungisa i izimo ezikhona kwemvelo nabo kufika umzimba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha.

Izinqubo ezenzeka e-NA

Isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu, isikimu ulula futhi ishaya emhloleni, unesibopho ukuxhumana umzimba kanye nemvelo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uyazifeza izinqubo ezifana:

• transduction, ukuguqulwa emelela ukucasuka jitters;

• Ukuguquka, okuyinto eyenzeka ngesikhathi ngokuningiliziwe ukuguquka kwabantu excitation engenayo kahle onezici ezithile kule emfantwini kusuka nezinye izakhiwo;

• ukusatshalaliswa excitation kanye izinkomba ezahlukene;

• yokumodela, okuyinto kuyindlela yokwakha ngokucasuka esikhundleni lwaluvelaphi kakhulu;

• bashintshashintshe izwi, bahlabe lapho kushintsha isimiso sezinzwa, noma imisebenzi yayo.

Meaning of ohlelweni womuntu sezinzwa futhi siqukethe nokuxhumana somzimba nge imvelo. Ngakho kukhona izimpendulo ezahlukene yiluphi uhlobo ezishukumisa. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ukushintshashintsha kwezwi:

• ukushukuma (kusebenze), ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi nerve isakhiwo (lokhu state evelele);

• okusithiyayo, ukucindezelwa (okusithiyayo) owakhiwa ukunciphisa umsebenzi izakhiwo kwemizwa;

• uxhumano kwemizwa okwesikhashana, okuyinto ukuthuthukiswa yokudlulisela izindlela entsha excitation;

• plastic ekuguqulweni, okumelelwe sensitization (ekuphuculeni ukudluliselwa excitation) kanye habituation (ukuwohloka izinga);

• ukusebenza komzimba, ukuhlinzeka yokusabela reflex zomzimba womuntu.

izinjongo NA

Imisebenzi esemqoka isimiso sezinzwa:

• I-Reception - izinguquko bamba imvelo kwangaphakathi noma nabangaphandle. It wenziwa esebenzisa inzwa izinhlelo yokwamukela futhi imele bezibona mechanical, ezishisayo, amakhemikhali, kagesi nezinye izinhlobo ezishukumisa.

• Transduction - ukuguqulela (lokufaka ikhodi) isignali engenayo jitters, okuyinto umfudlana pulses onalezizimpawu ukucasuka esingokwemvelo.

• ukuqaliswa, owakhiwa ukulethwa excitation Izinzwa izindlela izingxenyana ezidingekayo kanye NA effectors (emizimbeni esiphezulu).

• Perception - ukudalwa kwemizwa ukushukuma imodeli (a ukuthuthukiswa yesithombe sezinzwa). Le nqubo kudala isithombe subjective zomhlaba.

• Uguquko - ekuguquleni touch excitation at effector. Inhloso yayo ukuzivocavoca umzimba osabela ngayo ukuze izinguquko imvelo. Ngakho kukhona yokudlulisela downlink ka excitation kusukela ngaphezulu ukuze izingxenye ezincane lwamanga CNS noma PNS (izitho zisebenza, emzimbeni).

• Ukuhlolwa imiphumela yomsebenzi weBandla Lesitjhaba ngosizo ngempendulo futhi afferent (sezinzwa nokwaziswa transmission).

Isakhiwo Wesigungu Sikazwelonke

Isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu, phezu kwengungu okuyinto eboniswe ngenhla, ihlukaniswe ikhipha futhi okusebenza. umsebenzi NA ayikwazi aqondakale ngokugcwele, ngaphandle kokuhlola izici eziyinhloko zezinto eziphilayo yayo. Kuphela ngokutadisha umsebenzi bawo, bulukhuni of lonke indlela kungenziwa igcwaliseke. Isimiso sezinzwa uhlukaniswe:

• central (CNS), okuyinto lucwaningo ukusabela emazingeni ahlukahlukene yinkimbinkimbi, ngokuthi ingqondo. Uyasibona yayikukhumbula etholakele imvelo futhi kusukela izitho. Lihlanganisa asebuchosheni nomgogodla.

• neuropathy (PNS) yokuxhuma isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko nezinhlaka nasemilenzeni. izinzwa zako ziyizindlela kude asebuchosheni nomgogodla. It is hhayi ivikelwe amathambo, ezithandwa ngakho umonakalo lokukhanda. Kuphela ngenxa ukusebenza evamile PNS kungenzeka nokudidiyela ukunyakaza yomuntu. Lolu hlelo unesibopho ukusabela komzimba ukuze nezimo ezicindezelayo ingozi. Ngenxa wakhe, ezimweni ezinjalo, ishayela ophilisayo futhi uvusa ezingeni adrenaline. Izifo we-peripheral nervous system ezithinta central umsebenzi kwemizwa uhlelo.

PNS yakhiwa izinyanda yezinzwa. Bathandana nalo babuye bathandane ngalé asebuchosheni nomgogodla nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi imizimba ehlukahlukene. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi izinzwa. Ukuze PNS kukhona ganglia (nodes). Ziyakwazi amahlukuzo ezinzwa.

Izifo neuropathy isimiso sezinzwa zihlukaniswe ku-zimiso: kwendawo-yokwakheka, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- futhi multinevrity.

Ngu omsakazo, bahlukene zibe ezithathelwanayo (microbial, viral), ezinobuthi, nomzimba, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, kuyashaqisa, lezinceku, idiopathic kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. izifo PNS kungenzeka oyinhloko (uchoko, leptospirosis, ugcunsula) nokwesibili (ngemva ebuntwaneni izifo, mononucleosis, nge periarteritis nodosa). Ngokusho Pathomorphology pathogenesis futhi zihlukaniswe peripheral (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), futhi neuralgia.

I izakhiwo ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa

umsebenzi Reflex buvezwa property emsipheni izikhungo, okuyizinto iqoqo CNS izakhiwo. Umsebenzi wabo ehlelekile kuqinisekisa ukulawulwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene komzimba noma izenzo reflex. Nerve izikhungo babe izakhiwo eziningana ezivamile kuchazwe isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi zokwakheka izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho (contact phakathi sezinzwa nezinye izicubu):

• sidedness excitation inqubo. It is basakaza on the arc reflex kwelinye direction.

• ngemisebe ye excitation itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ukwanda okukhulu amandla umfutho ensimini ukunwetshwa okuhilelekile izinzwa kwenzeka.

• summation excitation. Le nqubo ibizwa lula khona inqwaba othintana izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho.

• Ukukhathala okuphezulu. Isikhathi eside ukushukuma okuphindaphindiwe kwenzeka buthaka reflex ukuphendula.

• ukubambezeleka izinhlaka zokuxhumana zobuchopho. reflex ukubuyisa isikhathi uncike ngokuphelele ngesivinini kanye nesikhathi excitation esiphelweni yonkana synapse. Kubantu, omunye ukubambezeleka enjalo imayelana 1 ms.

• ithoni elimelela khona umsebenzi ngemuva.

• Plasticity, isici kakhulu ukuguqula isithombe mazombe seragelo ukusabela reflex.

• Kuhlanganiswa amasignali emsipheni, ebheka bokuphila Imininingwane indlela indlela afferent (ukusakaza njalo Izinzwa amaza).

• Ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi kwamaseli ezindaweni emsipheni.

• Impahla evelele ezinzwa chamber, libhekene excitability kakhudlwana, ikhono excitation futhi summation.

• cephalization isimiso sezinzwa, yenziwe ukukhohlwa osekudlulile, umzimba iqondisa umsebenzi ezingxenyeni ezinkulu CNS okuhlushwa kumtheshwana wenqubo zabo umsebenzi.