Lelandzisako - kuyini? imithombo lelandzisako nobuchwepheshe

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ukuchaza lesi simo njengoba narrativity e yesimanje humanities, kanye ukuhlonza izici zayo futhi isakhiwo, kuba okokuqala kudingekile ukuchaza kakhulu igama elithi "lelandzisako".

Lelandzisako - kuyini?

Kunemibono eminingana mayelana umsuka wenkulumo ethi, noma singathi, imithombo embalwa kusuka kulo kungase ziyaphuma. Ngokusho komunye wabo, igama "lelandzisako" evela lamagama gnarus narrare, okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Latin kusho "azi mayelana okuthile" futhi "uchwepheshe". NgesiNgisi, kukhona linencazelo ethi ayifane futhi umsindo izwi lelandzisako - «indaba», engesiyo esingaphansi ibonisa ngokugcwele okushiwo umqondo lelandzisako. imithombo Namuhla lelandzisako kungatholakala cishe kuzo zonke yezesayensi Amasimu: Psychology, kwabantu, kolimi, ifilosofi ngisho wezifo zengqondo. Kodwa isifundo kwemiqondo efana narrativity, ukulandisa, lelandzisako ubuciko, kanye nezinye kukhona isiqondiso ehlukile ezimele - narratology. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuqonda lelandzisako ngokwayo - kuyini futhi yiziphi imisebenzi yayo?

Bobabili umthombo etymological aphakanyisiwe ngenhla, baphathe incazelo eyodwa - Umbiko akhawunti ulwazi. Okungukuthi, uma sikubeka kalula, eyibhalela - uhlobo indaba nganoma yini. Kodwa-ke ungayididanisi lo mqondo nge indzaba lelula. Esikhathini elandisayo yale lelandzisako anezici ngabanye kanye izici okuye kwaholela ukuvela i term ezimele.

Lelandzisako futhi indaba

Ngikuphi okuhlukileko kuneGreyidini lelandzisako okulula indaba? Indaba - kuyindlela yokuxhumana, indlela yokuthola bese bedlulisela lesi langempela (qualitative) ulwazi. Ukulandisa - okubizwa ngokuthi "echaza indaba", ukusebenzisa amagama American sefilosofi art umhlaziyi Arthur Danto (Danto, A. nefilosofi Analytical yomlando M: Idea Cindezela, 2002 P. 194..). Lokho lelandzisako - kuba, kunalokho, hhayi emgomweni futhi ingxoxo subjective. Lelandzisako kwenzeka lapho umuntu indaba abavamile ukungezwa imizwelo subjective nokuhlola yemlandzi-umlandzi. Kunesidingo nje ukudlulisela ukwaziswa izilaleli, kodwa ukujabulisa, inzalo, ukwenza ukulalela baxabane ezithile. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokungafani abavamile lelandzisako indaba noma indaba elandiswayo, eveza iqiniso - ekuheheni ngabanye narratorskih okuhlaziya kanye nemizwelo ukulanda ngamunye. Noma, in the inkomba causality futhi khona logic amaketanga phakathi nezenzakalo ezichazwe, uma sikhuluma imibhalo zomlando noma sesayensi umgomo.

Lelandzisako: isibonelo

Ukuze ngokuqondile ukusungula okushiwo netindzaba leticocwako lelandzisako, kubalulekile silihlobanise umkhuba - embhalweni. Ngakho, lapho elandisa - kuyini? Isibonelo efanekisa umehluko phakathi eyibhalela kwendaba, kuleli cala, angenza Ukuqhathanisa la mavesi: "Izolo Ngangineminyaka izinyawo ofakwe. Namuhla Angiyanga ukusebenza "futhi" Izolo, ngase ofakwe kwezinyawo zakhe, ngakho namuhla wagula futhi akazange aye emsebenzini. " On okuqukethwe isitatimende kulezi basuke kucishe. Nokho, isici esisodwa kushintsha kuphela okushiwo lelandzisako - ngomzamo ukuxhumanisa izenzakalo ezimbili. Okokuqala samuntu izitatimende mahhala Imibono subjective nobudlelwano esiyimbangela, esimweni sesibili zikhona futhi zibaluleke ukhiye. In the version yokuqala akazange ubalula ukuthi kungani hero-umlandzi akazange eze ehhovisi, mhlawumbe kwaba usuku off, noma wafikelwa embi kakhulu, kodwa ngesizathu esihlukile manje. Nokho, ukhetho lwesibili kakade ibonisa isimo sengqondo subjective ukuze uthumele umlandzi ezithile, abathi ngokujwayela yezakhi yabo futhi isikhalazo ukuze ubhekane nakho mathupha wachitha Imininingwane ehlaziya nalapho ukuze usungule uxhumano esiyimbangela, nokuveza kuphindza acoce zabo umyalezo. Ngokomqondo, "abantu" isici Ungashintsha ngokuphelele okushiwo elandisayo, ngaphandle uma ingqikithi inikeza ukwaziswa okuncane.

Tinganekwane imibhalo yesayensi

Nokho, ulwazi hhayi kuphela zesimo, kodwa futhi nakho kwabo siqu perceiver (narratatora) kuthinta ukumuncwa Imininingwane subjective, ukwethulwa izilinganiso nemizwelo. Ngokusekelwe lokhu, umnqopho kwendaba kuyehla, futhi umuntu ubengacabanga ukuthi lelandzisako asitholakali embhalweni, futhi, isibonelo, entula nangokubheka imibiko okuqukethwe kwesayensi. Nokho, lokho akulona iqiniso. Ngokwezinga Ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane izici lelandzisako, ungathola ku yikuphi ukuxhumana, ngoba umbhalo likhona hhayi kuphela umbhali kanye umlandzi, ngubani empeleni kungenzeka abadlali ezahlukene, kodwa futhi umfundi noma isilaleli ukuthi kunemibono ehlukene futhi ahumushe ulwazi. Okokuqala nokusemqoka, yebo, lokhu kusebenza ematheksthi etemibhalo. Nokho, kukhona imibiko ekulandiseni ngokwesayensi. Ziyakwazi ekhona timongcondvo zomlando kakhulu, amasiko nezenhlalo, futhi akuzona obonakalisa ngokoqobo inhloso, futhi eyandayo isinyathelo kube inkomba yokuthi multidimensionality yabo. Kodwa kungaba futhi kuthinte ukwakheka ubudlelwano esiyimbangela phakathi izenzakalo ngokomlando abalulekile noma yimuphi omunye amaqiniso.

Njengoba sazi lokhu ukuhlukahluka ezilandisayo kanye uyindlala, yobukhona babo emibhalweni kokuqukethwe ezahlukene, isayensi, asisakwazi indiva lo mkhuba lelandzisako bacabangisise isifundo sakhe. Kuze kube manje, isithakazelo umphakathi ehlukene kwezesayensi kule indlela yokwazi ukuthi izwe, njengoba i-eseyi lelandzisako. It has kulo Amathemba ukuthuthukiswa, njengoba indaba ikuvumela ukuba ahlele, hlela zokusakaza ulwazi, kanye nemikhakha ehlukene zezenhlalakahle ukuhlola ukwakheka kwabantu.

Inkulumo kanye lelandzisako

Kusukela zonke lezi zindlela osekukhulunywe kusobala ukuthi isakhiwo lelandzisako kuyadida, it yakha engazinzile, alikho yimiphi amasampula, isimiso, futhi kuye ngomongo ukuthi isimo siyini, zisuthe ngokuhle okuqukethwe ngamunye. Ngakho, umongo noma inkulumo, ehlanganiswe i-eseyi lelandzisako ikakhulukazi - kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwakhe.

Uma sicabangela incazelo yegama elithi ngomqondo yalo ebanzi kakhulu, inkulumo - kuba, isimiso, umsebenzi kwezilimi inqubo yayo. Nokho, kule ekwakhiweni, igama elithi "inkulumo ethi" lisetshenziswa ukuze libhekisele kumuntu umongo ethize adingekayo ukuze kudalwe noma yimuphi umbhalo, ukuthi lokhu noma ukuthi khona isikhundla lelandzisako.

Ngokwe umqondo postmodern wokuba nomlando - eyenzekayo lenhlangotsimbili ukuthi kwakhe wadalula. French umhlaziyi etemibhalo postmodernist Jean-Fransua Liotar ngokuthi ingxoxo omunye izinhlobo kungenzeka enkulumweni. imibono yakhe, ubala encwadini "State of Art Nouveau" (Liotar Zhan-François Isimo postmodern Petersburg: Aletheia, 1998. - 160 p ...). Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nezazi zefilosofi Jens Brokmeyer futhi Roma Harre echazwe eyibhalela njengendlela "zenyathi inkulumo ethi", ne umqondo wabo kungabuye atholakala ucwaningo (Brokmeyer Jens, Harre Roma lelandzisako: .. Izinkinga futhi uthembisa omunye Paradigm okunye // Izinkinga of Philosophy - 2000. - № 3 - P. 29-42) .. Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi maqondana nezilimi etemibhalo umqondo "lelandzisako" futhi "inkulumo ethi" nolimi komunye nomunye kakhulu zifana.

Lelandzisako e kolimi

ukunakwa Omkhulu lelandzisako lelandzisako amasu wanikwa kolimi: yezilimi, izifundo etemibhalo. Ngo yezilimi, leli gama, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, wafunda ngokuhlanganyela elithi "inkulumo ethi". Ezifundweni tetemibhalo, ibhekisela xaxa imiqondo postmodern. Ososayensi Brokmeyer J. futhi R. Harre e indatshana yakhe "lelandzisako: Izinkinga futhi uthembisa omunye Paradigm kwenye indawo 'ahlinzekwa ukuqonda njengendlela ukuhlela ulwazi futhi banike inchazelo isipiliyoni. Ngokombono wabo, eyibhalela - umyalelo ku ekubhaleni izindaba. Okungukuthi, iqoqo ngokolimi ethize, ngokwengqondo, kanye nezakhiwo kwamasiko, wazi ukuthi ungenza indaba ezithakazelisayo, okuzokwenziwa ngokucacile ukuyichaza kwemizwelo futhi umyalezo umlandzi.

Ukulandisa izincwadi kubalulekile ematheksthi etemibhalo. Ngoba nakhu uyaqaphela ngokwayo neketanga eziyinkimbinkimbi Izincazelo, kusukela umbono wombhali kanye liphetha umbono we umfundi / isilaleli. Ukudala umbhalo, umlobi ubeka kuwo ulwazi oluthile okuyinto, ngemuva kokuphumelela indlela umbhalo omude kanye ukufinyelela umfundi ongashintsha ngokuphelele noma ngenye bachaza. Ukuze ukuqopha kahle inhloso yombhali, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele khona nezinye izinhlamvu, umlobi futhi umbhali-umlandzi, okuyinto ngokwazo isihlukene kanti narratatorami umlandzi, ukuthi utshela, eqonda. Umbono kuba more xaka uma umbhalo has evusa usinga, ngoba idrama ingenye izinhlobo izincwadi. Khona-ke ukuhumusha siphazamisekile nakakhulu ngokuya ngokusebenzisa isethulo umlingisi yayo, naye inesandla lelandzisako izici zayo ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo.

Nokho, lokhu ambiguity ithuba lokugcwalisa nezincazelo ezahlukene umlayezo, kokushiya umfundi ukuba acabange enhlabathini bese kuyingxenye ebalulekile izincwadi.

indlela lelandzisako kwengqondo kanye wezifo zengqondo

Igama elithi "lelandzisako Psychology 'kungokwalabo wezifo American, isazi sesayensi lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo uthisha uJerome Bruner. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo yakhe futhi forensic uTheodore Sarbina Kungashiwo kufanele kubhekwe osnovopolzhnikami komkhakha zezenhlalakahle.

Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuphila J. Bruner sika -. Ingabe uchungechunge izindaba nemibono subjective izindaba ezithile, ngenhloso eyibhalela - phansi kwazo izwe. T. Sarbin linombono wokuthi ekulandiseni sihlanganise Eqinisweni nasezindabeni eziqanjiwe ukuthi ichaze isipiliyoni yomuntu.

Ingqikithi indlela lelandzisako kwengqondo - ukuqashelwa umuntu nezinkinga zakhe okujulile ukwesaba ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya izindaba zakhe ngazo kanye nezimpilo zabo siqu. Tinganekwane ayikwazi ehlukanisiwe nomphakathi kanye nengqikithi kwamasiko, ngoba kubo futhi akhiwa. Psychology lelandzisako zobuntu sibalulekile ezimbili ezisebenzayo: kuqala, kuvula amathuba self-ungubani futhi ukuziqaphela ngokwakhiwa, ukuqonda indlela yokubiza amagama nezindlela izindaba ezahlukene, futhi okwesibili, kuyindlela self-isethulo, sibonga le ndaba ngaye.

Psychotherapy liyasetshenziswa ukwenzisa oko- lelandzisako. Lwakhiwe nge wezifo Australian Michael White noDavide Epstonom New Zealand zengqondo. essence yayo ukudala emhlabeni ukuya (iklayenti) ezimweni ezithile, umhlabathi ukudalwa nomlando wayo, kanye ukubandakanywa abantu abathile ikhomishana izenzo ezithile. Futhi uma Psychology lelandzisako ubhekwa ngaphezulu legatsha theory, e kwengqondo lelandzisako indlela uye wabonisa isicelo salo esisebenzayo.

Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi lo mqondo lelandzisako iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ukutadisha ukwakheka kwabantu.

Lelandzisako kwezombusazwe

It has ukuqonda ayo lelandzisako nokuxoxelwa kwezombusazwe. Nokho, igama elithi "lelandzisako zezombusazwe" athwala isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki kunokuba omuhle. Ezingxoxweni zezombusazwe narrativity aqondwe njengokufaka inkohliso ngamabomu, wafihla izinhloso kweqiniso. indaba lelandzisako kuhilela yokucasha ngamabomu amaqiniso athile nokuzivumelanisa izinhloso eqiniso angase angene esikhundleni mqondo futhi ukusetshenziswa euphemisms ukwenza umbhalo euphony futhi ukugwema izinto ezithile ngokukhethekile. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, umehluko engxoxweni evamile kwendaba yisifiso uthole ukulalela umbono wokuthi sici kwenkulumo osopolitiki wesimanje.

ngeso lelandzisako

Ngokuqondene ngeso of ezilandisayo, kuba umbuzo kunalokho xaka. Ngokwezinye izazi, ezifana umhlaziyi kanye nongoti lelandzisako Psychology J. Bruner, i-eseyi lelandzisako ezibukwayo -. It is hhayi owembethe umbhalo ifomu ngokoqobo, ehlelekile futhi yayala ngaphakathi umlandzi. Le nqubo wabiza ngendlela ethile ukuklama nasekumiseni ngokoqobo. Ngempela, hhayi "uhlamvu string" igobolondo ngokolimi amafomu elandisayo futhi ukulandelana isethulo nombhalo ngokunengqondo lesifanele. Ngakho, ungakwazi ngeso lengqondo elandisayo, nokuveza kuye etshela ngomlomo noma ngokubhalelwa phansi ngesimo umyalezo wombhalo ehlelekile.

Lelandzisako e historiography

Empeleni, eyibhalela zomlando - yilokho okuqaliswe kumiswa nokutadisha ukulandisa kwezinye izindawo bolwazi lwabantu. Igama elithi "lelandzisako" wabolekwa historiography, lapho kwakukhona khona nombono wokuthi "umlando lelandzisako". incazelo Yasungulelwa uhlole izenzakalo zomlando hhayi ngokulandelana kwabo inengqondo futhi ekukhanyeni umongo nencazelo. Ukuhunyushwa kuyisihluthulelo uqobo lelandzisako elandisayo.

ukulandiswa komlando - kuyini? Le ndaba kusukela kumthombo wayo wangempela, hhayi isitatimende ezibucayi futhi umgomo. Ngu eyibhalela imithombo ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa imibhalo nje zomlando: azibhala, zemihla ngemihla, abanye abantu kanye nemibhalo yesonto. imithombo lelandzisako - lawa imibhalo nemilayezo abakhona lelandzisako leticocwako. Nokho, ngokuvumelana J. Brokmeyera futhi R. Harre, kodwa akuzona zonke ematheksthi asezingeni ezilandisayo kanye ukuhlangabezana "umqondo netindzaba leticocwako."

Isihlobo kuya ukulandiswa komlando, kukhona imibono eyiphutha eziningana kubangelwa yokuthi ezinye "izindaba", njenge matheksthi kwakhe zisekelwe kuphela amaqiniso, kanti abanye baye noma nitshelwe noma ukushintshwa. Ngakho, ukuba neqiniso zabo ziye zancipha, kodwa okungokoqobo engashintshwa, nje ngokushintsha ratio ngamunye nalokho umlandzi. Umongo lamahubo lilingana, kodwa ngamunye ngendlela yalo yemlandzi lihlobanisa ngayo ezenzakalweni ezichazwe, ekukhipheni ezibalulekile, ngokombono wakhe, isimo, ihlanganisa kwabo ku kudala elandisayo.

Endabeni ezithile imibhalo ngokuphila kwakhe, lapha, kukhona enye inkinga: isifiso kombhali ukuziqhakambisa umuntu wakhe nomsebenzi, ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukwaziswa okungamanga noma ukumelelwa kabi kweqiniso esivuna yabo.

Kufinyeta, singasho ukuthi inqubo lelandzisako, ngandlela-thile, bathole isicelo kweziningi humanities abatadisha ubunjalo nobuntu imvelo yakhe. Tinganekwane bangamathe nolimi kusukela kokuhlaziywa womuntu subjective, kanye umuntu nolimi kusukela umphakathi kwakhiwa kuwo, futhi ngabanye nakho ekuphileni, okusho ukuthi imibono yabo siqu, futhi umbono subjective of kwezwe elisizungezile.

Kufinyeta ulwazi olungenhla, singakwazi ukusungula yencazelo elandelayo elandisayo: lelandzisako - a olwakhiwe indaba okunengqondo ibonisa ukuthi Umbono womuntu engokoqobo, kanye indlela yokuhlela nakho subjective, ngomzamo self-ukuhlonza kanye self-ungubani.