Umlando ekuhloleni Afrika. Ucwaningo lezihambi Russian e-Afrika

Afrika - izwekazi elikude, engaqondakali, labavulekela imfihlakalo yayo baseYurophu muva. Kuze eminyaka ambalwa adlule, zazingekho amabalazwe, ngisho isithombe lamazwe exotic tropical ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Umlando ekuhloleni nezwekazi ligcwele izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo futhi imininingwane engavamile okufanele siqashelwe. Ithebula (ucwaningo Afrika ukwenziwa ezindaweni ezahlukene) zingenziwa ngabo ukuqonda. Ngakho ungathola umbono jikelele ababefunda kuleli zwekazi, bese sicabanga kubo ucwaningo oluningi.

Okuhambayo East Africa

Ekhulwini lesikhombisa, baseYurophu akazange wawo wonke kunesidingo Imininingwane womhlaba. izifundo Afrika, ikakhulu ezihlobene amazwe Mediterranean kuphela. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi abaningi baye bakufuna kanjani nezwekazi ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi. Ekupheleni nesikhombisa udokotela ongumFulentshi wekhulu okuthiwa Charles Zhak Ponse Ethiopia esungulwe isixhumanisi nge bone kahle noLwandle LwaseMedithera (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo amaPutukezi kuphela eya Red). Ukujoyina ongumJesuit injongo, usosayensi waya maphezulu neNayile, wawela ehlane Nubian futhi ngagcina enhloko-dolobha, lapho isiguli uye welapha uMbusi u-Ieyasu kuqala. uhambo lwayo eminye ithunyelwe eya eLwandle Olubomvu, lapho wenza uhambo njalo amaPutukezi Lower eGibhithe, futhi esuka lapho waphindela eFrance.

Ukulandela isazi ngubani wasiphakamisa ukutadisha Afrika, waba ngoSelkirk Dzheyms Bryus. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wayengumuntu udokotela, kanye Ponce. Watadisha indlela owawuvela e-Aleksandriya ukuba Ethiopia, waxosha udwendwe ehlane Arabian, wavakashela olusenyakatho eya eLwandle Olubomvu, nokubhalisa nomdweshu wezwe elisogwini. Ngokuhamba kwezokwelapha, wabuye wavakashela Lake Tana. Indaba yakhe siqu kokutholakala Afrika esichazwe ngokomfanekiso encwadini "Ukuhamba ukuvula umthombo neNayile 1768-1773 GG.", Yikuphi yanyatheliswa ngo 1790. Ukubukeka lo msebenzi yabakhanga lezazi zokuma kwendawo afika kuleli zwekazi futhi kwaba isiqalo sokubala isikhathi eziningi izifundo ezintsha.

Ukutadisha White Nile

Ibhange kwesokunxele Bahr-el-Abyad eside baseYurophu "izwe eziyimfihlakalo." Belyy Nil kuye kwahlotshaniswa ezihlukahlukene imizila yezohwebo waseTopiya. I-European lokuqala osanda kushona omunye wabo, kwaba eyiNgisi uWilliam Dzhordzh Braun. Wayefuna ukuhlola Darfur, kodwa lo mbusi yezwe wamenqabela ukwenza kanjalo. Enhloko-dolobha, ngaphansi kwegama El-Fasher umvubukuli kwakudingeka ngihlale naye iminyaka emithathu njengesibonakaliso Sultan akamvumelanga ukuba abuyele eGibithe ngenkani. Naphezu kwemingcele ebekwe ezifana izifundo Afrika, Brown eqoqwe idatha eningi esibalulekile umbiko. Kuze eko yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, incazelo yakhe Darfur, etholakala endaweni Sudan yesimanje, nguye kuphela.

eNtshonalanga Afrika

Kuze ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, abantu baseYurophu abangakaze eyaziwa kuphela ingxenye ezizungezile yokubhukuda esisempumalanga yoMfula Gambia. Indawo Geographical nokutadisha Afrika aye isihloko isithakazelo Stibsa eyiNgisi noBartolomewu, okwathi ngo 1723 kulandele amakhilomitha 500 okwengeziwe wafunda phambi amasimu futhi ayengena Massif entabeni Fouta Djallon. Wathola ukuthi Gambia akuyona okuhlobene Niger futhi iqala endaweni ethile eseduze. Ngemva zakhe izikhulu zaseBrithani Smith & Leach, esikuyi futhi kusetshenzwe izixhumanisi esiqondile emfuleni ngo-1732. umnikelo ngokuthi French ngakwesokunxele. ucwaningo zabo zigxile Afrika Senegal elisemcengezini, phezu okuyinto baye bahlolisisa ngokuningiliziwe bamakoloni. Izici ukugqamisa Andre IBrú, owayengumqondisi inkampani zokuhweba. Watadisha Atlantic coast kanye baba European lokuqala othungele bazama ukungena engxenyeni engaphakathi amazwekazi kumila ikholomu. imibiko yakhe iphathwe sevangeli Zhan Batist Laba, owabhala incwadi ethi esekelwe zabo "incazelo entsha eNtshonalanga Afrika." Lo msebenzi wakhe wanyatheliswa ngo 1728 futhi uye waba yinto ebalulekile ekutholeni ulwazi mayelana endaweni.

Ukuvela-African Association

Abaningi izifunda angaphakathi nezwekazi wahlala nhlobo ngisho engxenyeni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili yesibili. Ukuze uqhubeke ekutadisheni Afrika, yasungulwa Association of UJoseph Banks. Kwadingeka ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningana. Okokuqala, kwadingeka bathole emithonjeni White Nile. Okwesibili, engaziwa babe izixhumanisi esiqondile eMfuleni iNiger. Okwesithathu, okufanayo babe nhlobo Congo neZambezi. Ekugcineni, kwakudingekile ukuhlola nemingenela zemifula ezinkulu zase-Afrika ukuthola izixhumanisi kungenzeka. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukubhekana endaweni ezungeze Niger. Ngakho-ke, i-African Association wathumela mikhankaso eziningana lapho. Yonke imizamo yaphela ngemva kokufa abahambi noma umane lutho phambili. Scot Mungo Ipaki wamenywa ukufunda. Waya empumalanga ngehhashi, ephelezelwa izinceku Afrika. Impumelelo ngohambo lwakhe Mungo ubophekile ukuba ulandele umqondo izindawo engazange kwakungekaNkulunkulu amaSulumane. Ngakho wakwazi ukuthola Niger. Ukubuyela eNgilandi, yashicilela incwadi ethi "Uhambo ezijulile Afrika e 1795-1797 GG.", Kodwa kwezinye izindawo baye yaqhubeka ingaziwa kuye.

umnikelo Portuguese

Uhlu abantu abathile abake batadisha ezwekazini, kuhlanganisa abantu abavela emazweni ehlukene. Leso sifundo saqhutshwa e-Afrika kanye isiPutukezi. Imizamo yabo ziye esikuyi imicengezi we iCongo, CPA kanye Cuango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlola edolobheni isiPutukezi of Angola - iBenguela Luanda. Ukwenza ucwaningo nabashumayeli, capuchins. Babevunyelwe ukuhamba inkosi isiPutukezi. Omunye Capuchins, Italian Giovanni Antonio Kavatstsi, wafunda kuyo Angola, ngemva kwalokho eshicilelwe inothi sinembe kakhulu. IsiPutukezi Hhayi ngaphansi yimpumelelo uhlole neZambezi elisemcengezini, lapho abantu ababefuna igolide wasebenza. Bafunda amakhadi abo ezivumelekile ukuqonda kahle le ngxenye yaleli zwekazi.

Ingxenye eseningizimu yaleli zwekazi

Umlando sifunda izinto ezintsha futhi ucwaningo e-Afrika endaweni ye eCape of Good Hope lihlobene Dutch. Zafika lapho, zatholana wasungula idolobhana, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi Cape Town. Kwakukhona uhambo ezinkulu ezindaweni ezijulile zaleli zwekazi. Maphakathi ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili Dutch ephethwe kumephu zonke endaweni engasogwini. oluvelele Ikakhulukazi kwaba uhambo Frederick Augustus Beutler, owenza ngazo ukuze Elikhulu Kei River. Olifants lavulwa ngo-Jan Dantkartom Orange atholakala kuJakobe Coetzee. Ukuze enyakatho-Dutch wathola ezazingaziwa Namkavalend sizinake ngaphezu, kodwa ke azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukuhambisa ukushisa.

Madagascar

Umlando ucwaningo e-Afrika ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle ukuhlola lesi siqhingi. Kuvulwe French yakhe. Etienne Flakur wenziwa mikhankaso eziningana abaphumelele asemaqaqasini lingasempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, futhi 1658 wanyathelisa "The History of siqhingi Omkhulu saseMadagascar," lapho incazelo eningiliziwe zonke wafunda phambi. Le dokhumenti ebaluleke, okuyinto namanje kubhekwa ukuba kungathiwa zibalulekile kakhulu. Ngenxa mikhankaso kuya French ephethwe ukusungula ukubusa lesi siqhingi, futhi Madagascar waba koloni olusemthethweni.

umnikelo Russian

Amazwe amaningi athinteka lapho ithunyelwa ongaqondakali izwekazi uhambo. Kwaba azihlukile Nombuso Russian. Izifundo Afrika we abahambi Russian kwakubangelwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. izifunda Central wafunda Kovalevsky, ngubani wacelwa ukuba kumbiwa zasezimayini zegolide ka umbusi waseGibithe. Wayekhona Cairo, le Nubian Ugwadule, Berbera futhi Khartoum, wafundiswa Pool Tumat wafinyelela sifinyelela layo elingenhla, baba umLungu wokuqala isihambile kuze kube manje. Esinye isazi sesayensi esidumile baba Tsenkovsky, oye wacwaninga eSigodini saseNayile. Wangenisa iqoqo amazing Russian isayensi yemvelo ziphephile. Afrika Maclay umxhwele nabadumile, oye wacwaninga Sudan ne-Eritrea, parallel ucwaningo etshalwe. Ekugcineni, kuba Kuhle kokusho Juncker futhi zakhe ku-enkabazwe ingxenye. Waphila iminyaka engu-eziningana ezizweni zasendle futhi wasitholela ulwazi mayelana nabantu bendawo, okuyinto study umlando Afrika angazanga ngaphambi noma ngemva.