Lapho yasungulwa ephepheni. Umlando Namaqiniso

Ekuqaleni wayekhona papyrus

Yini sikubiza iphepha, ngaphandle lapho ihhovisi zokuphila kwanamuhla Kuyinto engacabangeki kimi, akusiyo njalo a format ishidi A4. Ngakho, umbuzo lapho yasungulwa iphepha, awukwazi anikeze impendulo esiqondile. Enye eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine edlule abahlaseli baseGibhithe lasendulo esetshenziswa-papyrus ekubhaleni. Nezinhlanga ukususa ngokucophelela ungqimba phezulu isikhumba. Langaphambilini amashidi mncane esikhulu komunye nomunye futhi igcinwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi enzima. I sasondelana futhi e-papyrus omisiwe futhi wakhonza amaphepha okubhala.

ERussia yasendulo zazisetshenziselwa ukubhala isendlalelo engaphakathi birch namagxolo. Kutholakele abavubukuli izinhlamvu birchbark kukhona 11-15 eminyaka. Nakuba umbiko we umbhali Arab Ibn al-Nedim uthi "ezweni Rousseau izincwadi ziye ezibaziweyo emshinini ezimhlophe kwezinkuni." Thumela sihlehlela emuva onyakeni 987. Eminye imithombo abantu ibonisa ukusetshenziswa izinhlamvu birch-emagxolweni North wamaNdiya aseMelika.

iphepha Homeland

Izwe lapho iphepha yasungulwa, okuyinto sisebenzisa kube yilolu suku, wanika emhlabeni zobumba, ikhampasi, Umsizi, iziqhumane. Yiqiniso, cishe China. Futhi uma amagama nabasunguli "kokumethemba" ephepheni - imiqulu sebungu amaphilisi - kungaziwa, igama umuntu owasungula iphepha, eyaziwa kahle impela. Bona kuyinto Tsai Lun, owakhonza njengesithunywa umthenwa esigodlweni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-105 AD, phakathi nokubusa le Han lwamakhosi.

Izwe lapho iphepha yasungulwa, hhayi etshalwe birch zeminqumo. Lapha sikhule kamalibhele, bamboo nelayisi. Cai Lun rastolok amagxolo lwalesi sihlahla olunemicu kamalibhele. Ingxube wafakwa exutshwe namanzi, Hemp nezinkuni umlotha, bese libekwe Amabha bamboo uzimele. Mina wahlelemba ungqimba okuholela usebenzisa itshe yomiswa elangeni. Lena yindlela ukuthola iphepha lokuqala lephepha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa ngcono. Ingxube yasungulwa ngo Cai Lun, waqala engeza isitashi, usilika endwangwini, colorants, okwalithuthukisa kakhulu izinga ishidi ephepheni.

Zonke imfihlo azocaca

Abantu empumalanga yezwe lapho yasungulwa iphepha, wawagcina ngokucophelela izimfihlo ukukhiqizwa yayo. Nokho, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, abathengisi Chinese ahamba ephethe izimpahla zabo emhlabeni wonke. Caravan, efika emzini omusha, ukuxhumana, ukwabelana izindaba. Ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, baletha izindaba ezivela phezu kwezilwandle. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlobo lolwazi global. Futhi ngandlela-thile emzini Samarkand, abathengisi Arab ukuthola izimfihlo yokwenza iphepha, nokufunda wamletha Spain. Iphepha lapha waqala ukwenza e 1150. Ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa iphepha liye laziwa kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu.

I-Russian iphepha umkhakha uvele kuphela engxenyeni kwekhulu le-16 yesibili. Imithombo ukubika ukuthi eMoscow ngekhulu le-16, kwakunabamemezeli abangu-10 iphepha Mills, izinkampani 50, lapho benza ngesandla ephepheni kanye amakhadibhodi.

Manje zonke wesikole uyazi, engaphuma kufika itiye, izinti, lapho iphepha yasungulwa, ngokuvamile, lezo zinto ziye zaba ingxenye yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke.

Nokho, kancane mayelana lokuthi niyaziswa ukuthi, lapho imishini yokuqala ukukhiqiza iphepha ngendlela esiphila ukuyisebenzisa manje. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka eFrance ngo-1798. Futhi esikhathini 1807 ubuqhawe eNgilandi lobunikazi kokusungulwa umshini womshini iphepha imiqulu. Ngokushesha uqala ubiquity yokukhiqiza iphepha emaphaketheni. Kodwa lokho kungenye indaba.