Lapho wathola Antarctica? Thola ukuthi ekhulwini wathola Antarctica

Antarctica - nezwekazi ezineqhwa, nezwekazi lesithupha, uye ngempela kwahlala isikhathi eside awasekelwe amakhadi. ukhona ukuyichaza ekuqaleni ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube isikhathi lapho wavula Antarctica, kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi ziqhubeka. Isizathu salokhu itholakala inaccessibility okushisa aphansi ngendlela engavamile, ice ukukhukhuleka nezobuciko abangaphelele.

ezizathwini

Ukuze impendulo yombuzo ophathelene nokuthi, kulokho ekhulwini wavula Antarctica, ikani beze kusuka ezahlukene engele. Wesayensi eziningi ukuthola isikhathi into ibhekwa kube usuku elikhuphuka ngalo kwachazwa. Kukhona ngisho ofanele elithi "ukuvulwa eliseningizimu of the esibayeni." Uma geography neyaziwayo lendlela, namuhla izincwadi ngabe wabheka ehlukile. A isikhathi uma ivulwa Antarctica, babengase babhekwe Antiquity. Khona-ke, izazi zefilosofi eziningi Ubhale emayelana nokuba khona cishe umhlaba elise eningizimu omhlaba owawaziwa.

kakhulu Igama nezwekazi okokuqala ezishiwo nelesibili AD leminyaka emibhalweni isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili ngesiGreki Marina Tirskogo. Antarctica - izindlela okuphambene kwe-Arctic. On the elizweni elikhatshana eningizimu futhi wabhala Aristotle, owacabanga ukuthi kudingekile ukuba ukhona ukulinganisela umhlaba ngokweqile ukuya enyakatho. Inguqulo ezifihlakele izwekazi banamathela futhi edumile lasendulo sezinkanyezi lukaPtolemy.

imizamo

Impendulo yalo mbuzo othi: "? In what century wathola Antarctica" Ayikwazanga lingafani sekusaziwa yithi namuhla uma impumelelo ethwele okungenani omunye imizamo ukufinyelela nezwekazi ongaqondakali, kwenziwe XVI-XVII eminyaka. Omunye owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo eholwa Amérigo Vespucci. Wayekhona ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesithupha, ziye zafinyelela esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia. imikhumbi ephakeme ngeke ngomkhumbi ngenxa frost ngokungavamile ezinzima.

Umzamo abadumile Okulandelayo, lapho sathola ithuba ukushintsha umqondo wethu what century wathola Antarctica esenziwa 'uJames Cook. Ngo 1773 umkhumbi ngaphansi akhe okuhola ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni ewela i-Antarctic Circle. Pheka waphayona iziqhingi eziningana Arctic futhi pretty kude kanye emanzini zaleli zwekazi lesithupha. Nokho, endleleni wawuvalwe yiqhwa zingangentaba. On the engenakwenzeka ukuba kudlule enjalo umhambi isithiyo wabhala kamuva encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zosuku. Kwakuthinta kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu-50, lokhu nokucabanga kwenqatshiwe amatilosi Russian Faddey Bellinsgauzen futhi Mikhail Lazarev.

Isikhova i-great okutholakele ezindawo

uhambo Famous ngomkhumbi "Ukuthula" futhi "East" waqala maphakathi no-1819. Kwaholela bomkhankaso, ogama Injongo yayiwukuba kokutholakala Antarctica, Lazarev futhi Bellingshausen. Ukuya amatilosi eningizimu wahlangana iziqhingi ezintathu, kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi iqembu Marquis de nidabula. Bafika Sandwich Earth, Cook livulekile, sathola ukuthi iqoqo leziqhingi. Yena laqanjwa ngokuthi i-Sandwich Islands. Januwari 16 (Old Style) 1820 imikhumbi naleso msebenzi ukuthi ukuxazulula le Dzheyms Awe-Kuk. Dukuduku base besesha ibanga sasivumela iDemo ogwini zaleli zwekazi ezineqhwa, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe Princess uMarta Coast. Kusukela kuvulwa Antarctica Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev. Usuku olusemthethweni umcimbi - Januwari 28 (isitayela ubudala) e 1820.

enye inguqulo

Nokho, kukhona ngakho ayilula kangako. Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev hhayi lawela kulelivekati. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akubona bonke abacwaningi uyavumelana lokucabanga isihloko eziningi usuku lapho wathola Antarctica. Ngo geography, njengoba kunoma yiliphi isayensi, kukhona iqoqo imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, owathola ubhekwa umuntu phambi olunye unyawo phezu komhlabathi entsha. Kulokhu, lo "amaqhawe emlandweni" kukhona amatilosi Norwegian Kristensen futhi Borchgrevink. Ntambama, lapho bevula Antarctic, kuba 23 Januwari 1895. Nokho, ababesekela le nguqulo kancane, kanye nosuku olusemthethweni uhlala ingashintshiwe.

nokwenziwa

Isikhathi lapho izwekazi ezineqhwa kancane waqala ukwembula izimfihlakalo zayo, baba ekhulwini XX. Ngo-1911, lowo mkhankaso uRoald Amundsen. Phakathi impumelelo yayo kwakungokokuqala ngqá emlandweni uhambo oluyimpumelelo kuya-South Pole. Ngokushesha wabona lapho sebefika ithimba futhi Robert Scott, owayebizwa kabuhlungu wabulala ziyabuya.

Maphakathi nekhulu le-kwaba nesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo zaleli zwekazi ezineqhwa. Saqala isifundo ebanzi kakhulu Antarctica kusukela 1956. It ke lifika ngasogwini ezwekazini, la uhambo lokuqala Soviet eholwa Mihailom Somovym. Ngaphambi lokhu kanye namaqembu ocwaningo okwalandela ayebekelwe umsebenzi imishini esiteshini, iqoqo idatha ku imihlola emkhathini futhi izimo lokushisa, isilwane izwe nezwekazi, ithonya emoyeni uquqaba ekuhambeni, isimo sezulu emazweni elise kuya enyakatho.

ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba

Ngo-1956 ucwaningo Antarctica engakaze ezilungisiwe kuze kube sekupheleni. Isivumelwano yokugcina ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele yafinyelelwa ngo Ekuqaleni kuka-1959, lapho emazweni amaningi wasayina "iSivumelwano Antarctic." Wenza nezwekazi lesithupha indawo mahhala kwezempi. On endaweni yayo njengoba kunqatshelwe sikhathi ukulahla ezinobuthi futhi imfucumfucu enemisebe. Yini ivumile lizwe? Antarctica ngaleso sikhathi, abacwaningi Usufike amandla eziningana, kodwa kwaba khona abahlala ngifuna ukwenza kanjalo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, bobabili lenqaba isikhathi eliku izimangalo indawo. izwekazi Sixth liye laba yindawo esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba zesayensi, futhi uhlala kanjalo kuze kube namuhla.

impumelelo

Ngenkathi yamaSoviet, iziteshi eziningana Kwamiswa endaweni yaleli zwekazi ezineqhwa. Phakathi eziningana unyaka wonke sigijimela eziyisishiyagalombili kocwaningo ezimatasa. Bakhandwa baqashwe abantu 180 ebusika. Ehlobo, inani labasebenzi safinyelela 450.

Ukuze sonke isikhathi kweSoviet Antarctic Expedition (Sae) laliqongelelwe ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile ulwazi mayelana zwekazi. On endaweni ibalazwe uvele emathafeni, izintaba, amatheku neziqhingi. imihlola kangaka iye wafunda njengoba aurora kanye neziphepho kazibuthe. Okuningi ukunakwa ikhokhelwa ithonya abacwaningi weathering le ezineqhwa izwekazi ngaleso sezulu kwezinye izindawo zethu iplanethi. Izimpumelelo lososayensi Soviet aba isisekelo sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo Russian yesayensi e-Antarctica.

yesimanjemanje

Endaweni ye-EPS ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union wafika Russian Expedition Antarctic. Njalo ngonyaka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zaleli zwekazi ezineqhwa wathumela abaphenyi ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi ngaphambili yabo. Namuhla inani iziteshi ezinkulu ukusebenza unyaka wonke kuyinto eziyisihlanu. Iningi kocwaningo eyenziwa endaweni yayo. Ngaphandle kwalezi, anawo ezimbili polar yezinkathi ezithile emkhakheni esiteshini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ucwaningo kulelivekati bekwi ezingaphezu kuka amabili namashumi Russian Ochwepheshe.

inqubekela

Izwekazi Sixth - kungabi yinto. okushisa kakhulu ongaphakeme futhi wabangela iziphepho amandla imimoya - ukuthi idume Antarctica. Ocean, ezizungezile yayo, abanamusa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapha njalo wathumela abantu onempilo enhle nonamandla unengqondo elungele ukwamukela okufundayo, uyakwazi ukumelana komthwalo osindayo futhi indlela yokwenza izinqumo izehlakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezifana nemibandela sihleli ubuchwepheshe esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kanye nemishini iziteshi. Ngenhlanhla, ezingeni lamanje inqubekela-phambili yesayensi ivumela amalungu bomkhankaso Sincane sikhatsi esingakanani okufanele usichithe ukugcina izimo ukhululekile kokuhlala kwabo onqenqemeni nokhahlo. Ngenxa ukuvela entsha ubuchwepheshe, amathuluzi nezindlela, abacwaningi bayakwazi ukwandisa yabo mkhakha womsebenzi minyaka yonke, futhi sifunda okwengeziwe izimfihlakalo ezineqhwa zwekazi.

enzeka

Isibonelo esihle impumelelo iwukuba sokuprakthiza iqhwa eduze esiteshini "Vostok". Lapho, in the 50s sekwephuzile kwekhulu elidlule indawo echibini selitholakele. Itholakala ngaphansi obukhulu ungqimba ice, futhi okungukuthi cishe iyaqhubeka kuleli fomu ngoba eziningana ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi. Lake, okuthiwa i- "Vostok" esiteshini lingaba yisiphephelo microorganism, akazange afike athinte uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eliwumhlaba.

Ngenxa Drilling ebusweni umzimba ngamanzi subglacial osekuzuziwe ngo-2012. Ososayensi baye bathola ukufinyelela impahla likhishiwe. Ukuhlaziya idatha ayihambisani ukuphendula abacwaningi. DNA ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu elikhulu inani nezilwanyana ezincane ziye zatholakala, kodwa kukhona ithuba lokuthi ezinye zazo afakwe imishini inqubo, kanye nezinye okungukuthi izinsalela yokuqothulwa izidalwa.

Ukutadisha echibini kuyathakazelisa futhi ngoba izindlela asetshenziselwe le nhloso, kungaba wusizo esikhathini esizayo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi bona intando isidingo phakathi ukuthuthukiswa wendawo kumasathalayithi of Jupiter (Callisto futhi Europa), ebusweni okuyinto kusolakala izikhumba efanayo imfundo.

Noma kunjalo, isifundo Echibi Vostok nayo yonke i-Antarctica sisonke uyaqhubeka. Nsuku zonke, ososayensi abasebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zaleli zwekazi ezineqhwa phezu ukudalulwa izimfihlakalo zayo. Nakuba yabo namanye amaningi. Ungase uthi ngisho ukuthi imibuzo ezizathwini legends ezingaqondakali elihlobene ne-amazwekazi eziyisithupha, manje ephakeme kunaleyo babephambi kokutholakala Antarctica. Sethemba, kanti nengqondo yomuntu esisuka uyakwazi ukuthola incazelo okungenani ingxenye puzzle ayinikezwa nemvelo.